Cirsium setidens, Allium hookeri, Aronia melancocarpa, are popular dietary ingredients for Asian cuisine or beverage. this study attempted to search and report the antioxidant activity of extracts of aronia, gondre and samchae, which are used for food in Korea. As a result, total phenol content and DPPH radical scavenging activity tended to increase, and Gondre extract showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity effect. The results of a study on the ABTS radical scavenging activity of extracts of Gondre, Aronia, and Samchae showed a tendency for radical scavenging activity to increase as the concentration increased. Gondre hot water extract showed the highest ABTS radical scavenging activity. In this way, antioxidant activity was shown in the order of Gondre, Aronia, and Samchae, and the concentration showed a high activity effect at high concentrations. In the cell protection effect results, the concentration of Gondre extract was 500 μg/mL, the Samchae alcohol extract was used at concentrations of 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 μg/mL, and the Aronia extract was used at concentrations of 125 μg/mL. and showed a cytoprotective effect at 250 μg/mL. We hope that these research results will be used as basic data for the development of various functional foods.

삼채는 Allium 속 식물로써, 항산화, 항염 및 항균 등에 대한 선행연구가 실시되어왔지만, 정유 추출로써의 연구는 미비한 실정이다. 그에 본 연구는 삼채 잎, 뿌리, 통 부위에 대한 정유 추출에 따른 GC-MSD, 삼채잎의 세포독성, 항산화, 항염을 확인하여 화장품 소재로서의 가능성을 확인하였다. 삼채잎, 뿌리, 통부위의 정유추출 수율은 0.01, 0.02, 0.01%로 확인되었고, GC-MSD 향기성분을 분석한 결과 삼채잎 정유의 주요 성분은 Diallyl trisulfide(34.02%)와 Methyl allyl trisulfide(25.14%)으로 나타났다. 세포 독성이 확인되지 않은 10%의 농도에서 NO 생성 39.69%억제, DPPH 라디칼 소거활성 88.26%를 보였다. 이를 통하여 삼채 잎 정유는 화장품 및 식품 산업분야에서 항산화 및 항염 효능이 있는 원료로서 유용하게 활용 가능성을 제시한다.

본 연구는 뿌리부추를 시설하우스에서 재배할 경우 여름철 고온기 하고현상(Summer depression)을 방지하기 위하여 차광막을 하우스 내부 또는 외부에 설치하여 차광정도를 달리하면서 생육 및 수량에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 수행되었다. 2015년 하우스 내부에 무차광, 35, 55, 75, 95% 차광막을 설치하여 정식 후 20일 째 되는 날에 최종 출현 정도를 조사한 결과, 무처리, 35 및 75% 차광에서 98% 출현하였고, 55 및 95% 차광에서 100% 출현하였다. 차광 정도와는 상관없이 모든 처리에서 최종 출현은 양호하였다. 하우스 내외부에 차광막을 설치했을 경우, 2년간 평균 생중량(Fresh weight) 은 75% 차광에서 6,323kg/10a으로, 무차광, 35%, 55%, 95% 차광보다 각각 5.0배, 1.8배, 1.1배, 1.7배 높았다. 하우스 외부에 차광막을 설치할 경우 생중량은 75% 차 광에서 684g으로, 55%, 95% 차광보다 1.1배, 1.8배 높았다. 건중량(Dry weight), 건물율(Percentage of dry matter), 엽수(No. of leaves), 분얼수(No. of branches), 초장(Plant height), 근장(Root length) 등 분석결과 75% 차광이 다른 차광 보다 통계적으로 유의하게 높거나 절대적 수치가 높게 측정되어 중부지역에서 뿌리부추를 재배 할 경우에는 75% 차광이 가장 적합한 것으로 판단 되었다.

