The sewer capacity design have been based on the Huff model or the rational equation in South Korea and often failed to determine optimal capacity, resulting in frequent urban flooding or over-sizing. A time distribution of rainfall (i.e., Huff or ABM method) could be used instead of a rainfall hyetograph obtained from statistical analysis of previous rainfalls. In this study, the Huff method and the ABM method, which predict the time distribution of rain intensity, which are widely used to calculate sewage pipe drainage capacity using the SWMM, were compared with the standard rainfall intensity hyetograph of Seoul. If the rainfall duration was 30 minutes to 180 minutes, the rainfall intensity value calculated by the Huff model tended to be less than the rainfall intensity value of the standard rainfall intensity in the initial 5-10 minutes. As a result, more than 10% to 30% of under-design would be made. In addition, the rainfall intensity value calculated by the Huff model from the section excluding the initial 5-10 minutes of rainfall to the rainfall duration was calculated larger than the value using the standard rainfall intensity equation, which would result in an over-design of 10% to 30%. In the case of a relatively long rainfall duration of 360 minutes (6 hours) to 1,440 minutes (24 hours), it showed an lower rainfall intensity of 60 to 90% in the early stages of rainfall, but the problem of under-design had been solved as the rainfall duration time had elapsed. On the other hand, in the alternating block method (ABM) method, it was found that the rainfall intensity at the entire period at each assumed rainfall duration accurately matched the standard rainfall intensity hyetograph of Seoul.

철근 콘크리트 하수관거는 경제적 장점과 내구성으로 인해 많이 사용되고 있다. 오랜 공용시간 이후 하수관거는 하 수의 산화물과 공용하중에 의해 열화가 진행된다. 본 논문은 초고강도 콘크리트로 갱생한 열화된 콘크리트 하수관거의 구조적 성능에 대해 연구하였다. 실험변수는 초고강도 콘크리트 관거 상부슬래브와 벽체의 두께의 조합으로 구성하였다. 네가지 종류의 초고강도 콘크리트 관거가 극한하중을 받을 때까지 내하력을 파악하기 위해 실험을 진행하였다. 보통 강도 콘크리트에 비해 상 대적으로 작은 두께의 초고강도 콘크리트 관거는 열화된 내부 부분을 치핑하고 갱생함으로써 단면의 손실을 최소화할 수 있다. 실험결과에 의하면 열화된 콘크리트 관거를 갱생하는데 적용된 새로운 얇은 두께의 초고강도 콘크리트 구조물이 재하하중을 만 족하고 실제 공학적 적용에 용이성을 있음을 나타내고 있다.

저해상도 하수관거의 균열을 탐지하기 위해서 웨이블릿 기법을 이용하여 연구를 수행하였다. 변수 4개를 설정하여 파라미터 연구를 수행하였으며 기존 CNN 기법의 연구와 비교를 통해 타당성을 검증하였다. 연구 결과 본 연구에 제시된 파라미터 변수들의 기본값만 사용하더라도 97.2%의 높은 정확도를 나타내었으며, 정확도가 들쭉날쭉하지 않고 안정성을 나타내었다. 따라서, 웨이블릿 기법을 활용하여 구조물의 균열 등 결함 인식 등의 문제를 잘 해결할 것으로 판단되며 향후 연구로 딥러닝 기법과의 상호 보완적인 방법을 모색하고자 한다.

When domestic sewage and rainwater runoff are discharged into a single sewer pipe, it is called a “combined sewer system.” The sewage design standards in Korea specify the flow velocity based only on the volume of rainfall; therefore, sedimentation occurs on non-rainy days owing to the reduced flow rate and velocity. This sedimentation reduces the discharge capacity, causes unpleasant odors, and exacerbates the problem of combined sewer overflow concentration. To address this problem, the amount of sewage on non-rainy days, not just the volume of rainfall, should also be considered. There are various theories on sedimentation in sewer movement. This study introduces a self-cleansing velocity based on tractive force theory. By applying a self-cleansing velocity equivalent to the critical shear stress of a sand particle, sedimentation can be reduced on non-rainy days. The amount of sewage changes according to the water use pattern of citizens. The design hourly maximum wastewater flow was considered as a representative value, and the velocity of this flow should be more than the self-cleansing velocity. This design method requires a steeper gradient than existing design criteria. Therefore, the existing sewer pipelines need to be improved and repaired accordingly. In this study, five types of improvement and repair methods that can maximize the use of existing pipelines and minimize the depth of excavation are proposed. The key technologies utilized are trenchless sewer rehabilitation and complex cross-section pipes. Trenchless sewer rehabilitation is a popular sewage repair method. However, it is complex because the cross-section pipes do not have a universal design and require continuous research and development. In an old metropolis with a combined sewer system, it is difficult to carry out excavation work; hence, the methods presented in this study may be useful in the future.

