This study empirically examines the effectiveness of the Ramsar Wetland City Accreditation System in promoting integrated management of urban-adjacent wetlands, enhancing community participation, and strengthening local capacity. Using survey and monitoring data from Jeju-si, Inje-gun, and Changnyeonggun (accredited in 2018) and Gochang-gun and Seogwipo-si (accredited in 2022), the analysis integrates AHP and statistical verification to evaluate system effectiveness, operational elements, and the relationship between performance and perception. The results indicate that the system positively contributed to establishing a supportive social foundation, including improved information accessibility (72%), strengthened community capacity (71%), enhanced conservation and management interest (83%), and greater public understanding of wetlands (84%), which in turn led to increased program participation and behavioral changes. Trust in local governments and management committees was relatively high, reinforcing regional governance. However, limitations such as inconsistent and discontinuous implementation, declining trust in central government, overreliance on local government initiative, and budget imbalances across project types were identified as constraints to sustainability. To address these issues, this study suggests establishing a scientific performance management system, expanding financial independence based on local resources, strengthening the authority of local management committees, improving evaluation quality, enhancing central-local cooperation, ensuring balanced budget allocation, and advancing information feedback systems, thereby supporting the evolution of Ramsar Wetland Cities as models of sustainable socio-ecological development.

As the impacts of climate change become increasingly pronounced, the role of ecosystems as sinks for atmospheric greenhouse gases has become increasingly important. In particular, wetlands have gained attention due to their high carbon storage capacity relative to their area. This study aimed to compare soil carbon storage and soil respiration between riverine wetlands and forest wetlands in Korea, and to identify key environmental factors influencing these processes. Seasonal surveys were conducted on the soil physical and chemical properties, carbon storage, and soil respiration in two riverine wetlands in the Geum River basin and one forest wetland in Goheung, Jeollanam-do. The analysis showed that the forest wetland stored 425.08±167.32 kg m-2 of carbon, approximately 26 times more than the 101.09±103.56 kg m-2 stored in riverine wetland soils. The forest wetland exhibited slow hydrological flow and low bulk density, creating conditions favorable for organic matter accumulation. Soil respiration measurements showed values of 0.31±0.28 gCO2 m-2 hr-1 in the riverine wetlands and 0.83±0.58 gCO2 m-2 hr-1 in the forest wetland, with no statistically significant difference between the two. Correlation analysis revealed a significant positive relationship with soil temperature (p<0.05) in both wetland types, indicating that temperature is an important factor regulating soil respiration. Additionally, total phosphorus was identified as a key factor in riverine wetlands, whereas pH was a major influencing factor in the forest wetland.

The 1100Goji Wetland and Sumunmurbamgdwie are designated wetland protected areas adjacent to each other within Hallasan, Jeju Island. This study aimed to identify the unique characteristics of these two wetlands by analyzing their geomorphological features and biodiversity. The analysis, which covered geomorphology and eight biological groups-including vegetation, flora, and fauna-revealed distinct geomorphological characteristics and significant differences in flora and entomofauna. Despite their close proximity within Hallasan, the vegetation, flora, fauna, and dominant species varied between the two sites depending on factors such as geomorphological traits and the surrounding habitat environment. Therefore, customized management strategies that consider the specific characteristics of each wetland must be established.

