A pilot-scale biocover was installed at a sanitary landfill for municipal waste, and the removal of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by the biocover was evaluated for a long period of 550 days. The biocover (2.5 m W × 5 m L × 1 m H) was constructed with the mixture of soil, perlite, earthworm cast and compost (6:2:1:1, v/v). The total VOCs concentration of the inlet gas into the biocover was 820.3 ppb~7,217.9 ppb, and the total VOCs concentration of the outlet gas from the surface of the biocover was 12.6 ppb~1,270.1 ppb. The average removal efficiency of total VOCs was 87.6 ± 11.0% (60.5% for minimum and 98.5% for maximum). Toluene concentration was the highest among the inlet VOCs, followed by ethylbenzene, m, p-xylene and o-xylene. These aromatic VOCs accounted for more than 50% of the total VOCs concentration. Other than these aromatic VOCs, hexane, cyclohexane, heptane, benzene, and acetone were major VOCs among the inlet VOCs. Compared with the VOC profiles in the inlet gas, the relative contribution of dichloromethane to the outlet VOCs emitted from the biocover layer increased from 0.1% to 15.3%. The average removal efficiencies of BTEX in the biocover were over 84% during the operation period of 550 days. The average removal efficiencies of hexane, cyclohexane and heptane in the biocover were 86.0 ± 18.9%, 85.4 ± 20.4% and 97.1 ± 4.0%, respectively. The removal efficiency of VOCs in the biocover decreased not only when the ambient temperature had fallen below 5oC, but also when the ambient temperature had risen above 23oC. Information on the VOCs removal characteristics of the biocover installed in the landfill field can be useful for commercializing the biocover technology for the treatment of VOCs.

Due to economic feasibility and recycling policy of wastes, various types of residues have been studied particularly for high valued materials, such as gas adsorbents. In this study, the preparation of an adsorbent using the waste from coffee manufacturing process was attempted, and the removal efficiencies the odor and VOCs with acetaldehyde were quantitatively evaluated. The obtained coffee adsorbent had a specific surface area ranging from 400~1024 m2/g, the adsorption amount at the largest specific surface area was about 92.6 mg/g for acetaldehyde. The adsorption time by the characteristics of the adsorbents, such as pore, pore volume and the amount of adsorbent was also measured. This was to determine whether or not coffee adsorbents have any performance as adsorbent.

In this study, commercial pellet type sorbents for the collection of CO2 from a local municipal waste incinerator were prepared and characterized in terms of adsorption efficiency by varying the operating conditions of a field process. The concentration of CO2 in the flue gas ranged from 8 to 10%, which entered the test packed bed. As a result of this experiment, the sorbent procured from A-company, which is mainly composed of calcium compounds, showed the highest adsorption efficiency. The regeneration efficiency was fairly low, however. It also was found that based on adsorption breakthrough time, the relatively low flow rate of 10 LPM into the bed allowed higher collection efficiency. The higher flow rate of 40 LPM, on the other hand, tended to decrease the retention of the adsorption.

세계의 모든 나라가 화석연료를 대체하는 태양광, 풍력 등의 그린에너지 기술개발에 주력하고 있으며, 한편으로는 에너지의 효율제고 및 재생을 위하여 폐기물로부터의 자원순환을 이룩하는 폐기에너지 회수에도 많은 노력을 기울이고 있다. 그 하나의 방편이 버려지는 쓰레기에서 에너지를 회수하는 고형재생연료인 RDF(생활폐기물 고형연료 제품, Refuse Derived Fuel) 생산이다. 우리나라에서는 유일하게 강원도 원주시에서 하루 80톤을 생산하고 있으며 아직은 기술도입 초기단계에 있는 가연성폐기물의 연료화 기술이다. RDF의 특성은 불연성 성분이 제거된 일반 가연물을 분쇄하여 압출성형 가공한 펠릿형상의 고체연료로서의 열적 특성이 우수하나 화재안전 측면에서는 제조 및 취급공정에서의 일반적인 가연물 화재위험성을 가지고 있고, 저장과정에서는 축열발열에 의한 자연발화 위험성이 상존하며, 저장형태, 특히 사이로의 경우 구조특성으로 인하여 화재진압도 쉽지않다. 본 논문에서는 일본의 RDF 화재사례를 중심으로 그 화재 위험 특성과 안전대책을 고찰하고자 한다.

