In order to investigate the acute toxicity of autoxidized methyl linoleate(AOML) on the activity of serum enzymes in the mouse, we administered once 0.45ml of AOML to ICR strain mouse by using stomach tube. The following results were obtained: The total lactic dehydrogenase(LDH) activities in the serum of AOML group were generally increased than those of normal group. According to electrophoresis, the activities of LDH, were increased while those of LDH, were decreased. The activities of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase(GOT), glutamic-pyruvic transaminase(GPT) and α-amylase in the serum of AOML group were increased more than those of normal group. The activities of alkaline phosphatase in the serum of AOML group were increased but those of isozyme were not confirmed in the normal and AOML group. In the serum protein of AOML group, albumin was increased, on the other hand γ-globulin was decreased. At the peripheral blood slide smear, lymphocytes were significantly decreased but neutrophils were increased and the morphological change of erythrocytes was observed. From these results we conclude that the AOML fed to mouse influences on the activity of various serum enzymes and blood cells in the mouse.

Background : Pectin lyase-modified red ginseng extract (GS-E3D) is a newly developed ginsenoside Rd-enriched ginseng extract. This study was designed to investigate the acute oral and dermal toxicity of GS-E3D in rat. Methods and Results : The acute oral toxic effects of GS-E3D in female SD rats were examined at dosages of 300 ㎎/㎏ and 2,000 ㎎/㎏. In acute dermal toxicity study, 500, 1,000 and 2,000 ㎎/㎏ of GS-E3D were applied onto the shaved skin of male and female SD rats. The weights of rats were recorded at 0, 1, 3, 7, and 14 days and clinical observation were checked once a day for a period of 14 days. All rats were scarified on 14th day and complete gross examination was conducted to detect any gross change of organs after necropsy. GS-E3D did not produce orally or dermally treatment-related clinical signs of toxicity or mortality in all rats during the 14-day observation period. The oral and dermal LD50 values of GS-E3D were over 2,000 ㎎/㎏ in rat. The oral and dermal administration of GS-E3D revealed no significant change in body weight and gross pathology examination compared to control group. Conclusion : These results indicate that GS-E3D can be used as a food and cosmetic materials without critically adverse effect.

Microarray technology provides a unique tool for the determination of gene expression at the level of messenger RNA (mRNA). This study, the mRNA expression profiles provide insight into the mechanism of action of cadmium in Fleshy shrimp (Fenneropenaeus chinensis). The ability of genomic technologies was contributed decisively to development of new molecular biomarkers and to the determination of new possible gene targets. Also, it can be approach for monitoring of trace metal using oligo-chip microarray-based in potential model marine user level organisms. 15K oligo-chip for F. chinensis that include mostly unique sets of genes from cDNA sequences was developed. A total of 13,971 spots (1,181 mRNAs up- regulated and 996 down regulated) were identified to be significantly expressed on microarray by hierarchical clustering of genes after exposure to cadmium for different conditions (Cd24-5000 and Cd48-1000). Most of the changes of mRNA expression were observed at the long time and low concentration exposure of Cd48-1000. But, gene ontology analysis (GO annotation) were no significant different between experiments groups. It was observed that mRNA expression of main genes involved in metabolism, cell component, molecular binding and catalytic function. It was suggested that cadmium inhibited metabolism and growth of F. chinensis .

The present study was carried out to investigate the in vivo single-dose acute toxicity of Leuconostoc citreum GR1 (Leuc. citreum GR1), a lactic acid bacteria isolated from kimchi, in ICR male and female mice. The test article was orally administered once to both sexes of mice. The mortalities, clinical findings, autopsy findings, and body weight changes were monitored daily for two weeks. The male and female mice were gavaged with Leuc. kimchi GR1 of four doses (625, 1,250. 2,500 and 5,000 mg/kg). The oral LD50 of Leuc. citreum GR1 was considered higher than 5,000 mg/kg. No significant changes in the general conditions, body weights, clinical signs and presence of gross lesions were observed in both sexes of mice to whom Leuc. citreum GR1 was administered orally. The results indicated that the 5,000 mg/kg dose of Leuc. citreum GR1 showed no adverse effect.

Spilled oil into marine environments are known to induce disturbance not only hepatodetoxification system but also immune function in fish. However, toxic mechanisms on immune system and complex toxicity of crude oil have not been fully investigated. Innate immune response considered on the attractive effect-based monitoring tools due to their capacities to predict population disturbances by modification of disease susceptibility. In the study, to clarify the toxic effects of Hebei sprit spilled crude oil on fish immune system, multiple hepatodetoxific enzymes (Cytochrome P4501A and GST) and cytokines such as Interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) were evaluated in juvenile Rockfish fed individually the gelatin-capsulated Iranian Heavy Crude Oil (IHCO). At 12 h after treatment, the oil-fed groups were shown higher concentrations of biliary 1-OH pyrene fluorescence metabolite and CYP1A expression than the control group. Cat. L and G-CSF mRNA also increased significantly at initial stage of exposure (from 12 h to 48 h after exposure) but decreased to the level of control group or less. 72 h post-oil injection, fish were intraperitoneallyadministered an LD50 dose of Streptococcus iniae (FP.5228; Korea Fish Diseases Information Center). Host survival was monitored for 7 days and cumulative mortality rate was calculated. Host mortality rate was increased significantly in oil exposure group compared to sham group.

