Wind information is one of the major inputs for the prediction of urban air flow using computational fluid dynamic (CFD) models. Therefore, the numerical characteristics of the wind data formed at their mother domains should be clarified to predict the urban air flow more precisely. In this study, the formation characteristics of the wind data in the Seoul region were used as the inlet wind information for a CFD based simulation and were analyzed using numerical weather prediction models for weather research and forecasting (WRF). Because air flow over the central part of the Korean peninsula is often controlled not only by synoptic scale westerly winds but also by the westerly sea breeze induced from the Yellow Sea, the westerly wind often dominates the entire Seoul region. Although simulations of wind speed and air temperature gave results that were slightly high and low, respectively, their temporal variation patterns agreed well with the observations. In the analysis of the vertical cross section, the variation of wind speed along the western boundary of Seoul is simpler in a large domain with the highest horizontal resolution as compared to a small domain with the same resolution. A strong convergence of the sea breeze due to precise topography leads to the simplification of the wind pattern. The same tendency was shown in the average vertical profiles of the wind speed. The difference in the simulated wind pattern of two different domains is greater during the night than in the daytime because of atmospheric stability and topographically induced mesoscale forcing.

Ground echo is radar return from stationary targets such as buildings and trees. Wind vectors from the wind profile radar in Gangneung are affected by ground echoes due to the complex mountainous terrain located to the west and the south. These ground echoes make a spurious peak close to the direct current (DC) line signal in Doppler spectra. Wind vectors polluted by ground clutters were determined from spectra of oblique beams. After eliminated the terrain echoes, the accuracy of wind vector compared with radiosonde was improved about 68.4% and its relative coefficient was increased from 0.58 to 0.97.

This study investigated the future change in surface wind over the Korean Peninsula using a high-resolution climate change scenario projected by a regional climate model (RCM). In the evaluation of historical runs (1981-2010), the RCM reasonably reproduced a 30-year annual mean surface wind and it also represented climatological seasonal wind pattern properly. To examine the future change in surface wind, the results from RCP8.5 run for 30 years (2071-2100) were compared with those from historical run. Despite of slight differences among seasons, southerly differences were overall dominant. This indicated that southerly prevailing wind for summer was intensified in the future climate, while northerly prevailing wind for other seasons was reduced. The changes in the seasonal mean surface wind were significantly associated with those in the surface pressure distribution surrounding the Korean Peninsula. In the future climate, the monthly mean wind speed was reduced compared in the present climate. However, the magnitude and annual variability of the annual maximum wind speed tended to increase in the future climate.

This study has calculated the change of wind speed according to the features of land surface roughness using the surface wind data provided by the Korean peninsula data of HadGEM3-RA and has analyzed the characteristics of the future upper wind over South Korea driven by several climate change scenarios. The simulation found that the more the time passes, the more the wind speed increases in the previous time period of upper wind and annual average wind speed time series analysis of three kinds of Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP). The wind speed of all three kinds of RCP increased in the summer and winter but decreased in the spring and fall in the analysis of seasonal time series and spatial distribution. The wind speed would be expected to increase in most months except April and November in the analysis of the monthly mean maximum wind speed. The histogram analysis shows the mean wind speed of upper wind over 3m/s. As the time passes, the wind speed increases more than in the past. Certain areas such as the areas under the urbanization development would be anticipated to raise the wind speed throughout all months.

