The purpose of this paper is to investigate the usage of address terms for professors by undergraduate and graduate students by the sociolinguistic methodology. To this end, this paper applied an integrated approach that combines quantitative analysis based on the response results of multiple-choice questions in the survey and qualitative interpretation based on the response results of subjective questions in both the survey and the in-depth interview. First, through quantitative analysis of the variation in the use of address terms, it was confirmed that “professor” occupies an overwhelming proportion and that the academic field of the speaker is the most important factor. The higher the intimacy with professors, the more “teacher” was used. Next, through the qualitative interpretation of the reason and meaning of using their choice of address terms, the most basic and superficial reason was to follow the experiences and customs in the affiliated community. The use of “professor” had some reasons or meanings such as meeting courtesy and expectations, highlighting privileged status, and equal respect for all the faculty members, whereas “teacher” was used as an expression of intimacy.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the term ‘agassi’ by analyzing the pattern of actual language use of it in the aspect of sociolinguistic perspective. Through this work, it will be possible to figure out the change of meaning of the ‘agassi’, and the causes of conflict situations of using it in modern society. In chapter 2, the difference between ‘agassi’ as an address term and as a reference term is represented. Chapter 3 shows the chronicle change in the use of ‘agassi’ being originated from its etymology, ‘agissi’. It turns out that the use of ‘agassi’ has evolved for in the order of Honorific form, kinship and Non-Honorific form. Chapter 4 investigates the tendency and its cause of the negative interpretation of ‘agassi’ in modern society. The reason why the address term ‘agassi’ causes social displeasure is because it is regarded as ‘sexual objectification’. It can be subdivided into three categories: ‘agassi’ is (1) the expression that emphasis sex in social life, (2) associated with specific occupational groups which is socially unacceptable, and (3) used often in the situation of sexual harassment.

The purpose of this paper is to compare how the South and North Korean press used the terms of address and honorifics for the leaders of the two Koreas. We analyze the press reports related to the three inter-Korean summits in 2018 and the Panmunjeom meeting among the leaders of two Koreas and USA in 2019. We focused on the data of address terms and honorifics for President Moon Jae-in and Kim Jong-un used by the South Korean and North Korean newspapers. Specifically, we looked at the difference in usages between the South Korean newspapers and North Korea's newspaper Rodong Sinmun, the difference in usages between the Hankyoreh and Chosun Ilbo in South Korea, and the difference in usages between the 2000 and 2018 inter-Korean summits. Through this analysis and discussion, we can clearly see that many factors affect the use of language in the media, such as the political system of the two Koreas, the political attitude of the two South Korean media toward North Korea, and the age of the top leaders of North Korea.

본 연구는 공손 관점에서 호칭어의 사용 양상을 고찰하였다. 공손의 의미와 표현은 시대에 따라 변화한다. 호칭어 역시 시대와 함께 변화한다. 이에 본 연구는 통시적인 관점에서 호칭어의 변천 양상을 살펴보았다. 이를 위해 1930년대부터 현재까지 시대별로 호칭어의 사용 양상을 조사하고, 변화 과정과 그 특징을 분석하였다. 호칭어는 사회적 통용 호칭, 사회적 친족 호칭, 직업·직함 호칭, ‘老+성’ 호칭 등이 있다. 시대와 맞지 않는 호칭어는 사라지고, 새로운 시대에 맞는 호칭이 생겨나기도 하고, 또 어떤 호칭은 시대에 따라 그것이 내포하는 의미나 내용이 달라지기도 한다.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the usage of address terms between professors in a Korean university upon the methodology of sociolinguistic variation studies. This study was conducted based on on-line questionnaire survey targeting 100 professors in an university situated in the metropolitan area. Address terms observed in this study are Gyosu(=professor)(+honorific ‘-nim), Seonsaeng(=teacher)(+’-nim’), Baksa(=doctor)(+‘-nim’), Saem/Ssaem(intimate abbreviation of Seonsaeng), etc. which are ordered by frequency. Factor groups considered in this study are addressor, addressee, and situation. The main results of this study are as in the following. (1) Addresser’s academic field, degree of intimacy relation with addressee, and addressee’s administrative position are main factors having influence on the usage of address terms between professors. (2) Addresser’s sex and age factors and addressee’s sex and academic field factors have little or no influence on the usage of address terms.