This study measured the energy recovery rate of each municipal waste incineration facility according to the revised energy recovery rate estimation method, which targeted four municipal waste incineration facilities (Unit No. 7). The results calculated by the measuring instruments were used for each factor to estimate the recovery rate, and the available potential of available energy was examined by analyzing the energy production and valid consumption. As a result of the low heating value, 2,540 kcal/kg was calculated on average when the LHVw formula was applied, which is approximately 116 kcal/kg higher than the average design standard of 2,424 kcal/kg. The energy recovery rate was calculated as 96.9% on average based on production and 67.5% based on effective consumption, and the analysis shows that approximately 29.4% energy can be used.

This study was carried out to examine the improvement plan by analyzing the characteristics of imported wastes, operation rate, and benefits of energy recovery for incineration facilities with a treatment capacity greater than 50 ton/ day. The incineration facility capacity increased by 3,280 tons over 15 years, and the actual incineration rate increased to 2,783 ton/day. The operation rate dropped to 76% in 2010 and then rose again to 81% in 2016. The actual calorific value compared to the design calorific value increased by 33.8% from 94.6% in 2002 to 128.4% in 2016. The recovery efficiency decreased by 29% over 16 years from 110.7% to 81.7% in 2002. Recovery and sales of thermal energy from the incinerator (capacity 200 ton/day) dominated the operation cost, and operating income was generated by energy sales (such as power generation and steam). The treatment capacity increased by 11% to 18% after the recalculation of the incineration capacity and has remained consistently above 90% in most facilities to date. In order to solve the problem of high calorific value waste, wastewater, leachate, and clean water should be mixed and incinerated, and heat recovery should be performed through a water-cooled grate and water cooling wall installation. Twenty-five of the 38 incineration facilities (about 70%) are due for a major repair. After the main repair of the facility, the operation rate is expected to increase and the operating cost is expected to decline due to energy recovery. Inspection and repair should be carried out in a timely manner to increase incineration and heat energy recovery efficiencies.

Over the past two decades, the options for solid waste management have been changing from land disposal to recycling, waste-to-energy, and incineration due to growing attention for resource and energy recovery. In addition, the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission has become an issue of concern in the waste sector because such gases often released into the atmosphere during the waste management processes (e.g., biodegradation in landfills and combustion by incineration) can contribute to climate change. In this study, the emission and reduction rates of GHGs by the municipal solid waste (MSW) management options in D city have been studied for the years 1996-2016. The emissions and reduction rates were calculated according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change guidelines and the EU Prognos method, respectively. A dramatic decrease in the waste landfilled was observed between 1996 and 2004, after which its amount has been relatively constant. Waste recycling and incineration have been increased over the decades, leading to a peak in the GHG emissions from landfills of approximately 63,323 tCO2 eq/yr in 2005, while the lowest value of 35,962 tCO2 eq/ yr was observed in 2016. In 2016, the estimated emission rate of GHGs from incineration was 59,199 tCO2 eq/yr. The reduction rate by material recycling was the highest (-164,487 tCO2 eq/yr) in 2016, followed by the rates by heat recovery with incineration (-59,242 tCO2 eq/yr) and landfill gas recovery (-23,922 tCO2 eq/yr). Moreover, the cumulative GHG reduction rate between 1996 and 2016 was -3.46 MtCO2 eq, implying a very positive impact on future CO2 reduction achieved by waste recycling as well as heat recovery of incineration and landfill gas recovery. This study clearly demonstrates that improved MSW management systems are positive for GHGs reduction and energy savings. These results could help the waste management decision-makers supporting the MSW recycling and energy recovery policies as well as the climate change mitigation efforts at local government level.