The most effective way to control plant parasitic nematodes are immersed in hot water, but the larger-scale processing is difficult to adjust a target processing temperature. Thermal equilibrium formula used to fit the processing temperature was very accurate and effective. Use of the thermal equilibrium formula was determined to be well suited on commercial scale(1400L volume chamber) hot water immersion treatment that should be quickly processed. 1000L of water based on 10%(111kg), 12%(136kg), 15%(176kg) filling ratio was applied in 48oC for 30min treatment and only 10%, 12% filling ratio was applied in 49oC for 10min. In 10% filling ratio, thermal equilibrium has been proceeding rapidly in 1-2 min, and no juvenile hatched in all treatments(at 48oC for 30min, at 49oC for 10min). In 12% filling ratio, though thermal equilibrium has been proceeding in 2 min, few juveniles were hatched in boundary temperature at 49.0oC. In 15% filling ratio, it took 7-8 minutes to reach thermal equilibrium after dipping. The result of applying the two treatment conditions(at 48oC for 30min, at 49oC for 10min) to commercial scale field experiment showed nematodes were almost completely eliminated in hooker chive roots. However, some of living nematodes were observed in 15% filling ratio treatment.

삼채뿌리와 잎이 가진 기능성 식품소재로서의 활용도를 높이고자 다양한 생리활성을 평가하였다. 삼채뿌리의 조사포 닌, 폴리페놀, 플라보노이드 함량은 각각 4.28 mg/g, 18.27 mg/g, 0.95 mg/g, 삼채잎의 조사포닌, 폴리페놀, 플라보노이드 함량 은 각각 4.17mg/g, 35.91 mg/g, 2.79 mg/g으로 나타났다. 삼채뿌리 및 잎 부위의 70% 에탄올 추출물의 DPPH 라디 칼 소거능 IC50으로 23.01 mg/mL, 4.82 mg/mL로 나타났으며, hydroxyl radical 소거능 IC50 값이 각각 40.82 mg/mL, 27.24 mg/mL를 나타났다. α-Amylase 저해 활성은 삼채뿌리 및 잎 부위 에탄올 추출물 10 mg/mL를 처리했을 때 억제활성이 각 각 61.38%, 61.01%로 나타났다. 삼채뿌리 및 잎 부위의 아질 산염 소거능을 측정한 결과, 삼채추출물의 농도가 증가함에 따라 그 활성 역시 증가하는 경향으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과 로 삼채뿌리보다는 삼채잎 부위에 항산화 및 항당뇨 활성이 나타났으며, 삼채잎을 활용한 식품 소재로써 개발할 가치가 매우 높은 것으로 판단된다.

삼채의 잎과 뿌리로부터 휘발성 화합물과 아미노산을 분석하였다. 휘발성 향기성분은 Headspace GC-MS방법으로 분석하였다. 잎 조직으로부터 18종의 휘발성화합물이 검출되었고, 21종의 화합물은 뿌리조직으로부터 분석되었다. 주요 향기성분은 diallyl disulphide였고, 잎(27.9%)과 뿌리(17.41)에서 가장 많이 함유하고 있었다. 또 다른 주요 황화합물은 methyl 2-propenyl disulfide, dimethyl disulfide, methyl 1-propenyl disulfide과 methyl 2-propenyl trisulfide이 잎과 뿌리에 모두 함유하고 있었다. 전체 46종 화합물 중 가장 많이 함유하고 있는 물질군은 황화합물이었다. 황화합물은 엽조직에 6종, 뿌리조직에는 5종이 함유되어 있었다. 또한 유리아미노산과 polyphenol성 화합물은 잎과 뿌리 조직에서 분석하였다. 잎과 뿌리 조직에서 아미노산은 20종과 19종이 각각 검출되었다. 총아미노산의 함량은 잎에서 0.134 mg/g, 뿌리조직에서 0.105 mg/g 함유하고 있었다. 총 polyphenol성 화합물 함량은 잎에서 0.28 mg/g, 뿌리에서 1.08 mg/g 함유하고 있었다. 이 결과는 삼채의 이용과 효율적인 재배에 기초자료를 제공할 수 있다.

