For sustainable livestock industry, black soldier fly as eco-friendly animal protein source is spotlighted for swine and poultry. However, most of black soldier fly is reared in dirty condition like food waste. In this study, we investigated the effects of fiber level on the growth performance and nutrient composition of black soldier fly reared in specific substrate. Treatments were divided in two as Low (fiber level: 7.1%), and High (fiber level: 14.2%) with a total of 50,000 eggs each. The rearing box had a dimension with 1064 × 507 × 320 cm (length × width × height). Black soldier fly survival rate (72.24 vs. 76.48) and substrate consumption (77.43 vs. 80.37) were greater in High than Low. However, bioconversion (10.59 vs. 9.80) and protein conversion (8.97 vs. 8.00) were increased in Low than High. Gross energy was higher in High compared with Low (4,133 vs. 4,208). Some of essential amino acid (Isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan) were significantly higher in High compared with Low, and non-essential amino acid (alanine, aspartate, glycine, proline, serine, tyrosine) were higher in High compared with Low. Acids such as C12:0, C14:0, C15:0, and C20:1 were higher in High compared with Low, while C18:4 was higher in Low compared with High. As a result, black soldier fly reared in high fiber substrate might be a preferred option for rearing and producing a reliable animal protein source for monogastric animal.

본 연구는 차나무식재지 토양에서 LB-CMC 한천배지를 이용하여 목질계 바이오매스 분해능이 우수한 미생물을 분리하고자 실시하였다. 그 결과 목질계 바이오매스분해에 우수한 활성을 보이는 3종의 박테리아를 분리하였다. 16S rRNA 유전자를 이용하여 3종의 박테리아를 동정한 결과 모두 Bacillus속에 속하였다. CMC zymogram 분석결과 Bacullus 3종 모두 약 44kDa의 셀룰레이즈가 존재하였다. Bacillus sp. CS1의 최적생장 온도는 37℃였으며, CMCase의 최대활성은 배양 36시간 후였고, xylanase는 배양 후 12시간에 최대활성을 보였다. CMCase와 xylanase의 최적 pH는 각각 5.0이었다. CMCase의 열안정성은 높았지만, xylanse는 열에 불안정한 것을 보였다. Bacillus sp. CS2의 최적 생장온도는 37℃였으 며, CMCase와 xylanaase의 활성은 배양 후 36시간이 가장 높았다. CMCase의 최적 온도와 pH는 각각 37℃와 pH 4.0이었지만, xylanaase의 최적 온도와 pH는 50℃와 pH 5.0이었다. CMCase와 xylanase는 비교적 열에 안정적이었다. Bacillus sp. CS3 최적 생장 온도는 37℃였으며, CMCase와 xylanase의 활성은 배양 후 36시간이 가장 높았다. CMCase 및 xylanase에 대한 최적의 온도와 pH는 37℃와 4.0이었다. CMCase의 열안정성을 보였지만, xylanase는 열에 불안정한 것을 보였다.

본 연구는 사일리지 발효제 첨가가 볏짚 사일리지에서 곰팡이 독소 및 in situ 섬유소 소화율에 미치는 영향을 평가하고자 실시 하였다. 사일리지 발효제로 L. plantarum 단일제 및 L. plantarum 과 S. cerevisiae의 혼합제를 첨가하였을 때 사일리지의 발효 및 섬유소 분해에 영향을 주었을 뿐만 아니라 곰팡이독소 감소에도 영향을 주었다. 시험 시료에서 곰팡이독소 중 ochratoxin A 및 zearalenone만 발견되었다. Ochratoxin A 및 zearalenone는 대조구에서 각각 38.11±2.22 및 633.67±50.30 ug/kg 수준으로 발효제 첨가로 감소 경향이 나타났고, 혼합제에서만 각각 27.78±2.28 및 392.72± 25.04 ug/kg 수준으로 유의적 차이를 보였다(p<0.05). pH는 대조 구에 비하여 단일제 및 혼합제에서 낮았고(p<0.05), lactic acid는 대조구(8.18±0.93 mM)에 비하여 단일제(11.73±0.31 mM)가 높았고, 혼합제(16.01±0.88 mM)에서 가장 높은 수준을 나타내었다 (p<0.05). Acetic acid와 propionic acid는 발효제 첨가에 따라 유 의적으로 낮아짐을 발견하였다(p<0.05). 그리고 total VFA도 발 효제 첨가가 대조구에 비하여 낮았다(p<0.05). NDF 및 ADF의 반추위 in situ 분해율은 배양기간 동안 혼합제가 가장 높은 수준 의 분해율을 유지하였고, 다음으로 단일제가 높았으며, 대조구가 가장 낮은 수준을 유지하였다. 그리고 이들 NDF 및 ADF 분해율 은 각각 배양 12 및 24시간 이후 모든 시간대에서 실험구간 유의 차를 나타내었다(p<0.05). 이상의 연구 결과는 볏짚 사일리지 제조에서 사일리지 발효제 사용은 발효 및 섬유소 분해에 영향을 주었을 뿐만 아니라 곰팡 이독소 감소에도 영향을 주었다. 그리고 곰팡이독소 감소는 L. plantarum 단일제보다 L. plantarum과 S. cerevisiae 혼합제의 효능이 더 크게 나타났다. 따라서 사일리지 조제를 위한 발효제로 L. plantarum과 L. plantarum 첨가제의 사용은 사일리지의 품질 과 안정성을 더 증진할 것으로 사료 된다.

