The wheelhouse front glass of a Fore-Bridge-Ship (Ro-Ro Ship) was broken by the shipping of water in rough seas, and then the flooding of seawater into the wheelhouse caused the uncontrollable condition of the ship. The hull which was entered into the floating condition rolled severely, and the heavy rolling caused secondary damage such as the collapse of a lot of cargo. It was an incredible accident because the height of bow freeboard was about 2.5 times higher than the standard height of minimum bow freeboard regulated by the International Load Line Convention(1966). And it would be also difficult for navigators to imagine a great deal of seawater flooding into the wheelhouse because the front glass was positioned at about 20m height above the sea surface. In this paper, we carried out the evaluation for the safety navigation of the Fore-Bridge-Ship numerically against ship's speed and encountering angle to the wave in each sea state of rough sea, by using the integrated seakeeping performance index (ISPI) which is able to evaluate synthetically the safety operation of ships. And then the problem on the application of the past criteria proposed as the safety navigation of a merchant ship was clarified by inquiring the dangerousness of the shipping of water at her bow deck, which caused the breakage of the wheelhouse front glass.

We studied the characteristics of marine casualties within the area under control of Korea National Maritime Police and leeway of drifting vessel. According to 5 years＇(1995~1999) data of casualties, it was found that the occurrence of casualties by fishing boats ranked the highest and a considerable numbers of casualties took place more than 20 miles off the shore. From a result of field experiment of G/T 50 tons vessel off Busan harbor on Apr. 26~28, 2000, we computed that the linear equation of leeway speed(cm/s) was 1.01×U(U : wind speed in m/s)+11.36 with correlation coefficient between wind speed and leeway speed being 0.252 and we found leeway angle range from +87˚(right) to -78˚(left ) of the downwind direction.

The present paper deals with the casualties of bulk carriers, many of which resulted in catastrophic and fatal consequencies - losses of ships and lives. In fact the fatality and the alarming statistics of bulk carrier casualty have ling been criticized since 1980's by several seafarers. In the paper, the features of hull structure and operation of bulk carrier are, firstly, examined and, then, casualties and major causes are speculated, Secondly, the issues of circumstances around shipping and naval architectural circles related to the casualties are raised and discussed. Finally, it highlights the need and the way for a higher safety standard for the shipping industy

1986년부터 1988년까지 3년 동안 우리나라 주변 해역에서 발생한 1680건의 해난사고를 주성분분석법에 의한 전산프로그램을 작성하여 분석한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 해난사고의 주된 원인은 운항부주의, 기관 정비불량 등 인적요인에 있으며, 사고유형으로서는 기관고장이, 선종으로서는 어선이 특히 해난사고의 큰 비중을 차지한다. 2. 어선, 관공선의 경우에는 기관고장이나 추진기장애 등이 경미한 해난사고가 많은 경향인데 비해 화물선, 여객선, 유조선의 경우에는 좌초, 충돌, 전복, 침수 등 재산과 인명의 피해가 큰 대형해난사고가 많은 경향이다. 3. 대형해난사고 중 좌초, 충돌, 전복 등은 그 주된 원인이 운항부주의에 있고, 침수의 경우는 재질구조결함에 기인하는 바가 크다.

In general, marine casualities take palace by the composite action of three elements such as waterway condition, vessel condition and man condition. One of the important characteristics of most marie casualties for small cargo vessels in maritime transportation of near-coastal and greater-coasting seas in that the same kind of casualities take place repeatedly in spite of the apprent causes, Because, it takes much time and effort for seamen to master waterway, vessel or operatin technique only to the practical and sensible level. In these days, with the development of our economy, our shiypping industry has grown and therefore the demand of marine officers has increased. This economic growth brought about undesirable situation like the evasion of seamen and frequent casualities of Korea vessels. These marine casualities are being caused mainly by the unskilfulness of operating technique as well as the bad waterway condition and ship's installation condition. Therefore, I conclude, in this paper, that the most efficient and economic preventing measures of marine casualities are seeking causes and removing them in advance under the close coperation system among all concerned parties.

The transportations of most of cargoes in world trade have been fulfilled through sea lanes and it seems this trend will not change in near future. Nowadays, inview of the technical aspects of merchant vessels, they are continuously enlarged in hull size and greatly specialized in structure for the cargo spaces and dramatically automatized in navigating, piloting, cargo operating and various other operations, which unavoidably require high technicals in operating the modern merchant vessels. On the contrary to the trend of requiring of operating high technicals, the capabilities of crew on board have been gradually declining in technical competence and their morale for accomplishing their duties on board vessels has greatly falled won compared with that of old days. The above result inevitably brings many problems in operating modern vessels and causes accidents which are avoidable through good competence and high morale of the crew. We intend to analyze the causes of several great sea accident with which it seems some human errors are connected more or less directly or indirectly. We hope that this study could suggest some measures which help to prevent the recurrence of similar accidents by Korean ship's crews.

The transport of cargoes carried by coastal and ocean-going vessels has increased with the rapid growth of the Korean economy these days. This increase of the sea-borne cargoes has made the Korean coastal traffic so congested that this can be a cause of large pollution as well as great marine casualties such as loss of human lives and properties. Marine casualties generally result from the complicated interaction of natural and human factors; the former being the topographic, marine traffic volume and meteorological conditions, and the latter being the quality of seafares. In this paper, the authors analyse the trend of marine casualties in the Korean coastal and clear up the cause of accidents and examine closely the mutual relations among sea accidents, weather conditions, and marine traffic volume. These accidents are classified into several patterns on hte point of view of ship's size, ship's type and ship's age and its characteristics of each pattern are described in detail. Also, the authors estimate the amount of economical losses resulting from marine casualties which are classified into the accident patterns, and clarify the effects of those losses on B/B(Balance Sheet) and P/L(Profit & Loss) of Korean shipping companies and Korean national economy. The analyzed results of marine casualties are summarized as follows: 1) The average number of sea accidents is 248 cases per year with the loss of 107 persons during last 13 years. 2) Collision is the top of causes of sea accidents (approx. 36.4%), shipwreck the second (approx. 20.3%), agroung the third rank (approx. 18.2%). 3) The ship's number under 1, 000G/T is approx. 74% of total ship's number of accidents. 4) 80% of total number of marine accidents is taken plact at the coastal waters. (involved ports & narrow channels) 5) Marine casualties are occur likely to in the night, the winter and the summer. 6) The average amount of economical losses is approx. 18.5 billion won. (approx. 0.14% of GNP) 7) Shipwreck is the top of the amount of economical losses (approx. 60.4%), collision the second (aprox. 24.5%), aground the third (approx. 9.9%). 8) The amount of economical losses is approx. 5.24% of gross capital of shipping co., 1.24% of shipping revenue, 1.38% of shipping total income in 1983.