Imported Allium hookeri is sometimes infected by some quarantine nematodes like Meloidogyne spp., Pratylenchus spp. Hot water treatment(HWT) is reported as the most effective treatment method for disinfection of nematodes. The primary goal of this research was to determine the temperature tolerance of Allium hookeri and lethal temperature of Meloidogyne spp., preferably in the range of 5~30minutes at 48~53℃. Second stage juveniles of Meloidogyne spp. were successfully eliminated in hot water bath treated at 48℃ within 1 minute. Egg hatching was suppressed completely at 48℃ more than 26 minutes. No evidence of growth damage was observed on plants treated with HWT even at 48℃ for 30 minutes and 49℃ for 10 minutes. Therefore, the optimum range of HWT is recommended at 48℃ for 30 minutes and 49℃ for 10 minutes on Allium hookeri infected root-knot(Meloidogyne spp.) nematode.

The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal mixing ratio of Allium hookeri powder and butter in the preparation of bread. The experiment was designed according to the central composite design for estimating the response surface, which demonstrated 10 experimental points, including 2 replicates for Allium hookeri powder and butter. Further, the mechanical and sensory properties of test materials were measured. A canonical form and perturbation plot conveyed the influence of each ingredient on the final product mixture. Overall, the measurement results of the mechanical properties showed a significant increase or decrease in dough pH, sweetness, volume, weight, height, specific volume, a & b-value of crumb and, springiness (p<0.05). Moreover, the sensory measurements demonstrated a significant improvement in color, appearance, texture, moistness and, overall quality. As a result, the optimum formulation from the numerical and graphical methods was calculated as 22.65 g of Allium hookeri powder and 47.77 g butter. After optimization, DPPH free radical scavenging activity, total phenolic content, and total plate counts over 10 days were evaluated. In sum, the results revealed the antioxidant and antibiotic actions of bread with Allium hookeri powder.

Background: This study was aimed at evaluating the growth, yield, and carbohydrate content in the whole Allium hookeri plant with shading treatment in hot summer. Methods and Results: Different shading rate, including 0 (control), 35 or 55%, was employed from the June 21st to August 31st. Daily average air and soil temperature, which were approximately 2.5℃ and 3.8℃ lower, respectively, were observed with both 35% and 55% treatments in July and August, with no significant difference in daily maximum air temperature. Dry weights were high, approximately 40% and 48% for the shoot and 20% and 12% for the root, with the 35% and 55% treatments, respectively, 8 weeks after shading. Division number was increased by 13% and 19.8% with the 35% and 55% treatments, respectively. The mortality rates of 150 plants were 9.1%, 4.0%, and 1.3% with the 0 (control), 35% and 55% treatments, respectively. At 4 weeks after shading, the highest and lowest sucrose levels in both shoot and root were observed with the 35% and 55% treatments, respectively. At 8 weeks after shading, there was no significant difference in the sucrose content in the shoot among the treatments. Conclusions: The highest plant growth rate and yield with the 55% treatment may be related with the decrease in both air and soil temperatures, resulting in reducted leaf respiration and thus compensate net photosynthesis.