This study examined the potentials for greenhouse gas reduction by material recovery and energy recovery from municipal solid waste between 2017 and 2026 in Daejeon Metropolitan City (DMC), which is trying to establish a material-cycle society by constructing a waste-to-energy town by 2018. The town consists of energy recovery facilities such as a mechanical treatment facility for fluff-type solid refuse fuel (SRF) with a power generation plant and anaerobic digestion of food waste for biogas recovery. Such recycling and waste-to-energy facilities will not only reduce GHGs, but will also substitute raw materials for energy consumption. The emissions and reduction rate of GHGs from MSW management options were calculated by the IPCC guideline and EU Prognos method. This study found that in DMC, the decrease of the amount of MSW landfilled and the increase of recycling and waste-to-energy flow reduced GHGs emissions from 167,332 tonCO2 eq/yr in 2017 to 123,123 tonCO2 eq/yr in 2026. Material recycling had the highest rate of GHG reduction (-228,561 tonCO2 eq/yr in 2026), followed by the solid refuse fuels (-29,146 tonCO2 eq/yr in 2026) and biogas treatment of food waste (-3,421 tonCO2 eq/yr in 2026). This study also shows that net GHG emission was found to be -30,505 tonCO2 eq in 2017 and -105,428 tonCO2 eq, indicating a great and positive impact on future CO2 emission. Improved MSW management with increased recycling and energy recovery of material waste streams can positively contribute to GHGs reduction and energy savings. The results of this study would help waste management decision-makers clarify the effectiveness of recycling MSW, and their corresponding energy recovery potentials, as well as to understand GHG reduction by the conversion.

Local government should have waste treatment facilities to provide good service to local residents, even though private recycling is working. There was a problem with plastic waste management in Korea in 2018. Therefore, study was conducted on whether local government has the capacity to handle additional waste streams. The study was conducted, solely using government statistics, on domestic mixed solid waste. The amount of additional plastic waste to be disposed was 2,418 ton/day (incinerate 713 ton/day + landfill 1,705 ton/day), and paper waste was 4,469 ton/day (incinerate 1,104 ton/day + landfill 3,365 ton/day). Current incinerator capacity is sufficient, and if paper waste is added, the incinerator capacity is found to be under1,544 ton/day. Landfill capacity is sufficient even if plastic and paper waste is added, but the residual life of the landfill was reduced from 31.4 years to 25.4 years. Regionally, Gyeongbuk, Daejeon, Jeju, and Sejong should develop new plans for waste management.

1996년부터 환경부에서 시행된 전국폐기물통계조사는 매 5년을 주기로 조사를 실시하며 폐기물의 종류별 발생 및 처리현황 파악 및 폐기물 발생원에 따른 발생원단위를 산정한다. 사업장 폐기물의 경우 올바로 시스템에 매년 실적보고를 하며 전국폐기물통계조사는 실적보고 자료와 별도의 추가 설문조사를 통해 사업장의 경제데이터를 확보한다. 제 5차 전국폐기물통계조사에서는 객관성 높은 통계 자료를 얻기 위해 모든 폐기물에 동일한 방법론을 적용했던 기존의 조사･분석 방법에서 사업장에 특성에 따른 조사를 실시하였고 SAS프로그램을 이용한 무응답 조정 가중치 산출, 캘리브레이션 가중치 산출, 변동계수 산출 등 통계적 기법을 추가하였다. 사업장 일반폐기물은 대기, 수질, 소음진동 등에서 규정하는 사업장에서 배출되는 배출시설계 폐기물과 배출시설계 외 1일 300 kg이상 배출하는 사업장 생활계폐기물(공사 및 작업관련 폐기물 5톤이상 포함)로 규정하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 배출시설계 폐기물과 사업장생활계폐기물이 포함된 사업장 일반폐기물 간의 발생원단위를 비교하였다. 향후 조사에서는 환경영향평가 등에 활용 가능하도록 배출시설계 폐기물의 경우 사업체 규모에 따라 나누어 발생원단위 산정을 하는 것이 필요하다고 사료된다. 또한 현재 경제데이터 조사방식인 임의조사의 한계를 보완하기 위해 추가 표본조사 실시를 권장하며, 장기적으로는 법 개정을 통해 올바로시스템 전수조사 방법을 제안한다.