In this study, five different Lentinula edodes cultivar (Chamaram, Sanbaekhyang, Sanjo 713ho, Sanjo 715ho, Sanjo 718ho) were evaluated for their ability to decolorize Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR) in MEB medium, respectively. Chamaram and Sanjo 713ho decolorized RBBR rapidly in MEB medium within 3 and 5 days. The activities of manganese peroxidase (MnP) and laccase were determined on the MEB medium with and without lignin. Sanjo 713ho resulted the highest ligninolytic enzyme activities on incubation day 1, indicating of 1,213 U/mg of MnP activity and 1,421 U/mg of laccase activity.

This in vitro study investigated the enhancement of rumen bacterial adhesion on a substrate to increase the digestibility of rice straw in Hanwoo cattle. The rice straw was pretreated with enzymes, probiotics, or ammonia, and the effects on the enhancement of bacterial adhesion and fiber degradation were analyzed using in vitro rumen fermentation. Enzyme treatment included spraying of cellulase and xylanase at 40 and 120 U per g of rice straw, respectively; Saccharomyces cerevisiae culture of 1.0×107 CFU was sprayed as a probiotic treatment per gram of rice straw; ammonia was sprayed at 0.3% per gram of rice straw. Following enzyme treatment, Fibrobacter succinogenes formed a higher adhesion colony than the control group (7.26±0.03 and 8.43±0.20) after 6h and 12h of in vitro culture (p<0.05), respectively. Attachment of Ruminococcus flavefaciens also increased following enzyme treatment (p<0.05) after 6 and 12 h compared to that of the control (5.18±0.06 and 6.60±0.15); and R. albus attachment showed a significant increase compared to that of the control (5.94±0.15) after 6 h of incubation (p<0.05). Probiotic treatment increased attachment of F. succinogenes in comparison with untreated rice straw after 6 h and 12 h of fermentation (p<0.05); R. flavefaciens attachment showed an increase only after 6 h of culture (p<0.05); R. albus was not affected. Attachment of F. succinogenes, R. flavefaciens, and R. albus increased with ammonia treatment after 6 h and 12 h (p<0.05). Dry matter digestibility was higher after the enzyme treatment (3.45±0.21 and 7.04±0.09) than in the control group(1.85±0.08 and 3.94±0.04) after 6 and 12 h of in vitro culture (p<0.05), respectively. It was also higher than that of untreated rice straw after probiotic and ammonia treatments (p<0.05). There was an increase in the enhancement levels of bacterial adhesion depending on the type of fibrolytic bacteria following enzyme, probiotic, and ammonia treatment. These treatments improved digestibility. This enhancement is considered to be greater following enzyme and ammonia treatments than with probiotics.

