This study aimed to provide information useful for product development and strategies for the commercialization of weak flower tea through literature research and empirical analysis. The effect of the selection attributes for weak flower tea on loyalty according to quality was analyzed. The subjects surveyed included those in their 20s to 50s who preferred weak flower tea. The survey was conducted from January 5, 2024, to February 20, 2024. The results revealed that not only those in their 40s and 50s, but younger people also prefer weak flower tea these days. In the future, it is hoped that in addition to modern tea and coffee, research on flower tea will continue.

타비쉬 카이르의 소설 􋺷종교 암살단원에 관한 것􋺸(2010)과 􋺷행복의 밤􋺸 (2018)은 포스트식민주의적 맥락 속에서 심리적 트라우마, 문화적 이탈, 그리고 정체 성 추구 사이의 복잡한 관계를 탐구한다. 카이르는 등장인물 아미르 알리와 아흐메드 를 통해 사회적 편견, 인종적 고정관념, 그리고 역사적·개인적 폭력의 지속적인 결과 로부터 비롯되는 자아의 분열을 조명한다. 􋺷종교 암살단원에 관한 것􋺸에서는 아미르 알리가 타기 정체성을 수용하며, 􋺷행복의 밤􋺸에서는 아흐메드가 아내 로쉬니를 잃은 깊은 슬픔을 겪는다. 카이르는 적대적이고 편향된 환경 속에서 분열된 정체성과 싸우 는 개인이 겪는 어려움을 효과적으로 그려낸다. 반복, 상호텍스트성, 파편화된 기억과 같은 서사 기법을 활용함으로써, 그는 트라우마의 복합성과 그것이 자아 형성에 미치 는 깊은 영향을 강조한다. 이 분석은 개인의 고통과 정체성, 소속감, 문화적 소외라는 더 넓은 사회적 역학 사이의 불가분한 연관성을 조명함으로써 포스트식민주의 트라우 마 연구 분야를 더욱 풍부하게 만든다.

본 논문은 인도 영어극에서 가장 중요한 목소리 중 하나인 아시프 쿠림 보이의 선택된 희곡들에 나타난 식민주의의 주제와 재현 방식을 고찰한다. 쿠림보이의 희곡들은 식민주의의 개념과 그 다양한 양상을 드러내며, 자본주의가 독립 이후 인도 사회 전반에 미친 영향을 바탕으로 식민주의의 비인간화 행위를 지적한다. 그의 희곡들은 학문적 연구의 대상으로 다루어졌으며, 일부는 지역어로 번역되기도 하였다. 쿠 림보이의 작품은 역사와 정치 등 폭넓은 주제를 포괄하고 있으며, 인종, 계급, 젠더와 같은 문제들이 많은 작품에서 부각되지만 이에 대한 심층적인 논의는 아직 부족하다. 그는 시대의 중대한 문제들에 대한 지속적인 관심을 통해 삶에 대한 독자적인 시각을 형성하며, 동시대적 주제에 대한 뚜렷한 입장을 가진 독특한 극작가로 평가된다. 또한 그는 현대 사회의 비참한 현실을 가감 없이 드러내는 데 주력한다.

This study aimed to identify the selectivity of catches according to mesh size of gillnets, and to collect basic data for fisheries resource management plans for gillnets. The mesh selectivity test was conducted with five different mesh sizes (60, 66, 69, 75, and 96 mm) gillnet in coastal sea of Mukho port and the selectivity was analyzed using the Kitahara method. In results of the selectivity test, a total of 143 (36,249 g) of atka mackerel were caught and the 60 mm gillnet was the highest at 83 (18,596 g), which is about 58.0% of the total catch. The relative growth equation between body length and weight showed that weight tends to increase proportional to body length. The maximum length/mesh size value was showed 0.490 by the master curve of selectivity, and the 50% selection range was showed 0.138. Therefore, it was found that the size of the caught fish increased proportional to the mesh size. The results of this study were intended to be used as data for establishing a plan for efficient management of atka mackerel resources.

본 연구는 스포츠 전공 대학생의 배경적인 부분을 탐색하고, 전공선택동기가 전공만족 및 진로 결정수준에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 규명하기 위해 2023년 9월 1일~2024년 6월 28일까지 210명을 분 석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 스포츠 전공 대학생의 전공선택동기는 전공만족에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 스포츠전공 대학생의 전공선택동기는 진로결정수준에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으 로 나타났으며 특히, 외재적 동기는 낮은 수준의 결과를 나타내는 바 주변의 지지에 대한 영향력 향상에 노력이 필요하다. 마지막으로 전공만족은 진로결정수준에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이를 종 합 해보면, 스포츠 전공자라면 누구나 가지고 있는 분명한 목적을 들어내고자 하는 행동 즉 직업적 삶을 좌우하는 운동 기술, 커뮤니케이션 등 모든 영역 전문성 개발을 위한 노력이 필요하다는 것이다.