소각시설에서의 폐기물 저위발열량은 소각로의 연소성능 및 특성 파악 측면에서 핵심적 요소로 작용하는 인자이다. 기존 저위발열량 측정 방법은 시료 채취를 통하여 발열량계 측정, 원소분석법 등을 적용하도록 규정하였으며, 소량의 시료를 바탕으로 함에 따라 폐기물의 불균질성 등을 충분히 반영하지 못하여 결과의 객관성이 부족한 문제점을 야기하여 왔다. 이에 환경부는 저위발열량 산정 관련 지침의 개정을 통하여 산정방법의 객관화를 추진하였다. 그러나 개정된 지침의 생활폐기물 저위발열량 산정식은 일반･고온 소각시설에 적용되는 산정 방법이다. 현재 국내에는 17개소의 열분해(가스화)･고온용융 소각시설이 운영되고 있으며 투입 보조연료, 연소로 운전 온도, 잔재물 배출 특성 등 일반소각방식과 달리 열분해･용융 처리방식의 공정 특성을 반영한 산정식의 필요성이 제기되었다. 이에 본 연구에서는 국내 열분해･고온용융 소각시설에서의 열정산을 통하여 열분해･고온용융 처리방식의 특성이 반영된 저위발열량 산정방법의 산정계수와 최종 산정식을 도출하였다. 또한 도출된 산정식을 바탕으로 대상 시설에서의 투입 폐기물에 대한 저위발열량을 산정･평가하였다. 입･출열 특성 분석결과 출열에너지 중 증기 흡수열이 약 77.1%로 가장 많은 비율을 차지하였으며, 배출가스 보유열은 약 15.3%, 그 밖의 기타 출열에너지는 약 7.6% 수준으로 나타났다. 이러한 열정산 결과를 바탕으로 저위발열량 산정식의 상수값과 최종 산정식을 도출하였으며, 미연 및 방열손실 계수(α)는 1.098, 부가 입열량 계수(β)는 1.189, 배출가스 열손실 계수(γ)는 0.002의 상수값을 도출하였다. 아울러 도출된 열분해･고온용융 시설 LHVw 산정식을 적용을 적용한 저위발열량 산정 결과 11개호기 평균 약 2,160.8 kcal/kg 수준으로 나타났다. 산정식 도출결과는 현재 운영 중인 시설에서의 실측데이터를 적용한 결과로, 국내 열분해･용융 시설에 적용가능한 객관적이고 정형화된 저위발열량 산정방법일 것으로 사료된다. 또한 본 연구의 결과는 향후 저위발열량 산정방법 개정 등을 위한 소각시설에서의 주요 모니터링 인자 도출 및 관리방안 마련을 위한 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