The in vivo single-dose acute toxicity of Lactobacillus plantarum AF1, a lactic acid bacterium isolated from kimchi, in ICR male and female mice was investigated. The test article was intraperitoneally or orally administered once to both sexes of mice. The motalites, clinical findings, autopsy findings, and body weight changes were monitored daily for 14 days. In the oral acute toxicity test, the male and female mice were gavaged with four doses (5.0, 2.5, 1.25 and 0.625 g/kg) of Lb. plantarum AF1. The oral LD50 of the Lb. plantarum AF1 was considered higher than 5.0 g/kg. In the intraperitoneal acute toxicity test, mice were injected intraperitoneally with dosages of 0.7, 0.9, 1.1, 1.3, 1.5, 1.7, 1.9, 2.1, 2.3 and 2.5 g/kg. The intraperitoneal 50% lethal dose (LD50) of the Lb. plantarum AF1 was >2.5 g/kg in the male and female mice. No significant changes in the general conditions, body weights, clinical signs, and gross lesions were observed in both sexes of mice to which Lb. plantarum AF1 was administered intraperitoneally or orally. The results suggest that the no-adverse-effect level of Lb. plantarum AF1 is estimated to be more than 5.0 g/kg in the oral route and 2.5 g/kg in the intraperitoneal route.

Daphnia Magna Stratus has been widely accepted as useful species for estimating the toxicity of chemicals to aquatic invertebrate and recommended as species for the testing chemicals from the international guideline as well as Korean guideline. The study was performed for the acute toxicity test by using water flea(D. Magna) for effluents from several wastewater treatment plants and drainage canals in GyeongBuk area. Five heavy metals, 1,4-Dioxane and Perchlorate were tested. Most Toxicity Units(TU) of Industrial wastewater effluents were less than 1 which means effluent was not toxic to D. Magna. However, effluents containing 1,4-Dioxane and Perchlorate were significantly toxic to D. Magna. Therefore, facilities should reduce the 1,4-dioxane since new regulations will force them after the year of 2011.

There are concerns that chemical residues could harm the consumer on the environment, although 50 to 80% of the crops would be destroyed by pests and others without agrochemicals. Environmental fate and ecotoxicity studies are usually carried out to assess the impact on the human and the environment. A comparision of the Daphnia magnia and Simocephalus mixtus toxicity was performed to study the relative sensitivities and discrimination abilities to agriculture chemicals. The species of Simocephalus mixtus was more sensitive to agriculture chemicals than Daphnia magnia. Simocephalus mixtus was approved to be a water flea in determining insecticide and pesticide toxicity by heartbeat rate in a consistency and repeatability. The order of acute toxicity to water flea Daphnia magnia for ecotoxicity test was carbaryl>benomyl>amtirole with both Daphnia magnia and Simocephalus mixtus. The heartbeat pattern after the exposure to agrochemicals was different from that of exposure to heavy metals. Agrochemical leathal concentration test with heartbeat rate measurement was found to be more appropriate than inhibition concentration test with respect to toxicological endpoint.

The toxicity values of various heavy metals were evaluated by acute immobilization and chronic reproduction impairment tests, using Daphnia magna. Acute tests were evaluated by the inhibition of their mobilization after 24hrs without food addition. The tests of reproductive impairment were investigated for 21 days by food addition and exchange of water. The effect of each concentration was assessed by Probit analysis and t-test. The results obtained from this study were as follows : 1) The change of pH and DO was not significant in the acute tests, while, in the reproductive tests, pH was increased by 0.3∼1.4 and DO also increased. 2) The EiG50 values of immobilization to Daphnia magna in artificial fresh water were 0.030㎎/ℓ(Cu), 0.054㎎/ℓ(Cd), 0.12㎎/ℓ(Cr), 0.74㎎/ℓ(Pb), 3.4㎎/ℓ(As) and the NOEiC values were 0.010㎎/ℓ(Cu), 0.018㎎/ℓ(Cd), 0.010㎎/ℓ(Cr), 0.10㎎/ℓ(Pb), and 1.8㎎/ℓ(As). 3) The EiC50 values of reproductive impairment to Daphnia magna were 13.8㎍/ℓ(Cu), 2.9㎍/ℓ(Cd), 15.5㎍/ℓ(Cr), 61.7㎍/ℓ(Pb), 759㎍/ℓ(As), and NOErC values were 0.95㎍/ℓ(Cu), 0.54㎍/ℓ(Cd), 1.2㎍/ℓ(Cd), 7.4㎍/ℓ(Pb), 110㎍/ℓ(As). The results of tests using OECD artificial culture water were more sensitive than natural water for culturing. The presented data show that an artificial culture water is suitable in the experiment of bioassay for assessing the toxicity of materials.