This study was conducted to analyze the characteristics of odorous components that have been generated from the downtown sewer system based on twenty-three survey items for complex odor and designated offensive odor. As a result of the research, the contribution rates for the causative materials of the odor indicated 73.5% of hydrogen sulfide, 26.0% of methyl mercaptan, 0.4% of dimethyl sulfide, and 0.1% of dimethyl disulfide. The occurrence for the odorous materials according to sampling site revealed data of which contribution rates showed 56.9% of hydrogen sulfide and 36.8% of methyl mercaptan from the combined sewer system in the business district; whereas the combined sewer system in the residential area showed 16.4% of dimethyl sulfide and 4.3% of dimethyl disulfide. The seasonal occurrence rate of the odor materials was observed higher in summer and lower in winter And, the combined sewer system in the business district recorded the highest concentration of 4.61 ppm of hydrogen sulfide among the sampling site. An hourly occurrence rate for the odor materials consistently showed the greatest increase between 11:00 and 14:00 at each location and showed a decreasing tendency afterward.

Deep learning techniques have been studied and developed throughout the medical, agricultural, aviation, and automotive industries. It can be applied to construction fields such as concrete cracks and welding defects. One of the best performing techniques of deep running is CNN technique. CNN means convolutional neural network. In this study, we analyzed crack recognition of sewer with low recognition. Deep learning is generally more accurate with deeper layers, but analysis cost is high. In addition, many variations can occur depending on training options. Therefore, this study performed many parametric studies according to the variations of training options. When analyzed with appropriate training options, the accuracy was over 90% and stable results were obtained

Recent frequent occurrence of urban sinkhole brings a need for the periodic inspection of sewer pipelines. Sewer inspection using a CCTV device needs a lot of time and efforts. Many of previous studies which have focused to reduce the laborious tasks are mainly interested in the developments of image processing S/W and inspection H/W. Nevertheless, there has been no attempt to find meaningful information from the existing CCTV images stored by the sewer maintenance manager. In this paper, we carried out a study about the construction of unfolding image of sewer video image. In general, the analysis results show that the image development is judged to have been well represented. It is expected to be a reference to the basic research of panoramic image.

Odor problems in urban areas have become a common cause of public complaints. In order to gain a better understanding of odor problems, we investigated the emission characteristics of odorants originating from manholes (n=22) and stormwater catch basins (n=48) (SCBs) around Wangsimni station in Seoul. To this end, concentrations of H2S and NH3 were measured after arbitrarily dividing the whole study area into five different districts. Our measurements were made to allow comparisons between three different criteria: (1) manholes vs. SCBs, (2) temporal variation between morning vs. afternoon, and (3) water content in the sewer system. The average concentration of H2S in manholes and SCB were 2.39 ppm and 0.81 ppm, respectively. In contrast, their NH3 counterparts were 1.86 ppm and 1.02 ppm, respectively. According to the contouring method made to identify spatial distribution characteristics, of odorants a relatively lowland site D was expected to work as a significant emission source in light of the transportation patterns of a sewer system. Moreover, higher concentrations of odorants were prevalent in the afternoon (as the prime time for commercial activities) relative to before noon. If concentration data are converted into odor intensity, H2S was the predominant component exerting controls on the odor pollution in these underground environments.

