Chlorine is a crucial radionuclide that must be removed in irradiated nuclear graphite. Understanding the interaction between chlorine and graphene-based materials is essential for studying the removal process of 36Cl from irradiated nuclear graphite. In this study, first-principle density functional theory (DFT) was utilized to investigate the adsorption characteristic of chlorine on the original and reconstructed edges of graphene-based materials. Based on the calculation of adsorption energy of the structures after each step of adsorption, the most energetically favorable adsorption routes at four types of edge were determined: Along the armchair edge and reconstructed zigzag edge, the following adatoms would be adsorbed to compensate the distortion induced by the previously adsorbed atom. Meanwhile at the original zigzag edge, chlorine atoms would be adsorbed alternatively along the edge to minimize the repulsion between two adjacent chlorine atoms. The chemical nature of the bonds formed as a result of adsorption was elucidated through an examination of the density of states (DOS) for the two adsorbed chlorine atoms and the carbon atoms attached. Furthermore, to assess the relative stability of the adsorption structures, formation energy of all energetically favorable structures following adsorption was computed. Consequently, the predominant adsorption structure was identified as the reconstructed armchair edge with two chlorine atoms adsorbed. The desorption process of 36Cl2 from the predominant structure following adsorption was simulated, revealing an energy barrier of 1.14 V for desorption. Comparison with experimental results suggests that the chlorine removed from reconstructed armchair edges significantly contributes to the low-temperature removal stage of 36Cl from irradiated nuclear graphite.

This study evaluated the virucidal efficacy of a chlorine dioxide (ClO2) gas-generating fumigation disinfectant consisting of sodium chlorate solution (25% sodium chlorate) and reaction solution against avian influenza virus (AIV). After AIV suspensions had been deposited on stainless steel carriers, the 9 dried carriers were exposed to the fumigant (sodium chlorate solution: 8.5, 17, 34, 50, and 100 mL) in a 25-m³ test room for 2, 3, and 4 h, respectively. Thereafter, all carriers were submerged in a neutralizing solution (20% fetal bovine serum) to scrape off the surviving viruses, and the respective suspensions were diluted. Each diluent was inoculated into the allantoic membrane of five 10-day-old embryos. After incubation for 5 days at 37℃, AIV viability in the collected allantoic fluids was examined, and the egg infectious dose 50 (EID50) was calculated. When the carrier was exposed to ClO2 gas generated from reacting 34 mL of the fumigant for 3 h, the AIV titer reduced by more than 104.0 EID50/carrier compared to the control, which was exposed to the fumigant without inoculation of AIV suspension. In addition, the control was non-toxic to the embryos.

Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) has recently emerged as an ideal disinfectant and has shown a wide range of antimicrobial activities in various pathogenic microorganisms. In this study, the virucidal effect of ClO2 at low concentration (0.02 ppm) and higher concentration (0.06 – 0.09 ppm) against Adenovirus and Herpesvirus was evaluated based on the NF T 72-281 and ASTM 1053-11 standard methods at different exposure times. The virus suspension was dried onto the carrier and then exposed to gaseous ClO2 (gClO2) at 22 ± 2∘C. For Adenovirus, exposure at a low concentration of ClO2 at the middle height resulted in the average log10 reduction of 0.95, 2.65, and 5.30 after 1, 3, and 6 h post-exposure (pe), respectively. Moreover, more than 4-log10 reduction was achieved at 4 and 6 h pe with higher concentrations of ClO2. On the other hand, the antiviral activity of gClO2 at the middle height was also effective against Herpesvirus. In particular, at 1 h pe, a less than 4-log10 reduction was observed at all examined concentrations of ClO2, whereas exposure for 3 and 6 h (with low concentration) or 2 h (with higher concentration) inactivated completely viruses attached to the carrier. These results suggested that ClO2 fumigation is a potential alternative method for disinfecting healthcare facilities, high-containment laboratories, and households with a safe concentration for human health.