This study was conducted to observe the effect of fiber digestion enhancement and inhibition factors on fibrolytic bacterial colony growth and fiber digestion in the rumen fermentation environment. In order to promote the fiber digestion, 0.2% NaOH of rice straw was used as a substrate in rumen in vitro fermentation. A 0.1% methylcellulose (MC) was added rumen in vitro culture with untreated rice straw to inhibit fiber digestion. When in vitro culture was performed using untreated rice straw as a substrate, all substrate adherent colonies and rumen suspended colonies of Fibrobacter succinogenes, Ruminococcus flavefaciens and Ruminococcus albus showed an increasing growth as incubation time progressed; however there were significantly more substrate-adherent colonies than rumen fluid floating colonies at all incubation times (p<0.05). Fiber substrate digestibility in in vitro rumen fermentation was significantly higher 0.2% NaOH treated rice straw than untreated substrate (p<0.05). In addition, substrate-adherent colonies of fibrolytic bacteria were significantly more in the NaOH-treated group than in the untreated group for F. succinogenes, R. flavefaciens, and R. albus (p<0.05). When untreated rice straw was added to an in vitro culture, with or without 0.1% MC, to create a rumen environment for inhibiting fiber digestion, substrate digestibility was significantly suppressed compared to that in the untreated group (p<0.05). Additionally, substrate-adherent colonies were significantly fewer in the addition of MC than in the untreated control group for F. succinogenes, R. flavefaciens and R. albus (p<0.05). The results indicate that surface-adherent colonies of bacteria decomposing fiber substrate are far more than rumen fluid floating colonies in the rumen fermentation environment, and the environmental factors of rumen fermentation give same associative effect on the fibrinolytic function of fiber bacteria and its ecological communities.

This study was conducted to research on the efficacy of chemical treatment as an effective method for reducing mycotoxin in rice straw silage. As a chemical treatment method, ammonia and sodium hydroxid were treated at 4% level of rice straws contaminated with mycotoxin, and the effects of silage storage on fungal toxin reduction, fermentation quality, and fiber digestion were evaluated. Aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, G2 and fumonisin B1, B2 as well as deoxynivalenol were not detected in all experimental groups, and ochratoxin A and zearalenone were detected. Ochratoxin A was detected lower in the chemical treatment than control (41.23 g / kg) (p<0.05). Zearalenone showed lower results in sodium hydroxide treatment (297.44 μg / kg) than control (600.33 μg / kg) and ammonia treatment (376.00 μg / kg) (p<0.05). The pH of rice straw silage was the lowest in ammonia treatment and the highest in sodium hydroxide treatment (p<0.05). The lactic acid contents of control and ammonia treatments were similar, but sodium hydroxide treatment was the lowest (p<0.05). Propionic acid was higher in the control than in the chemical treatments (p<0.05), and showed similar contents in the ammonia and sodium hydroxide treatment. Both the rumen microbial degradation rate of NDF and ADF showed the highest in sodium hydroxide treatment, followed by ammonia treatment, and the control showed the lowest level (p<0.05). Therefore, the results of this study are demonstrated to have a good effect on the treatment of ammonia and sodium hydroxide to reduce the mycotoxins and increase the rumen microbial degradation rate in the rice straw silage. Sodium hydroxide treatment was more effective in reducing mycotoxins and improving fiber degradation rate than ammonia treatment, but it is thought to have an inefficient effect on silage fermentation in rice straw silage.

본 연구에서는 원목재배용 표고(Lentinula edodes) 품종에 대한 목질섬유소 분해능을 검정하였다. 5개의 국산품종(천백고, 산조 303호, 풍년고, 백화향, 수향고)을 대상으로 malt extract broth(MEB) 배지에 lignin의 첨가에 따른 RBBR(Remazol Brilliant Blue R) 탈색능을 조사한 결과, 산조 303호와 풍년고가 배양 5일째부터 우수한 분해능을 보였다. 섬유소 분해효소인 MnP와 laccase의 활성은 풍년고가 배양 7일째 MnP 활성이 2,809U/mg, laccase 활성이 2,230U/mg으로 나타났고, 산조 303호가 배양 11일째 MnP 활성이 2,673U/mg, laccase 활성이 2,049U/mg으로 최고 활성을 나타났으며, lignin을 첨가하였을 때 효소의 활성이 증가하였다. 산조 303호, 풍년고와 수향고는 배양 5주 만에 filter paper의 분해정도를 육안으로 확인이 가능할 정도로 분해능이 우수하였다.