A CCTV inspection method has been widely used to assess sewer condition and performance, but Korea lacks a proper decision support system for prioritizing sewer repair and rehabilitation (R&R). The objective of this paper is to introduce the results that we have developed in the Sewer Condition Assessment and Rehabilitation Decision-making (SCARD) Program using MS-EXCEL. The SCARD-Program is based on a standardized defect score for sewer structural and hydraulic assessment. Priorities are ranked based on risk scores, which are calculated by multiplying the sewer severity scores by the environmental impacts. This program is composed of three parts, which are decision-making for sewer condition and performance assessment, decision-making for sewer R&R priority assessment, and decision-making for optimal budget allocation. The SCARD-Program is useful for decision-makers, as it enables them to assess the sewer condition and to prioritize sewer R&R within the limited annual budget. In the future, this program logic will applied to the GIS-based sewer asset management system in local governments.

Recently, sewer–pipe constructions replacing deteriorated pipes are currently underway in the downtown area. To resolve many problems in the conventional method of open-cut construction, lining-board system using light-weight GFRP panels is developed. The pultruded GFRP panels can be successfully used for the developed lining-board system as temporary decks and retaining walls in virtue of light weight, high strength and high durability. In this paper, the structural safety and serviceability of the lining-board system are examined through FE analyses and experiments. Further more, a field application of the lining-board system is presented. The field application shows that quality and environment of construction can be significantly improved.

In this study, current sewer infiltration/Inflow(I/I) computation and application method was examined about improvement and adequacy relating to the main issues raised by the field for practitioners. The results of review about infiltration calculation method were considered to be in need of improvement at‘standards of minimum sewage calculation’. Furthermore, the results of review about I/I application method were considered to be in need of improvement at‘standards of seasonal infiltration application’and‘the relative decrease in the Annual evaluation standards’. In addition, annual I/I analysis at JC County for the four years(2009 ～ 2012) in respect of operation flow and rainfall data was conducted. The result of annual infiltration analysis, compared average daily sewage generated average infiltration rate was found in 21.95 %, infiltration by unit was found in 0.31 m3/day/cm/km and 0.12 m3/day/day, respectively. The result of annual inflow analysis, average rainfall - Inflow equations was found y = 5.499x(R2 0.793), and the average Inflow quantity by sewer extension was predicted to 0.66 m3/mm-km.

This study is to evaluate control effects of separation wall by surveying water quality and sewer overflows during dry and wet periods in combined sewer and separated sewer systems. Ravine water from the combined Seokgyo outfall with the separation wall was separated about four times larger than sewage flow during dry periods. The water quality of the combined Seokgyo outfall with separation wall during dry periods is flow weighed average T-N 22mg/L, T-P 2.4mg/L, the combined Chenseokgyo outfall without the separation wall is average T-N 21mg/L, T-P 2.6mg/L, and the separated Pyoungsong center outfall is average T-N 12mg/L, T-P 1.0mg/L. The T-N, T-P concentration in separated outfall make form about 44%, 42% of the combined outfall, and this means the separated outfall (i.e. storm sewer) is polluted by inflow of sewage. The overflow load of the separated outfall is ten times higher than the combined outfall and its overflow load per rainfall is three times than combined outfall during the wet periods. Therefore, the control plan of overflow load is required in storm sewer. The control effects of the overflow load increased 100% by setting the separation wall in the combined sewer, and showed 44% increase without the separation wall in separated sewer, but forecasted over than 82% increase of effects with the separation wall.

The depth of sewers in residential complexes was determined to prevent the separated sewers from misconnection between storm sewer and sanitary sewer, and from the submersion of the basement by minimizing the phenomenon of backwater when it rains. In residential complexes, main causes of the submersion were the misconnection of sewers, rising of the backwater level at outfall in sewer system, poor maintenance of sewers, and lacking in their cross section. Minimum depth of sewers should be over 1.2~1.5m. According to the economic analysis, the depth of 1.5m~3.0m was appropriate for minimizing the submersion of basements and for making the disposal of domestic wastewater more easily.