전국 폐기물발생 및 처리현황(2015년도 수정본)에 따르면 우리나라 폐기물발생량은 지정폐기물을 제외하고 1일 404,812톤이며, 이중 345,114톤이 재활용되어 재활용률은 85.2%이다. 우리나라의 생활폐기물 재활용률은 폐기물을 실제로 재활용제품이나 원료로 생산하여 자원으로 순환하여 이용한 양을 기준으로 하지 않고 생활폐기물을 수집하여 선별시설이나 재활용업체에 반입하거나 공급한 재활용 폐기물량을 생활폐기물의 총 수집량으로 나누어 계산하고 있다. 생활폐기물에 재활용대상 품목이 아닌 것이 섞이거나 부착되어 배출되면 재활용품의 선별과정이나 재활용 공정에서 제거되어 폐기물로 처리된다. 그러나 현재의 재활용률 산정방식에서는 이러한 이물질도 재활용량에 포함되기 때문에 재활용량이 실제로 자원으로 순환 이용된 양(최종 재활용제품이나 재생원료의 생산량)보다 많아 재활용성과가 과대평가된다. 따라서 주민이 분리배출에 잘 협조하여 재활용품에 혼입되는 이물질이 줄어들면 재활용률이 낮아지게 되는 모순이 생긴다. 폐기물재활용률을 산정할 때 재활용량을 산정하는 기준은 세계적으로 통일되어 있지 않다. 또한 동일 국가에서도 폐기물 관리 법규의 정의 등에 따라 재활용량으로 인정되는 처리방법과 재활용제품 등의 양을 산정방법이 다른 경우도 있다. 따라서 재활용률을 상호 비교할 때는 그 수치만을 비교해서는 안 되고 폐기물의 발생량과 재활용량을 어떤 기준에 의해 정하여 재활용률이 산정되었는지 살펴봐야 한다. 세계환경전략연구소(IGES)의 보고서에서는 재활용률 산정방법을 첫째, 어떤 제품 생산에 사용된 재활용 폐기물의 비율이다. 둘째, 사용종료 제품이나 폐기물을 물질재활용 공정에 투입한 비율이다. 셋째, 재활용을 위한 폐기물의 수집 비율이다. 넷째, 폐기물을 매립과 단순 소각에 의해 처리하지 않은 비율이다. 우리나라의 폐기물 통계의 재활용방법은 이중 두 번째에 해당된다. 또한 EU 국가에서 에너지회수와 성토재 등으로 사용한 양은 재활용량에 넣지 않는다. 본 연구는 국내･외 법규 등의 재활용 정의와 재활용률 산정방법을 비교･분석하여 합리적인 재활용 성과평가하기 위한 재활용률 산정방안을 제시하였다.

Since the 1990s, waste policies of the South Korean government have focused on resource recycling societies that reduce the amount of waste landfill and increase the amount of waste recycling. In South Korea, the implementation of various environmental policies and efforts has led to the highest recycling rate in the world; however, after 2011, the recycling rate of household waste has been stagnant. Therefore, to convert such waste disposal problems into a resource recycling socioeconomic regime conforming to the national policy, establishing a tool to evaluate the appropriate management policy of household waste is necessary. In this study, a waste management evaluation index was developed and applied to identify and evaluate trends in the waste disposal methods. For the evaluation index, we considered two points of evaluation, i.e., “waste recycling increases and waste landfill decreases” and “the current waste recycling rate is taken into consideration.”. The data of waste disposal of 2007, 2012 and 2015 in 16 municipalities was used. The results shows that the highest absolute index was (+)28 in Chungbuk, whereas the lowest was analyzed as (-)10 in Daegu. Moreover, the cities with high recycling rates and low landfill rates were Seoul and Busan, while Jeonnam had the low recycling rate and the high landfill rate. Furthermore, Chungnam and Chungbuk were very likely to develop further, whereas Daegu and Incheon had a very low possibility of development. This waste management evaluation index and method can be one important tool and approach and can support more sustainable and resource recycling socioeconomic.

Recently, the concept of “sustainable resource circulation society” has become a global issue and a key part of waste management policy. For resource circulation, Korea has established the primary foundation via the enactment of the “Framework act on resource circulation.” Waste energy recovery is attracting considerable attention because of such policy changes, and efforts are being made to maximize the use of heat at incineration facilities. Moreover, to ensure the objectivity and validity of the estimation method’s results, the ministry of environment has recently revised the guidelines for the energy recovery rate estimation method and lower heating value (LHV) of waste at incineration facilities. In the revised guidelines, for estimating the LHV of waste, a formal formula is presented at general incineration facilities for municipal solid waste (MSW). However, generally, the LHV-formula at incineration facilities is difficult to apply to pyrolysis-melting facilities because it does not reflect characteristics of the pyrolysis-melting treatment method. Thus, in this study, the actual condition of pyrolysis-melting facilities was investigated, and the LHV-formula for pyrolysis-melting facilities was derived using the derivation method of the EU’s NCV-formula.