This study was to research the relationships between rice straw degradation and changes of fibrolytic bacteria population during the in vitro rumen fermentation. Dry matter(DM) digestion of rice straw and population of fibrolytic bacteria were measured at the 0. 4, 8, 12 and 48 hours during the incubation. The populations of F. succinogenes. R. albus and R. flavefaciens were defined as log copy number of 16S rDNA by technical method of Quantitative real-time PCR. Total population of F. succinogenes, R. flavefaciens and R. albus was sum of bactera attached on rice straw and suspended in medium. It's population was increased with incubation, reached top level of 29.0 Log copy No at the 24 hour and then decreased. In the meantime, DM digestion of rice straw showed the higher increasement from the 8 hour to the 24 hour than from the 0 hour to the 8 hour, and then a slowdown in increasing trend of digestibility. Attachments of F. succinogenes, R. flavefaciens and R. albus were detected immediately after start of in vitro rumen incubation. At the same time, the colonized bacterial share were respectively 34.5%, 84.4% and 67.9% in total population. All of them was reached the highest colonized bacterial share above 94.7% at the 4 hour incubation. However population of attached bacteria was shown the highest level at the 12 hour or the 24 hour incubation. Kinetics of colonization were formed area of top speed from the 12 hour to the 24 hour and respectively reached 10.33, 9.28 및 8.30 Log copy No/h/g DM at the 24 hour by F. succinogenes, R. flavefaciens and R. albus. The kinetics of rice straw degradation was formed top level of 0.95% DM/h at the 24 hour. The present results gave clear evidence that degradation of rice straw was increased with the development of total fibrolytic bacteria in process of rumen fermentation. Also, their attachment was largely occurred immediately after insertion of rice straw, the colonized bacteria was actively proliferated, and then degradation of rice straw was maximized.

This study was carried out in order to provide useful data for planning fabrics of summer eco-friendly fashion products. The fabrics used in this study were four cellulose fibers: cotton, cotton/mulberry blended, flax, and flax/lyocell blended. Dyeing with natural indigo was carried out under three different reducing conditions (i.e., general, eclectic, and eco-friendly) that have different reducing agent and pH levels, and hydrosulfite and glucose were used as a reducing agent. The dye uptake (K/S value) of fabrics dyed with natural indigo by a reducing condition was the highest at 660nm. Regardless of the fabrics, dye uptake was the highest under the general reducing condition and the lowest under the eco-friendly reducing condition. Under different reducing conditions, the dye uptake of natural indigo fabrics with the maximum absorption wavelength indicated a difference. The colorfastness of cellulose fabrics that were dyed with natural indigo had a rate of 4 to 5 except for rubbing fastness, which indicated good colorfastness. Additionally, natural indigo-dyed cotton and flax fabrics had good antibiosis. When the color characteristics of fabrics dyed with natural indigo were measured, all of the three reducing conditions created purple blue (PB) colors, and the color characteristics of dyed fabrics by reducing condition and fabric showed significant differences.

Basidiomycetous fungi are one of the most potent biodegraders because many of its species grow on dead wood or litter, in environments rich in lignocellulose. For the degradation of lignocellulose, basidiomycetes utilize their lignocellulytic enzymes, which typically include laccase (EC 1.10.3.2), lignin peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.14), xylanase (EC 3.2.1.8), and cellulase (EC 3.2.1.4). In recent years, the practical applications of basidiomycetes have ranged from the textile to the pulp and paper industries, and from food applications to bioremediation processes and industrial enzymatic saccharification of biomass. Recently, spent mushroom substrates of edible mushrooms have been used as sources of bulk enzymes to decolorize synthetic dyes in textile wastewater. In this review, the occurrence, mode of action, general properties, and production of lignocellulytic enzymes from mushroom species will be discussed. We will also discuss the potential applications of these enzymes

본 연구는 섬유소분해 효소제를 공급수준에 따라 비육전기 및 비육후기 한우 거세우에 적용하였을 때 성장 및 도체성적에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 수행하였다. 시험동물은 비육전기 및 비육후기 거세우로 각각 54두씩 총 108두를 대상으로 하였으며, 시험 개시 시 공시된 비육전기 및 후기 거세우의 평균체중은 각각 397.4±27.2(평균 17개월령), 525.2±47.4kg(23개월령) 이었다. 시험사료는 비육전기사료와 비육후기 사료를 구분하여 대조구 사료에 섬유소분해 효소제 0.05(E0.05, L0.05), 0.15% (E0.05, L0.15)를 첨가한 비육전기 및 비육후기 각각 3처리구에 각 처리당 6마리씩 3반복으로 완전임의배치하여 실시하였다. 비육후기 한우 거세우에서 농후사료 섭취량은 대조구와 L0.15구에서 L0.05와비교하여 증가하였으며, 총 건물섭취량 역시 동일한 결과를 나타냈다(p<0.001). 반면, 비육전기 및 후기 한우 거세우 모두 증체량 및 사료효율은 유의한 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 한편 비육후기 거세우의 도체특성은 L0.05와 L0.15구에서 대조구와 비교하여 지방색이 유의하게 높은 것으로 조사되었다 (p<0.01). 등심조직의 지방산 분석은 대조구와 처리구는 유의한 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 결과적으로 본 시험에 사용된 섬유소 분해효소의 비육기 한우 거세우에 대한 첨가효과는 등심의 지방색이 짙어진 것을 제외하고 없는 것으로 나타났으며, 추후 볏짚 위주의 조사료 급여체계에서 효소제 첨가수준 및 효소역가에 대한 추가적인 연구가 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