Wind profiler provides vertical profiles of three-dimensional wind vectors with high spatiotemporal resolution. The wind vectors is useful to analyze severe weather phenomena and to validate the various products from numerical weather prediction model. However, the wind measurements are not immune to ground clutter, bird, insect, and aircraft. Therefore, quality of wind vectors from wind profiler must be quantitatively evaluated prior to its application. In this study, wind vectors from UHF wind profiler at Ganwon Regional Meteorological Administration was quantitatively evaluated using 27 radiosonde measurements that were launched every two or three hours according to rainfall intensity during Intensive Observation Period (IOP) from June to July 2013. In comparison between two measurements, wind vectors from wind profiler was relatively underestimated. In addition, the accuracy and quality of wind vectors from wind profiler decrease with increasing beam height. The accuracy and quality of the wind vectors for rainy periods during IOP were higher than for the clear-air measurements. The moderate rainfall intensity lead to multi-peaks in Doppler spectrum. It results in overestimation of vertical air motion, whereas wind vectors from wind profilers shows good agreement with those from radiosonde measurements for light rainfall intensity.

The characteristics of atmospheric dispersion of radioactive material (i.e. 137Cs) related to local wind patterns around the Kori nuclear power plant (KNPP) were studied using WRF/HYSPLIT model. The cluster analysis using observed winds from 28 weather stations during a year (2012) was performed in order to obtain representative local wind patterns. The cluster analysis identified eight local wind patterns (P1, P2, P3, P4-1, P4-2, P4-3, P4-4, P4-5) over the KNPP region. P1, P2 and P3 accounted for 14.5%, 27.0% and 14.5%, respectively. Both P1 and P2 are related to westerly/northwesterly synoptic flows in winter and P3 includes the Changma or typhoons days. The simulations of P1, P2 and P3 with high wind velocities and constant wind directions show that 137Cs emitted from the KNPP during 0900~1400 LST (Local Standard Time) are dispersed to the east sea, southeast sea and southwestern inland, respectively. On the other hands, 5 sub-category of P4 have various local wind distributions under weak synoptic forcing and accounted for less than 10% of all. While the simulated 137Cs for P4-2 is dispersed to southwest inland due to northeasterly flows, 137Cs dispersed northward for the other patterns. The simulated average 137Cs concentrations of each local wind pattern are 564.1~1076.3 Bqm-3. The highest average concentration appeared P4-4 due to dispersion in a narrow zone and weak wind environment. On the other hands, the lowest average concentration appeared P1 and P2 due to rapid dispersion to the sea. The simulated 137Cs concentrations and dispersion locations of each local wind pattern are different according to the local wind conditions.

1930-40년대에 오스트리아에서 건너온 막스 슈타이너(Max Steiner)와 에리히 볼프강 코른 골트(Erich Wolfgang Korngold, 1860-1945)는 20세기 폭스사의 전속 작곡가 알프레드 뉴만 (Alfred Newman)과 함께 헐리우드 황금시기의 영화음악을 주도했다. 막스 슈타이너가 음악 감독으로 참여한 영화 ⟪바람과 함께 사라지다⟫와 ⟪카사블랑카⟫는 영화사에 길이 남을 명작으로 오늘날에도 최고의 명화로 손꼽히고 있다. 1930-40년대 헐리우드 영화가 크게 발 전할 수 있었던 것은 영화사에서 영화음악의 중요성을 인식하고 영화사 내에 영화음악 전문 부서를 만들고 전문가들을 영입했기 때문이다. 특히 막스 슈타이너와 에리히 볼프강 코른골 트와 같이 전통예술음악 교육을 받은 전문음악가들이 영화음악분야에서 활발하게 활동했기 때문에 헐리우드 영화음악이 발전했다. ‘실용음악’이라는 불편한 용어로 마치 전통예술음악 이 ‘비실용음악’으로 치부되는 우리나라 음악교육 현실 속에서 전통예술음악이 사실은 영화 음악과 같은 분야에서 가장 ‘실용적’일 수 있다는 사실을 막스 슈타이너는 자신의 영화음악 을 통해 잘 보여주고 있다. 막스 슈타이너가 영화음악에 사용한 다양한 기법은 전통예술음악 작곡기법에서 유래했으며, 그의 영화음악 특징은 19세기 낭만주의 음악의 영향, 대규모 편성 의 관현악 오케스트라의 사용, 장조-단조의 대비효과, 라이트모티브 기법의 사용, 주제-동기 발전기법의 사용과 주제 화성과 리듬, 음형의 변화 등 변주곡 기법으로 요약정리 할 수 있다.