본 연구에서는 병원균인 Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella Typhimurium 그리고 Escherichia coli O157:H7을 이산화염소수와 전해수에 0분, 2분, 4분, 6분, 8분 및 10분간 반응시켜 이산화염소수와 전해수의 살균 효과를 확인하고, 그람 양성균(B. cereus, S. aureus)과 그 람 음성균(S. Typhimurium, E. coli O157:H7)의 민감성 비 교를 실시하였다. B. cereus, S. aureus, S. Typhimurium 그 리고 E. coli O157:H7의 이산화염소수에서의 D값은 1.85±0.64, 2.06±0.85, 2.26±0.89 그리고 2.59±0.40분으로 나 타났고 전해수의 경우 각각 2.13±0.32, 1.64±0.64, 1.71±0.32 그리고 1.86±0.36분으로 나타났다. 각 용액에 처리한 10분 간 모든 균주에서 꾸준한 감소 추세를 나타내었으며 각 용액에서 각 균주의 D값은 서로 유의적인 차이는 보이지 않았다 (P>0.05). 이산화염소수와 전해수의 살균력을 비교 한 결과 D값은 유의적인 차이가 나타나지 않았으나, pH 와 유효염소농도 모두 이산화염소가 전해수보다 낮은 값 을 보였다. 살균·소독을 실시할 대상의 pH에 대한 민감성 과 같은 특성을 고려하여 최적의 살균제를 선택하고, 최 적의 농도를 결정하여 식품 산업에 적용하기 위한 자료로 활용될 것으로 기대된다.

Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus) and Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus) are the main fungi that cause stonebrood in honey bees. Additionally, these fungi cause the declines of honey bee population and the economic loss in the beekeeping industry. In this study, the efficacy of a disinfectant, composed to chlorine dioxide (10%, w/v) and quaternary ammonium compound (12.5%, w/v), was evaluated against A. flavus and A. fumigatus. A fungicidal efficacy test by broth dilution method was used to determine the lowest effective dilution of the disinfectant following exposure to test fungi for 30 min at 4°C. The disinfectant and test fungi were diluted with low and high organic matter (OM) suspension according to treatment condition. On low OM condition, the fungicidal activity of the disinfectant against A. flavus and A. fumigatus was all 2.0 fold dilutions. On high OM condition, the fungicidal activity of the disinfectant against A. flavus and A. fumigatus was all 1.25 fold dilutions. The recommended dilution ratio of the disinfectant in low and high OM was 1.6 and 1.0 fold dilution, respectively. As the disinfectant possesses fungicidal efficacy against A. flavus and A. fumigatus, the disinfectant can be used to prevent the stonebrood in honey bees.

알칼리 금속 이온과 염소 이온이 포함된 용액으로부터 이온교환수지를 이용한 이온 제거에 대한 연구를 진행하였다. 양이온인 금속이온(Na+와 K+)의 제거에는 양이온교환수지를, 음이온인 염소 이온(Cl-)의 제거에는 음이온교환수지를 사용하였다. 용액 A (Na+를 36,633 ppm, Cl-를 57,921 ppm 함유)의 경우, Na+ 이온과 Cl- 이온은 20분 이내에 99% 이상 제거되었다. 용액 B (K+를 1,638 ppm 함유)의 경우, K+ 이온은 3분 이내에 99% 이상 제거되었다.

Recently, improvement of eggshell hygiene has emerged as an important issue in food industry. Various studies have continued to examine methods for controlling egg-borne pathogen, and among such methods, for table eggs, washing (with UV irradiation) is the most commonly used method. However, this method was not sufficient to control egg microbial contamination. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to verify whether it is appropriate to use ClO2 gas, which has been proven safe in this experiment model, as an alternative to the conventional washing (with UV irradiation) method. As a result, we have identified a range of optimal effectiveness in response to exposure concentrations and time of ClO2 gas. Through experimental models that reflect differences in farm size, a microbial reduction effect of approximately >2 log CFU/eggshell was achieved at 40ppm/8h for small farms, and 160ppm/30min for large farms, indicating greater effectiveness than the conventional method. However, in large-scale experiment, when bulk eggs were stacked and exposed to ClO2 gas, eggs in the depths showed a lower effect by approximately 0.8~1.5 log CFU/eggshell, as compared to the eggs in the upper section. For further study, if technical improvements are achieved in the future studies allowing the gas to better penetrate the depths of stacked eggs, it will be a model that can be more useful to the field.