In this study, we analyzed all of the waste streams associated with household waste to provide a basis for incorporating the individual characteristics of municipalities in setting targets for waste-to-resource circulation. Toward this end, we examined how household waste is treated based on the disposal method (mixed waste disposed of in standard volumerate garbage bags, separation recyclable waste, and food waste) and the amount of residuals generated at their respective treatment facilities. The actual recycling rate or actual waste-to-energy conversion rate was calculated as the ratio of the actual amount of waste that is recycled or converted to energy against the amount of waste intake at waste treatment facilities. The conversion factor of actual recycling rates at 17 municipalities showed an average of 63.9% for public material recovery facilities (MRFs) with those for individual municipalities ranging from 50.4% to 93.2%, and an average of 93.8% for private and public food waste treatment facilities with slightly higher rates found for public facilities (70.4 ~ 100%) than private facilities (63.3 ~ 100%). The actual waste-to-energy conversion factor was 59.3% on average for combustible waste-to-energy facilities (17.2 ~ 72.3%) and 92.0% on average for biological waste-to-energy facilities (77.1 ~ 99.5%). To achieve the national target for the actual recycling rate, additional strategies for recycling or converting the residuals generated at recycling or combustible waste-to-energy facilities into resources are needed. The actual recycling and waste-to-energy conversion rates provided in this study based on a full examination of household waste streams hold valuable insights for incorporating the individual situations of municipalities in setting their targets for wasteto- resource circulation indicators and creating new strategies for improving the actual recycling rate.

The use of mechanical treatment (MT) for preparing solid refuse fuel (SRF) using municipal solid waste has been growing in Korea. One of the problems with using this treatment measure is the generation of residual waste from the MT, which will not be contained in the SRF. Most of this waste will be dumped into landfill instead of being used for the production of SRF. Much of the waste will be organic portions originating from food and biodegradable wastes. Consequently, the organic portion dumped into the landfill generates methane gas, which is a strong greenhouse gas. In this paper, the waste from MT was investigated directly at the MT facility located at Su-Do-Kwon landfill site to develop proper treatment measures to avoid disposing of the MT waste in landfill, which is prohibited in Germany and England.

Insulation materials used for building save energy and can be classified into inorganic and organic materials. Organic insulation emits toxic gases in a fire and has lower water resistance. Inorganic insulation is heavy and has poorer thermal performance than that of organic material. This study evaluated the physical properties and fire resistance of lightweight inorganic insulation foaming material made of waste glass powder. The test results showed that the inorganic material performed well with low density and low thermal conductivity for an insulation material. Foam insulation material manufactured from glass powder was sufficient as a fire-resistant product.