수문시스템은 강우를 입력자료로 이용하여 홍수량을 산정하는 일련의 과정을 의미하며 강우량은 최초의 입력자료로서 그 영향이 홍수량의 규모에 직접적으로 영향을 미치게 된다. 또한 강우발생시 바람이 동시에 발생하기 때문에 풍속의 영향을 받는다. 그러나 현재 국내에서 사용되는 강우량 측정은 대부분 자기우량계를 이용하고 있으나 강우관측소에서 제공 되어지는 강우자료는 풍속의 영향을 고려하지 않은 강우 관측자료를 제공하고 있다. 이러한 풍속의 영향을 고려하지 않은 강우 관측자료를 사용하여 모형을 통한 홍수량을 산정시 실제 발생되는 유출율과 맞는 않는 경우가 발생하게 된다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 강우발생시 풍속의 영향을 고려하였을 경우 강우특성 분석을 통하여 수리설계시 실무에 많은 도움을 주고자 한다. 본 연구에서는 강우자료 및 풍속자료는 대상유역인 서울시 금천구지역의 2007년부터 2011년까지의 기상청에서 제공하는 10분단위 AWS 자료를 이용하였다. 또한 강우자료의 경우 불규칙한 분포로 이루어져 있기 때문에 이를 IETD(Interevent Time Definition)를 이용하여 단일강우사상으로 분리하였으며 이 때 발생되는 강우사상의 횟수 및 특징을 확인하였다. 10분 단위 강우자료를 이용하여 단일강우사상으로 구분하였을 경우 IETD 분석방법으로 구분이 어렵기 때문에 기존의 참고문헌인 권재호(2003)논문을 인용하여 IETD를 채택 후 호우사상을 구분하였다. 또한 6, 7, 8, 9월의 경우 게릴라성 집중호우 및 태풍등과 같은 특이 호우가 많이 발생하며 이러한 특이 호우 발생시 강한 풍속을 동반하기 때문에 본 연구에서는 우기시, 건기시, 전기간으로 구분하여 강우의 특성을 분석하였다. 풍속의 영향에 따른 강우특성과 강우와 풍속간의 관계를 분석한 결과 우기시 및 건기시, 전기간에서 모두 풍속의 크기가 커질수록 풍속의 영향에 따른 증가율이 선형적으로 증가하였으며 상관성 모두 비슷한 결과를 보였다. 또한 우기 및 건기에서 비슷한 강우발생 횟수를 보였지만 우기시가 건기시보다 풍속의 영향을 고려했을 경우 증가율이 크게 나타났다. 풍속 구간별로 구분하여 분석한 결과에서는 풍속이 크기가 가장 큰 구간에서 증가율 또한 가장 큰 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 우기시 강한 바람을 동반한 강우가 많이 발생되며 이에 따른 강우특성을 분석하여 홍수량 산정시 실제 사상에 가까운 홍수량을 산정 할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

The seasonal variations of ozone (O3) concentrations were investigated with regard to the relationship between O3 and wind distributions at two different sites (Jung Ang (JA): a semi-closed topography and Seo Chang (SC): a closed topography) within a valley city (Yangsan) and their comparison between these sites (JA and SC) and two non-valley sites (Dae Jeo (DJ) and Sang Nam (SN)) located downwind from coastal cities (Busan and Ulsan). This analysis was performed using the data sets of hourly O3 concentrations, meteorological factors (especially, wind speed and direction), and those on high O3 days exceeding the 8-h standard (60 ppb) during 2008-2009. In summer and fall (especially in June and October), the monthly mean values of the daily maximum O3 concentrations and the number of high O3 days at JA (and SC) were relatively higher than those at DJ (and SN). The increase in daytime O3 concentrations at JA in June was likely to be primarily impacted by the transport of O3 and its precursors from the coastal emission sources in Busan along the dominant southwesterly winds (about 5 m/s) under the penetration of sea breeze condition, compared to other months and sites. Such a phenomenon at SC in October was likely to be mainly caused by the accumulation of O3 and its precursors due to the relatively weak winds under the localized stagnant weather condition rather than the contribution of regional transport from the emission sources in Busan and Ulsan.