Chlorination and UV illumination are being widely applied to inactivate a number of pathogenic microbials in the environment. Here, we evaluated the inactivation efficiency of individual and combined treatments of chlorination and UV under various aqueous conditions. UV dosage was required higher in waste water than in phosphate buffer to achieve the similar disinfecting efficiency. Free chlorine generated by electrolysis of waste water was abundant enough to inactivate microbials. Based on these, hybrid system composed of sequential treatment of electrolysis-mediated chlorination and UV treatment was developed under waste water conditions. Compared to individual treatments, hybrid system inactivated bacteria (i.e., E. coli and S. typhimurium) and viruses (i.e., MS-2 bacteriophage, rotavirus, and norovirus) more efficiently. The hybrid system also mitigated the photo re-pair of UV-driven DNA damages of target bacteria. The combined results suggested the hybrid system would achieve high inactivation efficiency and safety on various pathogenic microbials in wastewater.

본 연구에서는 대표적인 신선 잎채소류인 상추의 세척 단계에서 초음파 (37 kHz)와 염소 (100~300 ppm)의 병용 처리 후 냉장 ~ 실온저장 (10~25C)에 따른 이 식품 중의 Salmonella Typhimurium 의 성장예측모델을 개발하였다. 1차 모델 개발을 위해 Gompertz 방정식을 활용하여 각기 다른 실험 조건에서의 S. Typhimurium의 생육도 (SGR과 LT)를 조사했다 . 본 방정식에 의한 1차 모델 개발시 R2가 0.92 이상으로 우수하게 나타났으며 저장온도가 낮을수록 초음파에 사용된 염소의 농도가 높을수록 SGR 값은 감소하였고 LT 값은 증가하였다 . 이를 바탕으로 2 차 polynomial 모델을 개발하여 다양한 통계적 지표 (R2, MSE, Af 및 Bf)를 통해 분석한 결과 개발된 모델의 적합성을 확인할 수 있었다 . 따라서 개발된 모델이 초음파와 염소의 병용 세척에 따른 저장 중 상추에 대한 S. Typhimurium의 성장예측모델로 사용 가능하다고 판단되어지며 , 신선 잎채소류에서의 식중독을 예방하고 미생물학적 위생관리기준을 설정하는데 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다 .

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of chlorine water and plasma gas treatment on the quality and microbial control of Latuca indica L. baby Leaf during storage. Latuca indica L. baby leaves were harvested from a plant height of 10cm. They were sterilized with 100μL·L-1 chlorine water and plasma-gas (1, 3, and 6hours), and packaged with 1,300cc·m-2·day-1·atm-1 films and then stored at 8±1?and RH 85±5% for 25days. During storage, the fresh weight loss of all treatments were less than 1.0%, and the carbon dioxide and oxygen concentrations in packages were 6-8% and 16-17%, respectively for all treatments in the final storage day. The concentration of ethylene in the packages fluctuated between 1-3μL·L-1 during the storage and the highest concentration of ethylene was observed at 6 hours plasma treatment in the final storage day. The off-odor of all treatments were almost odorless, the treatments of chlorine water and 1 hour plasma maintained the marketable visual quality until the end of storage. Chlorophyll content and Hue angle value measured at the final storage day were similar to those measured before storage in chlorine water and 1 hour of plasma treatments. E. coli was not detected immediately after sterilization in all sterilization treatments. After 6 hours of plasma treatment, the total bacteria fungus counts were lower than the domestic microbial standard for agricultural product in all sterilization treatments. The total aerobic counts in the end storage day increased compared to before storage, whereas E. coli was not detected in all sterilization treatments. The sterilization effect against bacteria and fungi was the best in chlorine water treatment. Plasma treatment showed sterilization effects, but within a prolonged period of time. In addition, the sterilization effect decreased gradually. These results suggest that chlorine water and plasma treatment were effective in maintaining Latuca indica L. baby Leaf commerciality and controlling microorganisms during postharvest storage.