본 연구는 현장에 설치 된 하수관거 내부 상태 평가를 위하여 CCTV 카메라 기반의 자주식 로봇차를 투입하여 촬영 및 녹화를 진행하였고, 장비 차량에 탑재된 TV를 통해 하수관거의 돌출부, 파손, 누수여부 등을 판단 할 수 있었다. 또 한 경사계와 스트레인게이지를 하수관거에 부착하여 관로의 이상침하 및 구배를 분석하고, 변형률 데이터를 취득 할 수 있는 자동화 계측시스템을 구성하여 현장 하수관거 장기 내구성 모니터링 평가 방법을 제시한다.

In this study, the field construction with the prefabricated lightweight plastic foundation using recycled plastic forsewage pipeline and triple wall PE sewer pipe was carried out to verify the construction workability of prefabricated plasticfoundation and deformation resistance potential of triple wall PE sewer pipe. The construction procedure in field wasfollowed the KS standard. The measured vertical deformations of PE pipe are average 2.35mm which means around 1%of deformation for 300mm diameter of PE pipe. Judging from the type of foundation, the use of plastic foundation (CaseB & Case C) showed lower deformation due to differential settlement than that of sand bedding foundation. Especially,the plastic foundation made a relatively uniform deformation of PE pipe. However, the sand foundation represented thenon-uniform deformation of PE pipe.

하수관거는 국민의 정맥이라고 할 수 있을 정도로 도시의 환경관리와 치수, 쾌적한 환경조성에 있어서 매우 중요한 시설이며 그 규모가 광범위하고 복잡한 네트워크로 구성되어 있다. 이러한 하수관망을 통해 이송되는 물은 지저분하고 냄새가 심하기 때문에 지하에 관로 형태로 대부분 시공되어 왔으며, 상수관망처럼 압력관이 아니라 대부분 중력에 의한 이송방식을 채택하고 있어 문제 발생 시 원인파악과 대처를 힘들게 하는 요인을 가지고 있다. 특히 하수관거의 관리 소홀은 곧바로 토양오염과 인근 환경오염을 직결되며 장기적으로는 상수를 오염시키는 요인으로 작용하므로 체계적인 방법과 장기적인 안목을 가지고 명확한 분석을 시행할 수 있는 모니터링 시스템을 가지고 최적으로 유지관리 되어야 하며, 하수관거시설의 체계적인 관리를 위하여 과학적이고 효율적인 하수관거 운영관리 및 실시간 데이터를 수집·분석하는 시스템의 중요성이 부각되고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 하수관거의 통합적인 관리를 위하여 현장의 계측기에서 생성된 DATA를 전용선(TM/TC)망을 이용하여 중앙감시실로 보내져 실시간 전송 데이터에 대한 서버관리와 원격조정이 포함된 시스템구축, 테이터 베이스 관리, 최적 개량을 위한 의사결정, 실시간 자료를 토대로 한 초기강우제어와 CSOs 제어, 유지관리를 위한 모니터링 시스템이 가능한 프로그램을 구축하였다. 또한, 개발된 시스템에서는 체계적인 입력자료 관리를 위해 GIS를 이용한 입력제어 및 향후 유지관리를 위한 데이터베이스 구축, 사용자 편의성을 위한 편리한 GUI를 제공하며 각종 결과물의 비교검토를 용이하게 하기 위한 그래프와 표로 제공하였다.이와 같은 프로그램을 검증함에 있어 대상지역을 선정하고 실시간 데이터인 수심, 유속, 유량, 강우 자료들을 5분 간격으로 1년 동안의 데이터(2012년 6월~2013년 5월)를 60분으로 평균하여 월별, 계절별 유량의 변화를 분석하였다.

In this study, the prefabricated lightweight plastic foundation which was made of recycled plastic for sewage pipeline was developed and PE triple flexible pipe was used to evaluate the fundamental characteristics of foundation for sewage pipeline. Two types of prefabricated plastic foundations were adopted. The basic properties of each plastic material were evaluated, such as density, elastic modulus, unconfined compressive strength, and bending stress. The allowable load at 5% of pipe deformation was 1.49 ton for 100% new plastics foundation, and 1.35 ton for composite plastic foundation. The use of fabricated lightweight plastic foundation shows 100% of higher load support than without foundation.