본 연구는 조사료의 반추위 발효가 진행됨에 따른 볏짚 표면에 부착된 섬유소 분해 박테리아의 군집변화와 섬유소 소화율을 비교 관측하기 위하여 볏짚의 in situ 반추 발효를 실시하였다. 그리고 부착 박테리아의 군집 변화를 측정하기 위하여 RT-PCR 기법을 이용하여 F. succinogenes. R. albus와 R. flavefaciens의 군집을 모니터링 하였다. 본 연구를 수행하기 위하여 in situ 볏짚 발효를 0. 2, 4, 8, 12, 24시간 실시하였을 때 반추위내 볏짚의 in situ 분해는 발효 시간이 진행됨에 따라 가속화되어 발효 8~12시간 사이에 최고 분해 속도를 나타내었으나, F. succinogenes, R. flavefaciens과 R. albus는 모두 발효 0~1시간 사이에 볏짚 표면에 부착이 80% 이상 완료되어 이후 발효가 계속 진행되는 동안 일정 수준의 군락을 유지하는 것이 발견되었다. 그리고 반추위내 유입된 조사료의 표면에 초기 부착 과정을 관찰하기 위하여 0, 5, 10, 30 및 60분 간격으로 볏짚의 in situ 샘플을 채취하여 조사하였을 때 F. succinogenes, R. flavefaciens 및 R. albus의 군락 모두 볏짚이 반추위 유입 후 5분 내에 상당량의 수가 부착함을 발견하였다. 또한 조사료의 반추위 발효 용이성에 따른 섬유소 분해 박테리아의 부착 정도를 관찰하기 위하여 0, 2, 4 및 8% NaOH를 처리한 볏짚을 12 및 24시간 in situ 배양 볏짚의 소화율과 부착 박테리아의 군집 변화를 관측하였을 때, 볏짚의 NaOH 처리 농도가 높아짐에 따라 in situ 소화율이 증가하였으며, 동시에 부착된 박테리아 군집의 증가 경향이 F. succinogenes, R. flavefaciens 및 R. albus의 3균주 모두 배양 12시간에 나타났으나 배양 24시간에서는 각기 다른 양상을 나타냈다.따라서 본 연구결과는 반추위내 섬유소 발효과정에서 섬유소 분해 박테리아의 부착은 조사료의 반추위 유입 초기에 반드시 이루어지고, 발효 시간이 진행됨에 따라 조사료 표면에 안정된 군락을 형성하며, 섬유소 분해가 가속화된다는 사실을 보여 주었다.

본 연구는 높은 섬유소 분해력을 검증 받은 Aspergillus niger (KCCM 60357)와 Bacillus licheniformis (KCCM 40934)를 단독 및 혼합 배양한 미생물제제로 양돈용 청보리 발효사료를 제조하였을 때 사료 성상변화, in vitro 대장발효 및 전장소화율에 미치는 영향을 평가하였다. 실험 설계는 건조 청보리 (control), A. niger (control + A. niger), B. licheniformis (

난포낭종은 소 번식 장애의 주요 원인 중의 하나이며, 다양한 유전자의 변화는 여러 세포와 조직 기능에 영향을 준다. 이러한 유전자 변화는 낭종성 난소에서도 나타날 수 있다. 이온 및 수송체와 관련된 유전자 변화가 한우의 난포낭종을 유발할 수 있을 것이라는 가설 하에 난포낭종성 난포에서 발현 변화를 보이는 유전자를 찾기 위하여 마이크로어레이 분석을 수행하였다. 마이크로어레이 분석 결과, 난포낭종성 난포에서 FGG와 LRP8이 증가하고, SLC44A4, S