This study aimed to evaluate the carbon sequestration and storage capacity of a riverine back swamp by directly measuring vegetation and soil carbon storage as well as soil respiration-driven carbon fluxes in the Oksong-ri back swamp located in Kongju, Chungcheongnam-do, and to identify their relationships with soil physico-chemical properties. In the study area (28,063.7 m2), Salix triandra and Paspalum distichum communities were dominant. The estimated vegetation carbon storage was 68.7 Mg C ha-1 for the S. triandra community and 3.6 Mg C ha-1 for the P. distichum community, resulting in a total vegetation carbon storage of 72.3 Mg C ha-1 in the back swamp. Soil carbon storage showed no significant seasonal differences, with values of 20.0±2.4, 12.9±5.1, and 17.2±0.4 Mg C ha-1 in Spring, Summer, and Autumn, respectively, although it tended to be higher in spring and lower in Summer. Soil respiration varied significantly by season (p<0.05), with rates of 0.41±0.2 g CO2 m-2 hr-1 in Spring, 1.11±0.5 g CO2 m-2 hr-1 in Summer, and 0.75±0.5 g CO2 m-2 hr-1 in Autumn, exhibiting a weak positive correlation with soil temperature(15.8~33.6°C; R=0.346). Seasonal variations in soil pH (5.9~6.7), T-P (785.4~1,537.2 mg kg-1), gravimetric water content (GWC; 88.8~149.6%), T-N (1,320~2,810 mg kg-1), and C/N ratio (10.8~18.3) were not significant. Correlation analysis revealed that soil carbon storage was positively correlated with T-N (R=0.876, p<0.005) and pH (R=0.639, p<0.05), whereas carbon flux showed a weak positive correlation with GWC (R=0.342, p<0.05) and negative correlations with T-N, T-P, and pH, suggesting that excessive nutrient accumulation may inhibit microbial activity and respiration. This study provides foundational quantitative data on carbon storage and emissions in Korean riverine back marshes and offers scientific evidence to support the development of carbonneutral strategies based on riverine wetland ecosystems.

This study examined the feasibility to develop wetland OECMs in wetland inventory sites in South Korea. The study applied the National Institute of Forest Science & National Arboretum (2024) forest OECM evaluation criteria to the wetland inventory sites. Six of the seven criteria were deemed met. Furthermore, given the diverse stakeholders identified in the Criterion 7, efforts are needed to ensure fairness in governance and management. If these issues are addressed, an area of 660.99 km2 within the wetland inventory sites could be developed as wetland OECMs. This would significantly contribute to achieve the GBF target to designate 30% of the national land area as protected areas.

Citizen science has become an essential tool for ecological monitoring, however concerns remain regarding data reliability, particularly for taxa that require advanced identification skills. The present study evaluates detection accuracy and count reliability in citizen-based waterbird monitoring conducted at the Siheung Gaetgol Wetland, South Korea. The study analyzed a total of 27 citizen surveys and 7 expert-accompanied surveys collected from 2015 to 2019. We quantified (1) species-level detection rates, (2) the effect of citizen group size on species richness, and (3) relative count bias based on mean abundance per survey. The detection analyses revealed pronounced discrepancies for approximately one-third of species, particularly, and other visually challenging or crepuscular taxa, for which expert detection rates exceeded citizen rates by 0.2~0.5. Conversely, common and readily identifiable species exhibited no discernible variations. The number of species detected was found to be independent of the size of the citizen science group, with a range of 4 to 13 participants. This suggests that observer expertise, rather than survey effort, is a primary determinant in determining detection efficiency. The count bias indices further demonstrated a systematic overestimation of flocking species and underestimation of cryptic or small-bodied species. Despite the limitations of the study, which include unequal survey frequency and uncontrolled environmental conditions, the results consistently indicate that observer proficiency exerts a significant influence on both detection and abundance estimates. These findings underscore the necessity for targeted expert involvement, species-specific training, standardized counting roles, and routine data-quality assessments to enhance the reliability of citizen-based bird monitoring program.

This study explored the population dynamics of the endangered perennial plant Pterygopleurum neurophyllum (Maxim.) Kitag through a multi-year winter deadbiomass removal approach. In 2022, a total population census was conducted at Wondong Wetland (Yangsan, Korea), where seven spatially independent patches were identified (P-1 to P-7). From 2023 to 2025, winter dead-biomass removal was implemented in two of these patches (P-1 and P-2), while the remaining patches served as controls. Annual population counts were monitored, and the effects of winter dead-biomass removal over time were analyzed using a generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) with a Poisson distribution. The interaction between management and year was highly significant (Wald χ 2=103.93, p<0.001), indicating differing temporal trajectories between the removal and control populations. No significant management effect was observed in 2023; however, the removal plots demonstrated a dramatic increase in 2024 (EMMs: Control=5.05 vs. Removal=92.77), which continued in 2025 (3.89 vs. 104.99). These findings indicate that winter dead-biomass removal significantly promotes the population expansion of P. neurophyllum, with ecological responses emerging cumulatively rather than immediately. This study provides empirical evidence that repeated winter dead-biomass removal, rather than a single-year disturbance, is crucial for the restoration and conservation of endangered wetland plant species.