Background : This experiment was conducted to find the right degree of shading to reduce summer months when the death Allium hookeri cultivation in the southern highland in Korea. This experiment was conducted at an altitude of 500m, Jeonbuk Namwon unbong plateau region The soil was tested in phosphatic content was slightly higher so 671 ㎎/㎏ than regular soil. Every soil testing was conducted in sandy soil with good water. The test day highs at 50% shading plots of shading in this period about 6.1℃ lower than the non-shading. The soil temperature is lowered to 1.9℃ at 50% shading plots compared with the non-shading. As a result, Allium hookeri underground quantities produced per 1,682 ㎏ 10a in 50% shading plots. This was a 35% increase compared to the non-shading plots. Allium hookeri is native to the Alpine 4,200m from 1,400m above sea level, near the Himalaya Mountains. Myanmar is known as the National vegetables. Allium hookeri is Allium plants. It flies three flavors, including sweet, spicy, bitter taste. Allium hookeri roots are similar to ginseng roots called as 'three vegetable' This is a randomly named. The in Korea was first introduced in 2006. By 2015, the country has been found to 190㏊, Jeonbuk 35㏊ (18.3%) is growing. Therefore, this study was conducted to introduce the cultivation of plants in the southern highland in Korea. Methods and Results : In order to use this experimental Allium hookeri seedlings were planted in Jeonbuk Sunchang after buying. Allium hookeri cultivation methods put the 3∼4 one eye on the roots. Planting the root length was cut to leave a 3∼5㎝. The planting distance was 40×20㎝. The shielding 35, two months were 50 and 75% by July 1, August 31. The air temperature, soil temperature were investigated in accordance with the changes of light in this experiment. And examined the withering rate, brightness, growth conditions, such as Yield. Conclusion : Test results were as follows. Allium hookeri roots emerged on March 2 during planting 43-68 days. Allium hookeri after shading shoot growth characteristics were as follows. 35% shading and 50% shading was a tendency for the number of leaves increased compared to the non-shading. As a result, flooding was 35% as compared to production per 10a 1,682 ㎏ no light shielding at 50%. Plant analysis leaf mineral contents tended increased nitrogen, phosphate, gallium compared to the non-light cultivation. Mineral contents of the root was nitrogen, potassium is higher in comparison with 75% shading no shading.

본 연구는 선행 연구된 삼채뿌리의 뛰어난 영양성을 토 대로 기능성 식품소재로의 이용가능성을 확인하고 활용도 를 높이고자 국내산 및 미얀마산 삼채뿌리의 항산화 및 생리활성을 측정하였다. 삼채뿌리의 총 폴리페놀과 총 플 라보노이드 함량은 국내산 삼채뿌리가 각각 5.27 mgGAE/g, 0.35 mgQE/g, 미얀마산 삼채뿌리가 각각 4.80 mgGAE/g, 0.24 mgQE/g으로 국내산 삼채뿌리가 더 높은 함량을 나타 냈다. 삼채뿌리의 항산화력을 측정한 결과 DPPH 라디칼 소거능은 미얀마산이 더 높은 활성을 보였지만, ABTS 라디 칼 소거능과 Fe2+ 킬레이팅 활성, 환원력은 국내산이 더 높은 활성을 보였다. α-Glucosidase 저해활성은 국내산의 저해활성이 미얀마산 삼채뿌리의 저해활성보다 더 높았으 며 대조구인 acarbose에 비해서도 우수한 저해활성을 보였 다. Acetylcholinesterase 저해 활성을 측정한 결과, 50 mg/mL 농도에서 국내산 삼채뿌리가 51.44%로 44.33%의 저해활성을 보인 미얀마산 삼채뿌리보다 더 높은 저해활성 을 보였다. 본 연구를 통해 삼채뿌리 특히 국내산 삼채뿌리 는 높은 항산화 활성, α-glucosidase 및 acetylcholinesterase 저해 활성을 보여 혈당조절제, 치매예방 및 개선제로써의 활용가능성이 큰 것으로 확인되었으며, 이로써 기능성 식 품소재로의 활용이 증가될 것으로 판단된다. 하지만 향후 국내산 삼채의 우수성을 검증하기 위하여 여러 지역에서 재배된 삼채의 기능성 분석이 필요할 것으로 판단된다