Lee, Phil-young & Kim, Tae-kyung. 2018. “Aspects and Problems in the Contemporary Use of Address Terms and Reference Terms within a Family”. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 26(1). 277~309. This paper investigates the use of address terms and reference terms within a family. This study was conducted based on the questionnaire result targeting 4,000 people in 17 administrative areas across the country. Our research focused on investigating whether the use of terms that has been recommended in <The Standard Manners of Language Use>(2011) corresponded to the actual use in Korean contemporary language life and determining how to resolve potential problems caused by inappropriate use of the terms. The result of current study revealed that there were a number of differences between the suggested terms in <The Standard Manners of Language Use>(2011) and the actual use of the terms in contemporary Korean. The difficulty in the use of address terms and reference terms within a family was largely due to its complicate system of kinship terms and the social change from patriarchal society. This study also reveals that sexually discriminated titles for husband's and wife's family need to be reformed to avoid potential problems.

Yang, Younghee. 2014. A Proposal of a Resolution Method on the Confusion of Word Spacing in the Current Korean Orthography. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 22(3). The purpose of this study is to examine the way to minimize the confusions regarding spacing address and reference forms such as ‘씨’, ‘님’, ‘양’, ‘군’ and ‘가’ among Korean language speakers. This paper explains that the reason for this confusion starts from the fact that Korean language speakers usually interpret the principals for spacing arbitrarily. As another reason for the confusion for spacing address and reference forms, this study examines perceptional changes among Korean language speakers. ‘님’, for example, was attached only to kinship terms at first. It’s usage, however, has been expanded by combining with common nouns or terms for relationships and positions and by being attached to family names or given names such. Through this procedure, the native speakers of Korean language seem like not only perceive the term as an honorific term but also consider it as a term which constructs its own meaning. In this study, they are classified as bound nouns based on intuition of native speakers, independence rate, existence of practice before those words. Through this procedure, this paper tries to arrange the words as a united grammatical unit, and hence to minimize the confusion.

Terms Found in the Prayers of Protestantism and Buddhism. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 21(3). This study, on the basis of 200 prayers of Protestantism and Buddhism, examines address and reference terms for the objects of worship that are observed in each religion. The goals of this research were to investigate 1) what are the types of address and reference terms used in Protestant and Buddhist prayers, 2) whether the differences between the two religions in the address and reference terms derive from distinct philosophical or doctrinal background. Buddhist prayers were analyzed as using more various address terms for the objects of worship than Protestant prayers. Kinship address terms were used in a higher rate than in Protestant prayers, while the egalitarian type of address and reference terms were observed in Buddhist prayers alone. The latter difference is suggested by the researcher as originating from a disparity between the two religions in the relationship of worshipper and worshipped. In addition, style differences were observed between the two religions; in particular, vocative postpositions were significantly more frequently used in Buddhist prayers, giving exclamatory impressionistic effects to the prayers. Finally, whereas similar numbers of address and reference terms for the objects of worship were found in Buddhist prayers, more than thrice as many reference terms were observed as address terms in Protestant prayers, which reflects the Protestant worshippers' effort to interact continuously with the diety during the prayer. Some linguistic and sociolinguistic implications of the results are also discussed. (232 words)

The purpose of this paper is to examine the gender inequality of address terms and honorific usages in the conjugal relations and to evaluate the significance and the limits of some proposals on the improvement of related problems. First of all, this paper starts with a brief review of theoretical background such as linguistic approach, sociolinguistic approach, feministic approach, etc. Secondly, this paper makes an attempt at a comparative examination on five precedent researches and studies. And then, a survey of about 100 students of 3 university in Seoul was carried out for the purpose of comprehending their attitudes towards address terms and honorific usages in the conjugal relations. Finally, synthesizing and comparing the results of 5 precedent studies and our own survey, this paper analyzes the inequal side of address terms and honorific usages in the conjugal relations and looks at the symptom and possibility of change.