본 연구의 목적은 북한산국립공원 내에서 인간-야생동물 충돌로 인한 사회적 문제를 완화하기 위해, 도심 인근 산림과 습지에서 출현하는 멧돼지와 고라니의 일일 행동 양상을 규명하는 것이다. 본 연구에서 수집된 총 2,529장의 사진 중 멧돼지와 고라니가 확인된 457장의 영상 자료를 확보하여 분석하였다. 산림에서 멧돼지는 주간에 29.15%, 야간에 70.85%, 고라니는 주간에 29.73%, 야간에 70.27%의 출현율을 나타냈으며, 습지에서는 멧돼지가 주간에 22.97%, 야간에 77.03%, 고라니는 주간에 16.36%, 야간에 83.64%를 나타냈다. 두 종 모두 서식지 유형과 관계없이 유의하게 (p<0.001) 야행성을 나타냈으며, 활동은 일몰 직후와 일출 직전에 집중되었다. 산림과 습지에 서식하는 멧돼지의 중첩계수(Δ4)는 0.93(95% CI: 0.85~0.97), 고라니는 0.92(CI 95%: 0.88~0.97)로 높은 유사성을 보였다. 본 연구 결과는 도심 인접 국립공원의 산림과 습지 서식지에서 야생동물 생태 및 개체수 관리를 위한 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

This study investigates how lake morphology, water quality, and water-level fluctuations (WLF) collectively shape wetland plant communities across 90 lakes in the Republic of Korea. By analyzing morphological indices (Index of Basin Permanence; IBP, Rawson Index; RI), WLF, water quality, and vegetation data, we identified four distinct lake groups through cluster analysis. Group C, comprising large dams, was characterized by the highest IBP and extreme WLF. Despite having favorable water quality, this group exhibited the lowest species richness, suggesting that severe physical disturbance from WLF is a primary limiting factor for wetland plant community. In contrast, Group A (estuarine reservoirs) showed stable water levels but high nutrient concentrations, which led to eutrophic conditions and communities dominated by a few tolerant species. Group D, which included small agricultural reservoirs and floodplain wetlands, had complex shorelines (highest RI) and supported the higher diversity of aquatic plants. This indicates that habitat heterogeneity can mitigate moderate physical disturbances and enhance richness. Canonical Correspondence Analysis and Variation Partitioning Analysis revealed that community structure is primarily influenced by hydrological disturbance, chemical stress (eutrophication), salinity, and shoreline complexity. These analyses confirmed that the interplay of these environmental factors explains community variation more effectively than any single factor alone. Our findings demonstrate that lake plant communities are shaped by a complex interaction of geomorphological, hydrological, and chemical factors. Therefore, effective lake management must adopt an integrated approach, considering both water-level regulation and shoreline complexity to enhance ecological integrity.