우리나라의 폐기물 정책은 안정적 처리에서 자원순환으로의 변화를 추구함으로 선진화 기반을 마련하고 있다. ｢자원순환기본법｣에서는 자원순환사회로의 전환을 위한 기본사항들을 규정함으로써 물질재활용 뿐만 아니라 에너지재활용을 극대화하기 위한 정책을 제시하고 있다. 이처럼 폐기물을 처분 대상 물질이 아닌 순환자원으로 활용함으로써 천연 자원과 에너지 소비의 절감 및 온실가스 배출량 감축 등 국가차원의 정책 목표를 달성하기 위한 노력이 이루어지고 있다. 소각처리는 폐기물 적정처분과 폐기물에너지를 열원 또는 전력으로 회수할 수 있는 중요한 역할을 담당하고 있으며, 소각시설에서의 에너지 회수효율은 국내 폐자원 에너지 활용 수준 파악과 개선방안 마련을 위한 척도 및 기초자료로 활용되고 있다. 최근 환경부에서는 소각시설에서의 에너지 회수효율 산정방법을 개정하였으며, 산정 방법 및 결과의 객관성과 타당성을 확보하고자 하였다. 개정된 산정방법에서는 소각시설에서 생산된 에너지 중 실제 유효하게 사용된 에너지만을 포함하도록 제시하고 있으며, 각 산정인자에 적용되는 데이터는 계측기기를 통한 객관적인 실측 자료를 적용하도록 규정하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 국내의 열분해･고온용융 소각시설을 대상으로 저위발열량 및 에너지 회수효율을 산정하였으며 잠재적 활용가능 에너지량을 파악하였다. 대상 시설은 총 7개소로 에너지 회수효율 산정결과 평균 약 40.5%의 결과를 나타냈으며, 투입에너지의 약 34.2%가 에너지 가용잠재량으로 파악되었다. 가용잠재량은 생산된 에너지 중 실제 사용되지 못하고 버려지는 에너지량으로 판단할 수 있으며, 외부 수요처 확대 및 소내 열에너지 공급을 통하여 에너지 회수효율을 증가시킬 수 있는 잠재량을 의미한다. 아울러 열분해･고온용융 소각방식은 연료를 생성하고 처리잔재물을 용융시킴으로써 다이옥신 등의 유해물질을 파괴하는 환경적으로 유리한 장점을 가진 방식이다. 향후 이와 같은 열분해･고온용융 소각방식의 친환경적 장점 등이 반영된 에너지 회수효율 세부 산정방법의 도출이 필요할 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구에서는 실질적인 소각열 에너지 유효 사용량에 대한 정량적 분석･평가를 수행하였으며, 이러한 측면에서 본 연구의 결과는 향후 국가 수준의 에너지 회수효율 증진 방안 마련 및 기술개발 등을 위한 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

인구 증가와 인구의 도시 집중 발생, 이에 따른 도시의 변화와 생활양식의 변화 등은 자연환경에 끊임없는 부담을 가중시켜 환경문제를 발생시키고 있다. 현대 산업사회의 대량생산, 대량소비 등으로 인한 폐기물 문제는 심각한 사회문제로 대두되고 있다. 이에 발생량이 증가하면서 폐기물문제는 사회적 이슈로 등장하게 되었다. 이러한 문제가 대두됨에 따라 스위스 제네바의 연방 폐기물 정책은 미래의 재활용을 위해 가정용 폐기물을 분류하는데 초점을 맞춤으로써 자원 보호의 목적을 달성하게 되었다. 연방 및 시의 권위자는 각 가정들의 폐기물 분류를 향상시키기 위하여 강화된 정책기구 또는 사회기반시설을 바탕으로 하는 기구들, 그리고 설득력 있는 기구들을 이용하여 제네바에서 2002년부터 2013년까지의 가정용 폐기물을 분류하고, 재사용하는 정책에 대해 평가와 현 상황의 분석을 함께 진행하였다. 정책 평가의 결과는 소각세 등 강화된 기구들이 제네바 자치당국의 분류 시스템 및 사회기반시설들이 효율적으로 향상되는 것을 보여준다. 아직 이러한 연구가 미흡한 우리나라 가정생활폐기물에 대해 제네바의 선행연구를 바탕으로 폐기물흐름분석과 향후의 각 도시별 트랜드를 예측하는 지표를 개발함으로서 가정계 생활폐기물의 적정관리 방안 마련을 위한 기초자료로 활용하기 위해 연구를 진행하였다.

Emissions of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurnas (PCDFs) in stack gas were analyzed from 21 municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWs) using high resolution gas chromatography equipment with a high resolution mass spectrometer (HRGC/HRMS) in 2015. The concentration of PCDDs/DFs was in the range 0.09 ~ 354.54 pg-TEQ/Sm3 based on the International Toxicity Equivalency Factor (I-TEF) and all MSWs complied with emission standards. The congener distribution of PCDDs/DFs was categorized into one group and two outliers via principal component analysis (PCA). Among the 17 PCDDs/DFs, 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD showed the highest mass fraction (20.8%) and 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF showed the largest TEQ contribution (42.9%).