본 논문은 잣나무 숲 속에 존재하는 피톤치드 농도와 온도, 풍속의 상관성을 밝히고자 시도한 연구이다. 이를 위해 2011년 5월부터 11월까지 약 7개월에 걸쳐 매월 2회씩 조사하였으며 매회 하루 중 일출, 남중, 일몰 세 차례 측정하였다. 온도, 풍속과 피톤치드의 상관성에 대해 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1) 잣나무 숲에서 일출 시간에는 α-Pinene 검출량이 가장 많았으며, 남중 시간에는 Benzaldehyde, 일몰 시간에는 Camphene이 가장 많이 검출되었다. 2) 날짜별 변화에서 α-Pinene, Camphene, β-Pinene, Benz-aldehyde 4가지 물질 모두 온도가 낮아질수록 농도가 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 특히 7∼8월을 정점으로 뚜렷한 감소 경향을 보였다. 3) α-Pinene, Camphene, β-Pinene, Benzaldehyde는 대체로 일출 시간에 농도가 높은 경향을 보이며 온도가 높은 남중 보다는 일몰 시간에 더 높은 추세를 나타낸다. β-Pinene은 하루 중 온도가 높은 남중 시간에 가장 낮은 농도를 보이고, 비교적 온도가 낮은 일출과 일몰 시간에 높게 나타났다. 4) 본 연구는 잣나무 숲 대기 중에 축적된 피톤치드 농도를 측정하는 것이기 때문에 측정 전 기상상태의 변화(강풍, 강수 등)가 있을 경우 농도가 낮게 측정됨을 알 수 있었다. 이것은 비나 바람이 강한 날 이후에는 산림욕의 효과가 다소 적어질 수 있음을 시사한다. 5) 풍속이 약할수록 α-Pinene, Camphene, β-Pinene, Benzaldehyde 검출되는 양이 증가하고 풍속이 강할수록 검출되는 양이 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 본 연구를 진행하는 동안 측정 현장에서 완벽한 자연상태의 포집에 어려움이 있었다. 향후 피톤치드 포집 방법, 지리적 위치, 지형적 특징 등이 피톤치드 농도 분포에 어떠한 영향을 끼치는지에 대한 연구가 필요할 것이다. 본 연구에서 얻어진 기초자료들은 잣나무 숲에서의 치유효과를 검증하려는 연구자들에게 유용하게 활용 될 수 있으며 치유의 숲에 대한 일반인들의 인식을 높이는데 사용되어 질 수 있다고 사료된다.

We have established a wind map of Singapore, a city-state characterized its land cover by urban buildings to confirm a possibility of wind farm development. As a simple but useful approximation of urban canopy, a zero-plane displacement concept was employed. The territory is divided into 15 sectors having similar urban building layouts, and zero-plane displacement, equivalent roughness height at each sector was calculated to setup a terrain boundary condition. Annual mean wind speed and mean wind power density map were drawn by a CFD micrositing model, WindSim where Changi International Airport wind data was used as an in-situ measurement. Unfortunately, predicted wind power density does not exceed 80 W/m2 at 50 m above ground level which would not sufficient for wind power generation. However, the established Singapore wind map is expected to be applied for wind environment assessment and urban planning purpose.