본 연구는 이산화염소 가스를 생성하는 앰플을 이용하여 6.5 L 용기에서 살균효과와 소취효과를 확인하였고, 소독장 에서 이산화염소 가스 농도의 변화 및 S. aureus KCTC 1916 와 E. coli KCTC 1682에 대한 살균 효과를 확인하였고, 소독장안에서 작업화 내부의 살균 효과 또한 확인하였다. 앰플은 6.5 L 용기에서 S. aureus KCTC 1916와 E. coli KCTC 1682에 대해 살균 효과가 있었다. 또한 포름알데히드에 대 해서는 소취효과가 없었지만 암모니아와 페놀에는 효과가 있었다. 이산화염소 가스의 최대 농도는 앰플의 수가 많아 질수록 높아지는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 앰플 4개는 최대 2.8 ppm, 6개일 때는 최대 4.6 ppm이었으며, 앰플 12개를 이 용하였을 때는 이산화염소 가스 농도를 측정할 수 없었지만 앰플 수와 농도가 비례적으로 상승하는 것을 고려하여 최대 8.5~9.0 ppm 으로 추정할 수 있었다. 또한 순환팬을 가동하게 되면 5배 이상의 농도 감소가 발생하였다. S. aureus KCTC 1916는 24시간 처리하였을 때 앰플 4개는 0.49 log CFU/plate, 6개는 1.2 log CFU/plate 그리고 12개는 2.98 log CFU/plate 감소되었다. E. coli KCTC 1682는 24시간을 처리하였을 때 4개, 6개, 12개 순서로 0.16 log CFU/plate, 2.68 log CFU/plate, 6.06 log CFU/plate 감소하였다. 작업화 내부에 대해 24시간 동안 처리하였을 때 앰플 6개를 사용한 경우 S. aureus KCTC 1916와 E. coli KCTC 1682 는 각각 1.22 log CFU/plate, 2.10 log CFU/plate 감소하였고 12개로 처리한 것은 2.69 log CFU/ plate, 4.41 log CFU/plate 감소하였다.

본 연구는 수출 딸기 ‘매향’의 상품성 유지를 위한 이산화염소 가스 농도 및 처리 효과를 구명하고자 수행되었다. 과피의 착색이 60±5%로 진행된 딸기를 수확한 후 10oC로 설정된 저온저장고에서 이산화염소 가스를 무처리(대조구), 0.2와 0.4mg·L-1의 농도에 각각 30분간 노출 시킨 처리, 저장기간 동안 이산화염소 가스를 0.4mg·L-1 의 농도로 지속적으로 노출시킨 처리로 총 4가지 처리를 수행하였다. 딸기의 무게 손실률, 경도, 당도, 색도, 잿빛곰팡이 발생률, 품질 등급을 저온저장고에 저장하면서 16일간 3일 간격으로 조사하였다. 무게 손실률은 이산화염소 가스 0.2mg·L-1 처리에서 지속적으로 높았고, 이산화염소 가스가 지속적으로 처리됐을 때 무게 손실률은 다른 처리들에 비해 낮은 경향을 보였다. 경도는 저장 13일째 이산화염소 가스 0.2와 0.4mg·L-1 처리에서 유의적으로 높았다. 당도는 지속적인 이산화염소 가스 처리에서 낮은 경향을 보였다. 색도는 이산화염소 가스 농도 및 처리 방법에 따른 경향성을 보이지 않았다. 지속적인 이산화염소 가스 처리에서 저장 13일째까지는 잿빛곰팡이가 발생하지 않았다. 품질 등급은 이산화염소 처리구에서 대조구에 비해 낮은 경향을 보였다. 결과적으로 수확 후 저장기간 동안 수출 딸기 ‘매향’에 이산화염소 가스를 지속적으로 처리함으로써 무게 손실률과 잿빛곰팡이 발생률을 감소시킬 수 있었다. 하지만 과실의 품질 등급을 유지 시킬 수 있는 방안에 대한 추가적인 연구가 필요하다.

본 연구는 절화장미에 대한 ClO2의 꽃잎침지 처리의 잿빛곰팡이병 억제 효과를 알아보고자 수출 절화장미 ‘Beast'’ ‘Brut’, ‘Hera’, ‘Soleo’, ‘Vital’, ‘Dominica’, ‘Mentha’, ‘Miss Holland’, ‘Pitahaya’, ‘Wildlook’를 이용하여 현장평가를 실시하였다. 잿빛곰팡이 접종 후 생산 및 공선단계에서 ClO2 5μL･L-1를 2초 꽃잎침지 처리 후 관행적 수출 유통단계를 거친 결과, ‘Brut’와 ‘Soleo’에서 생산단계에서만 ClO2 꽃잎침지 처리한 처리구보다 생산과 공선단계에서 모두 처리한 처리구에서 잿빛곰팡이병 억제효과가 높았다. ClO2 꽃잎침지 처리에 따른 품질검증을 위하여 화색, 전해질용출률, 방향성을 분석한 결과 10품종 모두 처리간 차이가 없어 화색, 전해질용출률, 방향성에는 영향을 거의 주지 않는 것을 알 수 있었다. 잿빛곰팡이 접종 유무에 따른 ClO2 꽃잎침지 처리 효과를 알아보고자 실험한 결과, 잿빛곰팡이병 처리구에서는 높은 발병률을 보였으며, ‘Dominica’와 ‘Mentha’에서는 ClO2 꽃잎 침지처리가 수치적으로 잿빛곰팡이병 발병률은 낮았으나 통계적 유의차는 없었다. 결론적으로 ClO2 꽃잎침지 처리는 10품종 중 3품종에서만 잿빛곰팡이병을 억제시켜, 처리 농도와 처리 시간 및 건조시간에 대한 추가 연구가 필요할 것이다. 또한 ClO2 꽃잎침지 처리가 절화장미의 화색, 조직손상, 방향성에 영향을 주지 않아 수출유통과정의 적용 가능성을 확인하였으며, 장미 수출 시 ClO2 꽃잎 침지 처리는 생산단계보다는 공선단계에서 적용 가능성이 높다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