철근 콘크리트 강성관인 흄관은 현장 시공 후 사용 중 이음부의 누수와 침하로 인해 하수관거로서의 기능이 저하되는 경우가 많이 발생되고 있다. 따라서 하수관거의 경제성, 안전성, 사용성을 극대화하기 위해 개발되는 하수관거 기초는 하수관거 자중과 수압, 상재토압, 도로에 작용하는 하중의 영향을 충분히 견딜 수 있도록 설계 및 제작되어야 한다. 본 연구에서는 기본적인 설계가 완성된 하수관거 기초의 기본형 모델을 범용 구조해석 프로그램인 ABAQUS(2009)와 CAD Mechanical(2011)의 3D 모델링을 사용하여 유한요소 해석 결과와 비교하고, 보다 경제적인 설계를 위한 격벽의 종류와 유무에 따라 발생되는 최대응력을 항복응력과 비교하여 적은 재료로 생산 할 수 있는 하수관거 기초의 최적화된 단면을 파악할 수 있었다. 이를 고려하여 항복응력과 각각의 모델의 최대응력 및 변위를 통해 적절한 단면의 형상을 제시한다. 그림 1은 기본적인 설계가 완성된 CAD 도면과 ABAQUS 입력모델링 단면을 보여주고 있다. 플라스틱 재료(PE2406)의 물성치 정보와 여러 경계조건에 따르는 해석결과를 그림 2에 나타내었다. 그림 2는 하수관거의 크기와 모델, 위치에 따른 최대응력과 항복응력을 비교한 것으로서, 항복응력대비 발생된 최대응력 및 최대변위를 통하여 기초단면의 안전성과 경제성을 판단 할 수 있다.

정부는 하수관거의 대대적인 확충과 정비를 통하여 2010년 말 기준 하수도 보급률을 90.1% 수준으로 향상하였으며, 현재 운영 및 유지관리 단계에 접어들었으나 하수관거 운영성과 분석 및 평가를 위한 집수여건에 적합한 침입수와 유입수의 산정 방법에 대한 연구가 절실하다. 본 연구에서는 침입수와 유입수 산정 기법들의 특징을 분석하여 ‘물 사용량 평가법’과 ‘야간 생활하수 평가법’을 침입수 산정 방법으로 채택하였으며, 아산시를 연구 대상지역으로 선정하여 하수 유입수량 및 강우량 등 연구 자료를 수집하여 침입수와 유입수량을 산정하였다, 계산된 결과를 바탕으로 집수구역별 침입수 및 유입수 발생 특성과 연간 및 월간 구분에 의한 침입수 발생 특성, 계절별 침입수 발생 특성을 분석하였다. 합병식 하수배제 방식인 온천 집수구역과 분류식 하수배제 방식인 권곡 및 실옥 집수구역은 야간 생활하수 평가법에 의한 침입수 산정 방식이 효과적인 것으로 평가되었으며, 분류식 하수배제 방식인 모종 집수구역은 물 사용량 평가법과 야간 생활하수 평가법 모두 침입수 산정에 유효한 것으로 평가되었다. 또한, 주거지역인 모종 및 권곡 집수구역과 비교하여 상업지역이 많은 온천 집수구역의 침입수량 및 유입수량 산정 결과가 상대적으로 큰 것으로 나타났다. 결과적으로 상업시설을 이용하는 경제활동 인구가 많은 상업지역이 아파트단지 등 주거지역에 비해 인구수대비 하수 유입율이 평균 72% 많은 것으로 분석되었다. 또한 최대 하수유입량의 68.4%∼74.7% 범위에서 평균 하수유입량이 발생하는 것으로 평가되었으며, 강우에 따른 유입수량은 강우량과 비례하여 우기 및 건기 등 시간적 변화에 따라 크게 변동하였다. 본 연구에서는 집수구역에 따라 침입수 및 유입수의 발생 양상이 다른 것으로 분석되었다. 따라서, 지역 특성이 다른 하수관거 정비지역 선정을 위한 지역별 예상 하수 발생량, 침입수 및 유입수 산정 시는 물론 향후 하수관거 유지관리 및 운영 시에도 지역에 적합한 관리 방안 마련에 크게 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.