식물은 고유한 생태적지위를 가지고 있고 생태적지위는 물리적인 환경요인 만으로 설명할 수 없고 공간적인 개념을 포함하여 설명하는 것이 필요하다. 다양한 생육지를 포함하여 조사하고 생육지의 질적인 측면을 평가에 고려하는 것은 중요하다. 함안, 의령 및 질날늪 일원에서 총 21회(22일)에 걸쳐 출현식물을 조사하였고 그 결과로 139과 447속 826종 13아종 53변종 2품종 894분류군으로 정리되었다. 함안 지역에서는 127과 385속 642종 11아종 45변종 1품종 699분류군, 의령 지역에서는 130과 384속 657종 10아종 43변종 2품종 712분류군이 조사되었다. 남강의 지류 습지인 질날늪 일원에 대한 조사로는 102과 289속 455종 9아종 24변종 1품종 489분류군이 조사되었다. 환경부지정 멸종위기 야생식물은 세뿔투구꽃과 가시연이 조사되었고 고유종으로는 19분류군이 조사되었다. 식물구계학적특정식물 Ⅴ등급 4분류군, Ⅳ등급 12분류군이 조사되었다. 멸종위기야생식물을 포함한 주요 식물은 대부분 소규모 분포지를 점유하였고 개체수도 적었다. 조사지역의 습지에서 핵심적인 식물은 가시연으로 평가되는데 최근 종자의 공급원이 훼손되었기 때문으로 평가되었다. 외래식물은 총 98분류군이 조사되었고 귀화율은 10.96, 도시화지수는 15.88이었다. 생태계교란 식물은 환삼덩굴, 돼지풀, 단풍잎돼지풀, 미국쑥부쟁이, 가시박, 도깨비가지, 가시상추, 양미역취, 물참새피 9 분류군이 조사되었다. 단풍잎돼지풀은 비교적 최근에 확산한 것으로 평가되었고 가시박은 남강 주변에 걸쳐 군락을 형성하고 있었다. 조사지역에서 환삼덩굴, 칡 및 외래식물의 확산에 따라 식물다양성이 높다고 평가되는 가장자리 공간이 축소되 는 추세였다. 따라서 향후 지역적으로 식물다양성의 감소가 예상되었다.

This study investigated the wetland plant community in Mije Reservoir, Gunsan City, during September and October 2024, emphasizing its ecological significance as a primary producer and habitat provider within agricultural reservoir ecosystems. The reservoir was divided into 14 distinct sectors to comprehensively assess spatial plant distribution patterns. Aquatic plants were sampled using collection anchors deployed at the water’s edge, while hygrophytes and emergent macrophytes were surveyed along transects extending from the water’s edge to the embankment. A total of 192 vascular plant species were identified, of which 73 were classified as wetland plant species, encompassing diverse life forms: 36 hygrophytes, 17 emergent macrophytes, 6 floating-leaf species, 3 free-floating species, and 11 submerged species. Notably, the survey documented the presence of two endangered species, Euryale ferox and Cicuta virosa, alongside eight invasive alien plant species. A comparative analysis with a prior survey conducted in 2008 revealed a substantial increase of 54 wetland plant species. Currently, Mije Reservoir is subject to intensive aquatic plant removal management due to observed excessive proliferation and cyanobacterial bloom. However, the presence of endangered species underscores the critical need for a more nuanced reservoir vegetation management strategy that integrates the spatial distribution and conservation status of these ecologically important wetland plants.

This study analyzed the spatiotemporal changes of wetlands in the Saemangeum watershed by comparing topographic maps from the 1918 and 2015, and analyzed the changes in connectivity among wetland habitats through wetland network analysis. The results showed that wetlands that were widely distributed around rivers and estuaries in the past have been largely lost, while artificial reservoirs around agricultural lands have increased in the upper reaches. Although the wetland area including artificial reservoirs increased slightly, most of the natural wetlands around the river channel were lost, and the dominant wetland type and distribution in the watershed changed significantly. In particular, the connectivity between coastal wetlands and inland wetlands decreased and the connectivity around small reservoirs increased, resulting in a disconnection of the wetland network structure. These changes may have a negative impact on the movement of wetland organisms and the circulation of materials, and further affecting the stability of the Saemangeum watershed ecosystem. In order to restore wetland biodiversity in the Saemangeum watershed, it is necessary to restore the past wetland areas and monitor the remaining wetlands. It is urgent to establish resilient governance and develop a restoration plan to maintain connectivity among marine, freshwater, and terrestrial ecosystems.