수출 시 장미의 절화수명을 효과적으로 연장시켰던 친환경 살균물질인 ClO2의 적용 가능성과 수출 유통 환경분석을 위해 실험을 수행되었다. 일본 수출절화 장미 ‘Wildlook’의 수출유통단계에 따른 온･습도를 측정한 결과, 로즈피아 선별 및 포장 단계에서는 26~27℃/RH 40~43%, 로즈피아 저장고단계에서는 1~6℃/RH 35~64%, 부산 운송단계에서는 17~22℃/RH 48~73%, 일본 배 운송단계에서는 5~11℃/RH 54~70%, 일본경매장 및 소매점단계에서는 13~28℃/RH 46~81%로 총 5단계로 고온과 저온이 반복되었으며, 습도는 35%이상이었다. 각 단계별 평균 온･습도는 26.9℃/RH 41.6%, 2.3℃/RH 56.6%, 20. 3℃/RH 58.2%, 6.9℃/RH 65.6%, 23.9℃/RH 69.45%로, 고온과 저온이 반복되었고 습도는 지속적으로 높아졌다. 관행 수출방식(박스당 30송이, 절화 60cm) 절화에 물과 ClO2 5μL･L-1 약 800mL을 공선장 포장단계에서 보존용액 처리 후 소매점에서 절화수명실험을 한 결과, 절화수명은 물과 ClO2처리구에서 각각 12.6일, 11.6일로 유의차가 없었다. 결론적으로 장미는 수확 후 일본 수출 시 운송 3일 동안 고온과 저온이 반복되는 것을 알 수 있었으며, 습도는 운송시간이 경과 될수록 높아지는 것을 알 수 있었다. 또한 수출보존용액으로 ClO2를 처리하였지만 대조구와 차이가 없었으므로 수출 절화 장미의 보존용액 처리에 ClO2 적용을 위해서는 적정 농도를 찾는 연구가 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

This study developed prediction models of chlorine bulk decay coefficient by each condition of water quality, measuring chlorine bulk decay coefficients of the water and water quality by water purification processes. The second-reaction order of chlorine were selected as the optimal reaction order of research area because the decay of chlorine was best represented. Chlorine bulk decay coefficients of the water in conventional processes, advanced processes before rechlorination was respectively 5.9072 (mg/L)-1d-1 and 3.3974 (mg/L)-1d-1, and 1.2522 (mg/L)-1d-1 and 1.1998 (mg/L)-1d-1 after rechlorination. As a result, the reduction of organic material concentration during the retention time has greatly changed the chlorine bulk decay coefficient. All the coefficients of determination were higher than 0.8 in the developed models of the chlorine bulk decay coefficient, considering the drawn chlorine bulk decay coefficient and several parameters of water quality and statistically significant. Thus, it was judged that models that could express the actual values, properly were developed. In the meantime, the chlorine bulk decay coefficient was in proportion to the initial residual chlorine concentration and the concentration of rechlorination; however, it may greatly vary depending on rechlorination. Thus, it is judged that it is necessary to set a plan for the management of residual chlorine concentration after experimentally assessing this change, utilizing the methodology proposed in this study in the actual fields. The prediction models in this study would simulate the reduction of residual chlorine concentration according to the conditions of the operation of water purification plants and the introduction of rechlorination facilities, more reasonably considering water purification process and the time of chlorination. In addition, utilizing the prediction models, the reduction of residual chlorine concentration in the supply areas can be predicted, and it is judged that this can be utilized in setting plans for the management of residual chlorine concentration.