The objective of this study was to categorize consumers' food-related lifestyles into various types and discern the differences in consumer preferences for locally sourced ingredients in Home Meal Replacement (HMR) based on food-related lifestyles. The online survey was conducted from December, 2020, involving 474 adults who registered with Macro Mill Embrain. Statistical analyses, including frequency analysis, descriptive statistics, factor analysis, K-means cluster analysis, and one-way ANOVA were applied to the collected data. The findings revealed the ‘convenience-seeking group,’ the 'high interest in food-related lifestyle group,' and the ‘health and taste-seeking group.’ The ‘convenience-seeking group’ showed a high proportion of respondents (65%) didn’t check the origin, whereas the ’high interest in food-related lifestyle group’ (57.5%) and the ‘health and taste-seeking group’ (66.7) had higher proportions of respondents who checked the origin. Regarding the reasons for preferring locally sourced HMR, all three clusters emphasized safety, hygiene, and fresh ingredients as the most critical factors. This study represented the first exploration into consumer preferences for HMR using locally sourced ingredients, segmented by their food-related lifestyles. The findings provided valuable foundational information for the development of HMR using locally sourced ingredients and could be applied to decisions in the food industry and related policy-making.

In this paper, the commercial anion exchange resin (IRA900) was used to investigate the adsorption properties, comparing the anion selectivity of phosphate and sulfate in water. The phosphate removal efficiency was 29.6% less than sulfate in single condition, and significantly decreased from 44.8% to 3.47 in mixed conditions while sulfate removal efficiency remained unchanged, confirming a higher selectivity for sulfate over phosphate. In the pH effect, phosphate removal efficiency increased with increase of pH due to the increased HPO4 2- species. The total removal efficiency of phosphate and sulfate was obtained approximately 62% in mixed condition, regardless of solution pH, indicating that the total anion exchange capacity was not influenced in the pH. The values of qmL and bL derived from Langmuir isotherm equation were 11.5 and 8.10 times higher for sulfate than for phosphate in mixed conditions. In single condition, sulfate and phosphate reached to equilibrium at 6 and 3 h, respectively. In mixed condition, phosphate was desorbed by the sulfate after 1h and the time to equilibrium for sulfate was retarded to 6h. Furthermore, when comparing the separation factor (αP/S), increasing the initial concentration led to higher selectivity of phosphate.

This study aimed to investigate the catch selectivity characteristics related to the mesh arrangement of the codend in bottom trawl. Sea trials were conducted using the covered codend method from January 16 to 17, 2024, off the southern coast of Gyeongsangnam-do, focusing on the side panels of diamond and square mesh codend. A probit model was used in the selectivity analysis to estimate retention probability curves for sea pike comparing the  , , and  selectivity lengths, the selection range ( ), and the corresponding  and  values. The estimated 50% selection lengths were 23.82 cm for the diamond mesh and 25.20 cm for the square mesh whereas the corresponding selection ranges were 5.23 cm for the diamond mesh and 3.71 cm for the square mesh. The  and  values for the square mesh were lower, at 35.91 and 36.71, respectively, compared to 37.65 and 38.45 for the diamond mesh. Additionally, the retention probability at a fork length of 15 cm was lower for the square mesh than for the diamond mesh. These findings provide practical insights for gear design while contributing to the reduction of bycatch and small size fish catches in bottom trawl.

This study analyzed the selectivity of Octopus minor using the extended SELECT model in netpots. The data used for the analysis were collected from ten sea trials conducted between 2009 and 2010 using cylindrical octopus traps with six mesh sizes (16, 18, 20, 22, 24, and 26 mm). The selectivity analysis was performed using two models: the p-fixed split model and the p-estimated split model, depending on whether the encounter probability (split parameter) was estimated. The model fit was evaluated by comparing the model deviation and AIC values. The results showed that octopus catch decreased as mesh size increased, with a general tendency for larger individuals to be caught. The 16 mm trap, which had the smallest mesh size, accounted for 25.9% of the total octopus catch by number of individuals while the 22 mm trap, a commercial mesh size, accounted for 14.1%. The CPUE based on weight was highest for the 18 mm trap. The selectivity analysis results indicated that the p-estimated split model provided the best fit, and the 50% selection length for the 22 mm trap was 64.57 mm. In this study, reliability of various models was considered in the mesh selectivity analysis, and the findings are intended to serve as basic data for improving relevant regulations and deriving scientific research results.

This study aimed to identify consumer demands and propose improvement measures for restaurants by conducting an importance-satisfaction analysis of the attributes that influence dining consumers’ restaurant selection. The key findings are as follows: An analysis of consumer hygiene behavior revealed that participants were particularly vigilant about washing food ingredients, checking expiration dates, and maintaining personal hygiene before meals. Notably, women exhibited significantly higher hygiene behaviors than men in 9 out of 12 items. The importance analysis of restaurant selection attributes indicated that “food cleanliness” and “food taste” were prioritized, with women assigning higher importance to almost all attributes, particularly emphasizing restaurant cleanliness and food taste. The satisfaction analysis showed that “food taste” and “food cleanliness” were the most satisfying attributes, with significant gender differences observed in 4 out of 26 items. The importance-satisfaction analysis demonstrated that satisfaction levels were consistently lower than importance levels across all 26 attributes. The ISA analysis identified that items in the second quadrant, such as restroom cleanliness, reasonable price, and the provision of food safety information, were in the most urgent need of improvement. Overall, the study highlights that consumers place a high level of importance on hygiene and cleanliness in restaurants, reflecting a market with increasingly stringent hygiene standards.