익산시 용안생태습지공원은 4대강 사업의 일환으로 조성된 대규모 습지공원으로서 생태적 보전과 관 광지로서의 잠재력을 동시에 지닌 공간이다. 본 연구는 용안생태습지공원을 지방정원으로 지정하기 위한 기본계획을 수립하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 이를 위해 지방정원 및 국가정원의 지정요건과 사례, 지역여건·자연 및 인문환경을 분석하였으며, 이를 토대로 공간구상과 기본계획을 수립하였다. 공간구 상은 핵심구역(천년의 늪), 완충구역(천년의 들), 협력구역(천년의 정원)으로 구성되었다. 핵심구역은 금강의 생태적 가치와 자연경관을 보전하며, 조류 관찰과 억새 체험 등 생태 체험 활동을 중심으로 계획 되었다. 완충구역은 캠핑정원, 생태정원, 수확정원 등을 통해 주민참여와 교육적 가치를 강화하였다. 협력구역은 백제정원, 숲정원, 물의 정원 등 주제정원을 포함하여 역사·문화적 체험과 계절별 축제 및 정원박람회 개최를 위한 커뮤니티 공간으로 계획되었다. 또한 침수피해를 고려해 수순환 시스템 구축, 수종 선정, 포장 및 시설물 채택 및 대응체계를 마련하였다. 본 연구는 용안생태습지공원이 지방정원으 로 지정되어 지역관광의 중심지로 자리 잡으며, 나아가 국가정원으로 도약할 수 있는 기틀을 마련하는 데 그 의의가 있다.

본 연구는 지리산국립공원 내 설산습지의 식물상 및 식생 구조를 조사한 것으로, 향후 변화 추적을 위한 기초자료를 제공하고, 나아가 관리 및 보존 방안을 제안하고자 수행되었다. 관속식물 조사 결과, 68과 138속 170종, 3아종, 20변종, 4품종으로 총 197분류군이 확인되었다. 주요 종으로는 특산식물인 키버들과 매미꽃 등 6종, 희귀식물인 물들메나무 등 3종, 그리고 식물구계학적 특정식물 5등급에 해당하는 문수조릿대 등이 포함되었다. 습지선호도에 따른 분류 결과, 전체 197종 중 습지식물은 28종(14.2%)으로 확인되었다. 목본층에서는 버드나무가 우점하였으나 초본층은 수위에 따라 식생 구성이 달랐다. 수위가 지표면보다 높은 영역에서는 절대습지식물과 임의습지식물이, 수위가 지표면과 일치 하는 영역에서는 임의습지식물과 양생식물이, 수위가 지표면 아래인 영역에서는 절대육상식물의 세력이 우세하였다. 석축의 상태와 지표수 유입량은 습지의 현재 상태 유지를 결정하는 핵심 변수로 작용하였다. 따라서 방치된 계단식 논 습지의 보전을 위해서는 석축, 수로, 지형 등 물리적 환경과 동식물에 대한 지속적인 모니터링 결과를 기반으로 한 체계적인 관리가 필수적인 것으로 판단되었다.

This study investigated the distribution and growth performance of Bolboschoenus planiculmis under varying estuarine environmental conditions. We aimed to determine the optimal planting methods and environmental conditions with respect to salinity, soil texture, and tidal regimes on its growth performance. Our findings revealed a significant reduction in B. planiculmis coverage, shrinking to 955,393 m2 in 2024, representing only 38.59% of that compared to 2004. The plant’s survival rate exhibited a clear salinity gradient: 0 ppt (89±8.01%)>5 ppt (64±4.56%)>15 ppt (37±4.25%)>30 ppt (0±0.00%). Planting density significantly influenced growth, with 24 tubers m-2 yielding the highest number of plants per tuber (14.67±0.33). A planting depth of 5 cm proved optimal for tuber germination and growth. Soil texture analysis demonstrated that a lower sand content promoted growth, with the highest density observed in soil containing 10% sand (435±6.96 plants m-2). Tidal influence also played an important role, with areas experiencing regular tidal fluctuations fostering the most successful growth. Planting tubers or young plants with attached tubers in these tidal zones led to the highest survival rates and biomass.