The typical characteristics of seasonal winds were studied around the Pohang using two-stage (average linkage then k-means) clustering technique based on u- and v-component wind at 850 hpa from 2004 to 2006 (obtained the Pohang station) and a high-resolution (0.5 km grid for the finest domain) WRF-UCM model along with an up-to-date detailed land use data during the most predominant pattern in each season. The clustering analysis identified statistically distinct wind patterns (7, 4, 5, and 3 clusters) representing each spring, summer, fall, and winter. During the spring, the prevailed pattern (80 days) showed weak upper northwesterly flow and late sea-breeze. Especially at night, land-breeze developed along the shoreline was converged around Yeongil Bay. The representative pattern (92 days) in summer was weak upper southerly flow and intensified sea-breeze combined with sea surface wind. In addition, convergence zone between the large scale background flow and well-developed land-breeze was transported around inland (industrial and residential areas). The predominant wind distribution (94 days) in fall was similar to that of spring showing weak upper-level flow and distinct sea-land breeze circulation. On the other hand, the wind pattern (117 days) of high frequency in winter showed upper northwesterly and surface westerly flows, which was no change in daily wind direction.

강우량계에 대한 바람의 영향은 우량의 감소와 강우자료의 일관성에 영향을 미치게 된다. 이러한 강우량을 보정하기 위해서는 강우의 감소율을 산정 할 수 있는 연구가 필요하다. 이러한, 강우의 감소에 대한 연구는 거의 수행되지 않았으며, 적절한 보정기법에 대한 연구는 미흡한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 강우의 입자 크기에 따른 낙하속도를 산정하였다. 이를 이용하여 강우의 입자크기에 따라 강우의 감소율을 보정할 수 있는 모형을 실험을 통하여 검토하였다. 실험결과 강우의 감소율은 강우의 강도와는 상관없고 강우의 입자크기에 따라 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구에서 산정된 강우감소율은 실험결과와 잘 일치하고 있으며, 보정계수로 사용가능 한 것으로 판단된다.

저수지와 같은 갇혀진 수체는 상류에서 유입되는 오염물질 뿐만 아니라 성층현상에 의해서도 오염될 수 있다. 갇혀진 수체에서의 연직순환은 이러한 오염을 줄이는데 중요한 역할을 하는데, 연직순환을 일으키는 인자로는 빛의 입사, 바람, 물의 온도 및 열의 확산 등이 있으며, 그중에서도 가장 중요한 것은 바람의 영향이다. 그러므로 성층화된 흐름에서 바람에 의해 발생하는 연직순환에 대한 수치모형을 개발하고 적용하는 것이 필요하다. 본 연구는 수온성층흐름을 해석할

A system coupled the prognostic WRF mesoscale model and CALMET diagnostic model has been employed for predicting high-resolution wind field over complex coastal area. WRF has three nested grids down to 1km during two days from 24 August 2007 to 26 August 2007. CALMET simulation is performed using both initial meteorological field from WRF coarsest results and surface boundary condition that is Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) 90m topography and Environmental Geographic Information System (EGIS) 30m landuse during same periods above. Four Automatic Weather System (AWS) and a Sonic Detection And Ranging (SODAR) are used to verify modeled wind fields. Horizontal wind fields in CM_100m is not only more complex but better simulated than WRF_1km results at Backwoon and Geumho in which there are shown stagnation, blocking effects and orographically driven winds. Being increased in horizontal grid spacing, CM_100m is well matched with vertically wind profile compared SODAR. This also mentions the importance of high-resolution surface boundary conditions when horizontal grid spacing is increased to produce detailed wind fields over complex terrain features.