This study aimed to understand the needs of consumers in the meal kit market and determine the impact of meal kit selection attributes according to the consumption behavior of single-person households on purchase decisions and satisfaction. A summary of the results of this study is as follows: First, the most frequent purchase frequency of meal kits was 2 to 3 times a month. The reason for purchase was that it was easy to consume, and the most common purpose of purchase was for consumption. Second, four factors, including health, convenience, taste, and economics, were derived as a result of a factor analysis of meal kit selection attributes. The difference in meal kit selection attributes according to age groups revealed that those in their 20s had high scores with respect to health and taste factors, and economic factors appeared statistically significant. Third, an analysis of the meal kit product selection attributes showed that health and taste factors had a positive influence on satisfaction. This can be said to reflect the tendency of single-person households to give weightage to healthy eating and to purchase products that can be consumed conveniently.

PURPOSES : In this study, the existence of an optimal pattern among transition methods applied during changes in traffic signal timing was investigated. We aimed to develop this pattern into an artificial intelligence reinforcement-learning model to assess its effectiveness METHODS : By developing various traffic signal transition scenarios and considering 19 different traffic signal transition situations that can be applied to these scenarios, a simulation analysis was performed to identify patterns through statistical analysis. Subsequently, a reinforcement-learning model was developed to select an optimal transition time model suitable for various traffic conditions. This model was then tested by simulating a virtual experimental center environment and conducting performance comparison evaluations on a daily basis. RESULTS : The results indicated that when the change in the traffic signal cycle length was less than 50% in the negative direction, the subtraction method was efficient. In cases where the transition was less than 15% in the positive direction, the proposed center method for traffic signal transition was found to be advantageous. By applying the proposed optimal transition model selection, we observed that the transition time decreased by approximately 70%. CONCLUSIONS : The findings of this study provide guidance for the next level of traffic signal transitions. The importance of traffic signal transition will increase in future AI-based traffic signal control methods, requiring ongoing research in this field.

‘음악 감상과 비평’은 분석적인 음악 감상을 통한 학생들의 사고의 확장과 풍부한 감수성 경험 의 확대라는 두 가지 축을 함축하는 교과이다. 그러나 일반 선택 과목 이외로서의 기능을 하는 진 로 선택 교과의 성격상 본 교과와 연관된 교수⋅학습 방법에 대한 연구는 다소 미흡하였다. 나아 가 현재 2015 개정 교육과정에 근거해 활용되고 있는 교과서를 통해 음악 비평 방법에 대한 학습 체계의 부재를 확인하기도 하였다. 이에 본 연구는 감상과 비평 수업을 진행하는 데 있어 단계적 교수⋅학습 체계의 필요성에 주목하고, 다양한 학자들의 논의를 검토하여 단계적 교수⋅학습의 원리를 도출하였다. 특히, 나선형 교육과정을 계승한 스완윅(Swanwick)과 틸만(Tillman)의 음악적 발달(Musical Development) 모델을 토대로 본 연구는 단계적인 음악 비평 학습모형을 개발하였 다. 이 모형은 네 가지의 음악 비평 학습 단계와 각 단계의 비평 요소 및 내용을 함께 제시하고 있으며, 나선형으로 구현되어 시각적으로도 효과적인 형태를 띤다. 본 연구는 단계적인 음악 비평 학습모형과 더불어 그를 적용한 단계적 음악 비평의 절차와 수업 계획을 제시하고 있다. 또한, 이 모형을 수업 현장에 적용하는 데 있어 교수⋅학습의 맥락에서 고려되어야 할 점을 제안한다.

Seismic fragility curves present the conditional probability of damage to target structures due to external seismic load and are widely used in various ways. When constructing such a seismic fragility curve, it is essential to consider various types and numbers of ground motions. In general, the earthquake occurrence characteristics of an area where the target structure of the seismic fragility curve exists are analyzed, and based on this, appropriate ground motions are selected to derive the seismic fragility curve. If the number of selected ground motions is large, the diversity of ground motions is considered, but a large amount of computational time is required. Conversely, if the number of ground motions is too small, the diversity of ground motions cannot be considered, which may distort the seismic fragility curve. Therefore, this study analyzed the relationship between the number of ground motions considered when deriving the seismic fragility curve and the parameters of the seismic fragility curve. Using two example structures, numerical analysis was performed by selecting a random number of ground motions from a total of two hundred, and a seismic fragility curve was derived based on the results. Analysis of the relationship of the parameter of the seismic fragility curve and the number of selected ground motions was performed. As the number of ground motions considered increases, uncertainty in ground motion selection decreases, and when deriving seismic fragility curves considering the same number of ground motions, uncertainty increases relatively as the degree of freedom of the target structure increases. However, considering a relatively large number of ground motions, uncertainty appeared insignificant regardless of increased degrees of freedom. Finally, it is possible that the increase in the number of ground motions could lower the epistemic uncertainty and thus improve the reliability of the results.