잠자리목은 습지 생태계의 환경의 질을 나타내는 생물 지표로 알려져 있으며, 이들의 분포와 풍부도는 습지 생태계 평가 및 생물다양성의 척 도로 활용된다. 본 연구는 환경부에서 지정·관리하는 습지보호지역 25개소를 대상으로 습지 유형별 잠자리목 분포 현황을 분석하여 서식지 보전 및 기후변화에 따른 종의 분포 변화에 관한 자료를 제공하기 위해 수행되었다. 조사 결과, 총 10과 67종이 확인되었으며, 잠자리과(Libellulidae) 24종 으로 가장 많이 관찰되었고 하천습지 52종, 산지습지 50종, 호수습지 30종, 인공습지 32종이 확인되었다. 기후변화 생물지표종인 푸른아시아실잠 자리(Ischnura senegalensis)와 연분홍실잠자리(Ceriagrion nipponicum)는 서식지가 점차 북쪽으로 확장되고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 고유종인 꼬마 측범잠자리(Nihonogomphus minor)와 산측범잠자리(Asiagomphus melanopsoides)는 개체군 크기가 작아 지속적인 모니터링을 통한 관리 방안이 필요할 것으로 보인다. 본 연구결과는 습지보호구역에 분포하는 잠자리의 생태적 특성을 조사하여 습지 생태계의 보전과 관리를 위한 기초자료로 활용될 것이다.

The Ansan Reclaimed Wetland, reclaimed in 1986 and maintained for 38 years, underwent two wetland function assessments to develop strategies for enhancing biodiversity and conservation. The biota of the reclaimed wetland showed an increase in the number of species observed across most taxa, while the number of amphibian and reptile species decreased. Among legally protected species and specific species, Aix galericulata and Lefua costata were not observed, whereas Libellula angelina were introduced. The results were categorized into “protection or improvement” and “enhancement.” Proposed conservation measures include removing planted shrubs, maintaining waterways, and installing gabion structures and wildlife corridors.

횡성 포동습지의 어류상 및 어류군집 특징을 밝히기 위해 6개 지점을 선정하여 2023년 4월부터 10월까지 3회 조사를 실시하였다. 어류의 채집은 하천에서는 족대와 투망, 일각망을, 호내에서는 족대와 투망, 삼중자망, 삼각망을 사용하였다. 조사결과, 6개 지점에서 5목 12과 33종 5,616개가 채집되었으며, 우점종은 참붕어(29.5%), 아우점종은 피라미(24.1%)였고, 그 다음으로 참갈겨니(10.3%), 빙어(8.3%), 붕어(5.7%), 돌고기(4.0%), 긴몰개(3.7%), 떡붕어(2.8%) 등의 순으로 우세하였 다. 환경부지정 멸종위기 야생생물은 II급 한강납줄개와 돌상어 2종이 채집되었고, 한국고유종은 한강납줄개, 쉬리, 긴몰개, 돌상어, 돌마자, 참갈겨니, 참종개, 새코미꾸리, 눈동자개, 퉁가리, 꺽지, 얼록동사리 12종(고유화율 36.4%)이 확인되었다. 회유성(강하형) 어종은 뱀장어 1종, 육봉형 어류는 빙어와 밀어 2종이 채집되었으며, 외래어종은 이스라엘잉어와 떡붕어, 배스 3종이 채집되었는데, 이중 배스는 생태계교란 생물로 지정된 종이다. 횡성 포동습지는 하천생태계와 호소생태계가 함께 있기 때문에 다양한 어류 서식지를 제공하고 있어 멸종위기종 한강납줄개와 돌상어를 포함하여 많은 종이 서식하여 보존가치 가 높은 곳으로 판단되었다. 하지만 교란요인으로 하천공사와 하천내에 설치된 보, 생태계교란 생물 배스의 서식 등이 확인되어 종합적인 보존대책이 요구되었다.