이 연구에서는 10년간(1997-2006년)의 기상청 AWS(Automatic Weather System) 자료를 이용하여 선박의 안전과 항만구조물 등의 안정성에 매우 중요한 부산 해안의 바람분포 특성을 분석하였다. 그리고 부산 해안의 바람분포 특성을 명확히 파악하기 위하여 해륙풍의 영향을 받지 않는 밀양의 바람분포 특성도 해석하여 비교하였다. 부산 해안의 평균풍속은 밀양보다 강하고, 부산 해안 중에서도 섬인 영도와 가덕도의 평균풍속은 일광, 해운대 및 대연의 그것보다 약 2.0배 강한 특성을 보인다. 상관분석에 의하여, 부산 해안의 월별 평균풍속은 서로 변화 경향이 매우 유사함을 확인하였다. 부산 해안의 월별 평균풍속의 최대값은 9월에 나타나는데, 이는 태풍의 영향과 밀접히 관련되어 있다. 최대 순간풍속도 섬인 영도와 가덕도에서 특히 강하고, 부산 해안의 최대순간풍속은 주로 8-9월에 그 최대값이 관측된다. 부산 해안의 풍향별 관측 횟수의 백분율을 살펴보면, 겨울은 남서풍-북북동풍이 우세하고 봄은 남서풍과 북동풍이 우세하다. 여름의 풍향 분포는 봄과 비슷하고, 가을의 풍향 분포는 겨울과 유사한 경향을 보인다.

The urban microscale wind field around the air quality monitoring station was investigated in order to check how a building complex influences it. For this study as the high density areas Jwa-dong and Yeonsan-dong monitoring sites in Busan were chosen. As the direction of inflow which is perpendicular to the building of the monitoring station was expected to cause the considerable variation of the wind field, that direction was selected. The model Envi-met was used as the diagnostic numerical model for this study. It is suitable for this investigation because Envi-met has the microscale resolution. After simulating it, on the leeward side around a building complex the decrease of flow velocity and some of vortexes or circulation area were discovered. In addition, on the edge of the top at the building and at the back of the building the upward flow was developed. If the sampling hole of monitoring site were located in this upward flow, it would be under the influence of upward flow from the near street.

We classified wind sectors according to the wind features in South Korea. In order to get the information of wind speed and wind direction, we used and improved on the atmospheric numerical model. We made use of detailed topographical data such as terrain height data of an interval of 3 seconds and landuse data produced at ministry of environment, Republic of Korea. The result of simulated wind field was improved. We carried out the cluster analysis to classify the wind sectors using the K-means clustering. South Korea was classified as 8 wind sectors to the annual wind field.

This study has analyzed the scale, location, resource potential and feasibility of offshore wind farm scientifically and systematically based on the national wind map and GIS. For long-term wind power development, this study pursues siting strategy building, selection of target area and deciding development priority as well as the presenting a basis for assessment that are necessary for policy decision making by making theme layers under GIS environment. According to the analysis after organizing technological development by stages, even if only the most suitable sites are developed among the area of offshore wind farm candidates that can be developed under the current technological standard, it has been evaluated as being able to develop about 3 times of the wind power dissemination target until 2012. It is expected that about 5% of territorial water area can be developed in a short-term future while the southern offshore area possessing relatively favorable wind resource than the western offshore has been identified as the most feasible site. While about 23% of territorial water area has been classified as potential area for offshore wind farm development in a long-term future, even Jeju Island and offshore of Ulsan possessing excellent wind resource have been analyzed as feasible sites. The feasibility assessment of offshore wind farm development established by this study is expected to assist national strategy building for accomplishing the wind power dissemination target.

As a part of effort to establish an offshore wind resource assessment system of the Korean Peninsula, a numeric wind simulation using mesoscale climate model MM5 and a spatial distribution of offshore wind extracted from SAR remote-sensing satellite image is compared and analyzed. According to the analyzed results, the numeric wind simulation is found to have wind speed over predication tendency at the coastal sea area. Therefore, it is determined that a high-resolution wind simulation is required for complicated coastal landforms. The two methods are verified as useful ways to identify the spatial distribution of offshore wind by mutual complementation and if the meteor-statistical comparative analysis is performed in the future using adequate number of satellite images, it is expected to derive a general methodology enabling systematic validation and correction of the numeric wind simulation.