Indirect oxidation using chlorine species oxidizing agents is often effective in wastewater treatment using an electrochemical oxidation process. When chlorine ions are contained in the wastewater, oxidizing agents of various chlorine species are produced during electrolysis. In a ballast water management system, it is also used to treat ballast water by electrolyzing seawater to produce a chlorine species oxidizer. However, ballast water in the brackish zone and some wastewater has a low chlorine ion concentration. Therefore, it is necessary to study the chlorine generation current efficiency at various chlorine concentration conditions. In this study, the chlorine generating current efficiency of a boron-doped diamond(BDD) electrode and insoluble electrodes are compared with various chloride ion concentrations. The results of this study show that the current efficiency of the BDD electrode is better than that of the insoluble electrodes. The chlorine generation current efficiency is better in the order of BDD, MMO(mixed metal oxide), Ti/RuO2, and Ti/IrO2 electrodes. In particular, when the concentration of sodium chloride is 10 g/L or less, the current efficiency of the BDD electrode is excellent.

The residual chlorine concentration is an essential factor to secure reliable water quality in the water distribution systems. The chlorine concentration decays along the pipeline system and the main processes of the reaction can be divided into the bulk decay and the wall decay mechanisms. Using EPANET 2.0, it is possible to predict the chlorine decay through bulk decay and wall decay based on the pipeline geometry and the hydraulic analysis of the water distribution system. In this study, we tried to verify the predictability of EPANET 2.0 using data collected from experimental practices. We performed chlorine concentration measurement according to various Reynolds numbers in a pilot-scale water distribution system. The chlorine concentration was predicted using both bulk decay model and wall decay model. As a result of the comparison between experimental data and simulated data, the performance of the limited 1st-order model was found to the best in the bulk decay model. The wall decay model simulated the initial decay well, but the overall chlorine decay cannot be properly predicted. Simulation also indicated that as the Reynolds number increased, the impact of the wall

다양한 식재료의 소독재로 사용되는 이산화염소(ClO2)는 이 물질이 갖는 높은 산화력에 기인된다. 이산화염소가 해충에 대한 방제 가능성이 제기되었고, 이에 대한 실증 시험은 이 물질의 살충기작을 증명하여 주었다. 그러나 이 물질의 살충 기작은 밝혀지지 않았다. 본 연구는 이산화염소의 훈증처리에 따라 곤충 체내에서 일어나는 산화적 스트레스를 항산화효소의 발현 유발에 따라 가능성을 찾았다. 다시 이산화염소를 처리하고 세포내에 존재하는 활성산소(reactive oxygen species: ROS)를 정량화한 결과 ROS의 급격한 증가를 관찰하였다. Vitamin E와 같은 항산화제를 이산화염소와 처리할 경우 살충력은 크게 낮아져 산화적 스트레스에 기인된 살충기작을 뒷받침하여 주었다. 이러한 ROS 유발은 다양한 생리현상을 일으키는 분자를 교란하여 곤충의 신경, 면역, 행동 및 발육 생리를 저해는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 산화적 스트레스에 의해 살충효과를 일으키는 새로운 해충 방제제의 개발을 제시하고 있다.

This study interrogated multi-layer heterojunction anodes were interrogated for potential applications to water treatment. The multi-layer anodes with outer layers of SnO2/Bi2O3 and/or TiO2/Bi2O3 onto IrO2/Ta2O5 electrodes were prepared by thermal decomposition and characterized in terms of reactive chlorine species (RCS) generation in 50 mM NaCl solutions. The IrO2/Ta2O5 layer on Ti substrate (Anode 1) primarily served as an electron shuttle. The current efficiency (CE) and energy efficiency (EE) for RCS generation were significantly enhanced by the further coating of SnO2/Bi2O3 (Anode 2) and TiO2/Bi2O3 (Anode 3) layers onto the Anode 1, despite moderate losses in electrical conductivity and active surface area. The CE of the Anode 3 was found to show the highest RCS generation rate, whereas the multi-junction architecture (Anode 4, sequential coating of IrO2/Ta2O5, SnO2/Bi2O3, and TiO2/Bi2O3) showed marginal improvement. The microscopic observations indicated that the outer TiO2/Bi2O3 could form a crack-free layer by an incorporation of anatase TiO2 particles, potentially increasing the service life of the anode. The results of this study are expected to broaden the usage of dimensionally stable anodes in water treatment with an enhanced RCS generation and lifetime.