This study examines and compares the address terms in Korean textbooks and questionnaires, which are aimed at married migrant women. The results of the study show that among the eight major Korean address terms, the frequent uses of the kin and kinship address terms are founded in the Korean textbooks and married migrant women. Because they are bound by marriage, married migrant women talk more frequently with their husbands, parents-in-law, and relatives than the others. Moreover, due to their recent migration to Korea, they do not only connect with others but also cannot converse well in Korean. The results also illustrate that a few terms of address exist in Korean textbooks. While all address terms in Korean textbooks coincide with standard speech, some address terms revealed in questionnaires are not appropriate for standard speech. “obba” and “name (married migrant women)” are most frequently used between married migrant women and their husbands. Further, “ya, eo-i” is more frequently used by parents-in-law and relatives for addressing married migrant women. The address terms such as “obba,” “name,” and “ya, eo-i” are incorrect address terms for expressing the relationship between a husband and a wife—family. Both parties concerned with Korean textbooks and Korean education must devote considerable space, and time to teaching the address terms so that they can be used efficiently by married migrant women.

This paper aims to examine the usage of terms of address which are used among navy officers' wives. Military society is a typical 'rank-based' society. Therefare the members abide by the order based entirely on the rank structure. We can find this phenomenon in the usage of terms of address among officers' wives. They consider seniority of their husbands more significant than solidarity and age relationship with one another. Thus, the wives distinguish the term of address 'samonim' for the wives whose husbands are senior to own husbands by more than 3 years and 'seonbaenim' for the wives whose husbands are senior to their husbands by 1 or 2 years. The important thing here is that they have to use these kinds of terms of address even though the other party is of the same age or younger than them. If wives failed to do so, they will be in a big trouble. This phenomenon seems to take place because of military society's rank-based culture and its distinctive residence culture. An adequate plan for the usage of terms of address among navy officers' wives is needed. This study can be used as useful data for such an effort.

In English, some occupations are used as titles or address terms, while others are not. For example, doctor is a title and address term, but lawyer and teacher are not. In Korean, however, it is the other way around. This discrepancy among various occupations shows that there exist both linguistic and nonlinguistic conditions which are more than just "status" of the individual or the occupation concerned. According to Bell (1988), it is the absence of the definite article that endorses the descriptive noun phrase to become a title, a process which is achieved by pre-posing the descriptive noun phrase, e.g. linguist Chomsky. In Korean, it is the post-posing of the descriptive noun phrase that achieves the same result, e.g. Gim Jakka (Kim Writer). 105 native speakers of Korean were asked to judge whether or not 30 different occupations sound natural when they are used as titles or address terms. At least three conditioning factors were found to be necessary for higher acceptability: (1) high status of the occupation, including professionality, (2) a discourse context which is high in density in terms of social network, and (3) the occupation name with fewer than three syllables which cannot be abbreviated.

The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 14(2). The purpose of this study is to reconsider the existing views on concord of appellation term with a final ending. In general, it has been considered that there is a consistent system to accord 'the object not expressed with pronoun' with 'hashowsheo' form, 'geudui' with 'hayassheo' form, and 'neo' with 'hara' form. There are, however, many examples from actual use which cannot be explained in this framework. Here, the concord of appellation term with final ending in middle Korean is classified into 'conforming model on rule' and 'strategic model of speaker'. The former is sub-classified into 'authoritative type' and 'bonding type', the latter 'appellation type' and 'final ending type'. Considering the fact that the appellation term and the final ending are related to the honorific system, such features as dialogue, personal feelings between interlocutors among others should be included in an analysis. It has been understood that some pronouns are used only with some appellations according to previous research regardless of these facts. The basic approach of this study is to provide an analysis distinctive from prevailing explanations.

Kim, Hye-Sook. 2004. The Changes of Address Forms between Korean Husbands and Wives according to the Relationship History. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea, 12(2). The present study explores how Korean husbands and wives change their ways of addressing each other during the course of their relationship and the underlying dimensions of meaning which are expressed in such changing patterns of personal address. Forty husbands and their 40 wives who are currently teachers at primary, middle and high schools in South Chungcheong Province participated in the study. The results showed that the teacher couples went through four distinct stages when selecting address forms for their spouses. In the first meeting stage, 'distance' played a major role in the selection. In the dating and early married stage, 'intimacy' was the key underlying semantics. Then 'solidarity' through the first child was the main influence in the parenthood stage. Finally in the later married stage 'solidarity' as longtime partners became the principal factor which governed address selections. It was revealed that there was a strong correlation between the couples' perception of their roles at their homes and their addressing behaviors. Address usage was not governed by social status when Korean husbands and wives, who were both teachers, selected address forms for their spouses.