The present study was undertaken to determine the changes of physicochemical and antioxidant activity using leaf and root in hot air-dried Allium hookeri (HA) and freeze-dried Allium hookeri (FA). The leaf of HA was higher level of moisture and crude fat compared with those of the leaf of FA. The crude fat content in root of HA was higher than that in FA. However, moisture, crude ash, crude protein and carbohydrate did not show any differences between two different drying methods. The organic acid contents of Allium hookeri root including oxalic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, succinic acid, lactic acid, formic acid, acetic acid showed the differences between hot air-drying and freeze-drying methods. The major minerals were Ca, K and Mg, which were higher level of the leaf of HA compared with those of FA. The leaf of HA showed the highest vitamin C content (801.65 mg/100 g). The content of vitamin E in the leaf of FA was higher than that of HA. The contents of total polyphenol and total flavonoid in the FA leaf were higher than that in HA. The DPPH radical-scavenging activity in leaf of HA (65.73%) was significantly higher than that of FA (57.73%).

In this study, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of water, methanol, and ethanol extracts obtained from Allium hookeri root were evaluated. The ethanol extract of A. hookeri was found to possess the strongest reducing power and also exhibited dominant effects on scavenging of nitrites, DPPH radicals, and superoxide radicals. The water extract showed more efficient DPPH and hydroxyl radical-scavenging activities than those of the methanol extract. Furthermore, the inhibitory activity against nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW 264.7 macrophages was evaluated to elucidate the anti-inflammatory properties of the extracts. Results indicated that all the extracts of A. hookeri exerted inhibitory activities against NO production, especially the ethanol extract (IC5029.13μg/mL). Total phenolic and total flavonoid contents were found to be abundant in the ethanol extract, with values of 24.96 mg gallic acid equivalent/g extract and 4.27 mg rutin equivalent/g extract, respectively. Total thiosulfinate content was determined for the first time and a high amount was present in the ethanol extract (14.2 μM/g extract). These results suggest that A. hookeri root has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and could be used as a natural source for the development of pharmaceutical agents or functional foods.

본 연구는 삼채뿌리분말을 첨가하여 김치의 맛과 저장성 을 증진시키는 김치를 개발하고자 품질특성을 관찰하였다. 삼채뿌리분말 0.1%, 1%, 5%를 첨가하여 4℃에서 8주 동안 저장하였으며 저장기간에 따른 pH, 산도, 염도, 환원당, 미 생물의 변화 및 관능특성을 살펴보았다. 삼채뿌리의 비타 민 B1및 비타민 C의 함량은 각각 0.04 mg/100 g 및 5.76 mg/100 g으로 나타났으며, 삼채 뿌리의 비타민 B1의 함량은 마늘보다는 적고 양파와 비슷한 수준으로 검출되었다. 삼 채뿌리분말 첨가 김치의 pH의 측정결과 초기의 pH는 비슷 하였으나, 저장기간 중 삼채뿌리분말을 첨가하지 않은 일 반김치는 삼채뿌리분말을 첨가한 김치에 비하여 대체적으 로 낮은 pH를 보였으며, 삼채뿌리분말 5% 첨가한 김치의 pH가 가장 높게 나타났다. 산도의 측정결과 pH 변화와 비슷 하였으며, 삼채뿌리분말첨가 김치의 염도는 대체로 2.23% 를 유지하였다. 환원당 함량의 측정 결과 삼채뿌리분말 0.1%, 1%, 5% 첨가 김치는 발효가 진행됨에 따라 모든 군에서 환원당 함량이 지속적으로 감소되었고, 삼채뿌리분 말 첨가량이 많을수록 환원당 함량이 높은 것을 알 수 있었 다. 숙성 중 총 균수 및 젖산균수 변화는 숙성 초기에 급격히 증가한 후 서서히 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 관능적 특성을 살펴보면 외관, 맛, 전반적인 기호도 에서 삼채뿌리분말 1% 첨가 김치의 평가가 가장 우수하였다. 이상의 결과를 보면 삼채뿌리분말을 첨가한 김치의 pH가 높고 천천히 감 소되는 점으로 미루어 볼 때, 숙성 지연 등의 저장성과 기호 성이 좋은 삼채뿌리분말 1%를 첨가하여 김치를 개발하는 것이 적합한 것으로 사료된다.