조선왕조실록(朝鮮王朝實錄)에 기록된 기상자료를 가지고 조선 시대의 기후를 분석하고, 서울의 과거 기후와 비교하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 서울 지역을 중심으로 기상요소(강수, 우박, 서리, 안개 등)수를 비교하면 조선 시대에 기록된 자료는 최근 자료의 5.4%로 빈약하여 조선왕조실록만을 가지고 조선 시대의 기후를 복원한다는 것은 어렵다. 기우제(祈雨祭)와 기청제(祈請祭) 일수는 강수 일수와는 상관관계가 없다. 강수와 우박 일수는 자료가 부족하긴하나 월별 현황은 최근의 경향과 비슷하다. 서리와 안개의 일수 현황은 과거 10년 동안의 현황과는 많은 차이가 있다. 이것은 피해없이 내린 경우에는 기록되지 않았고 많은 재산과 인명의 피해를 준 것은 기록되었기 때문이라 추측된다.

After the period of the Three Kingdoms Korean transportation architecture had been changed from the characteristics of the administration organization supporting the kings ruling system and gradually the characteristics as transportation architecture had cleared and diversified in accordance with the functions and characteristics of it. With this it was found that Korean transportation architecture like YukSa(驛舍), ChamYuk(站驛), GaekSa(客舍), JinSa(津舍), DoSa(渡舍), WonWoo(院字), JuMak(酒幕) and etc. had been developed variously and the architectural characteristics had developed with the functions and characteristics of transportation architecture. Some of them ,for example YukSa, ChamYuk, GaekSa, JinSa, DoSa, had the characteristics of the government office, so they had fundamental dignity of Korean wooden architecture on tile roof. But the WonWoo which was used by all of the people from the king to the people, had the characteristics of half-government and half-private. And the space of WonWoo was divided by the social position, the sex and the difference of temperature between summer and winter. And it was mostly located at the place away from the haunts of men, the form of it was the mud wall hut of the straw-thatched cottage like Sinhyewon of Mungyungsaejae and it was different from the station building of the characteristics of government office.

The urban form of Korean cities significantly changed in the late Chosun dynasty. The influence of commercial development was the main cause of these changes. Commerce became a important function of existing cities, and the new type of commercial towns emerged at the important spots of traffic routes. In both cases streets became dominant element of urban form. Mainly commercial buildings aggregated along the streets, and to obtain higher land use intensity shape of lots became narrow and deep. Koyang(高陽) shows the most significant example of this new type of lot and lot pattern. Approximately 30 narrow and deep type of lots lined on each side of street forming about 390 meters long linear commercial town. Similar examples were found at the outside of south gate of Suwon(水原), Nuwon(樓院), and Pangyo(板橋).

Architectural Drawing has been settled down the very effective means of exchanging their architectural ideas and data on the construction process. However, it was not easy to conserve the original drawings, which aims had been accomplished, at the same time, building was built. The same phenomena were occurred in our traditional architectural construction project, especially before pre-modern age. And do not understand soundly building documentation accepted by craftsmen in the period of earliest Chosun dynasty and how to present their idea and information of architectural as means of sketches and drawings. So, this paper aimed to clarify the drawing occurrence and the development steps of their rendering, representation methodology in the construction process in Sannungdogam-Uuigue, which were the construction documents of government based on the royal family's tomb and building projects in the late Chosun Dynasty. There are three development stages of architectural space representation, pre-drawing stage, drawing occurring stage and drawing settlement stage, They had been adapted unique drawing presentation method which were drawn by artisan, so called Doseol(圖說)and Painter Hwawon(畵員) The results are 1. In the Pre-drawing stage, they had been used the systematic explanation method of character 2. Do not have the evidence of adapting drawing before 17th centry, it was originated in early 17's century started with Onga(甕家). Onga's Drawing was drawn very elementary skill, and became development, settlement and standardization of their drawing representation around 19th century 3. The drawing presented by client's recognition view of space and building, integrated data within a sheet of drawing with practical and hierarchy and using graphic and description.

There remain several archiectural drawings which was made in Chosun dynasty, which are quite different from current drawings. The site plan which is composed of slanted elevations doesn't exhist in Western drawing method. This elevation development method is common in Korea, China, and Japan. These three nations also have a common point which the wooden structure are popular. So elevation development method is reasonable to represent the wooden structure. Because a drawing mehod reflects cultural character and thought, it is important to read the architectural perception at that time. In this viewpoint, I studied the characters of the drawing method in Chosun dynasty according to the peoriodical articulation of century, and how the drawing method reflects the thought at that time. And I suggested a new posibility of effective and reasonable drawing method for the wooden structure.

It could be said that the Kyongbok Palace, the main palace of the Chosun Dynasty which built in the early years of the Dynasty, had two main architectural characters. One ; the entire building complex was arranged under the influence of ancient Chinese building principle based on the Confucian ideas. Two ; building compositions and shape of each buildings were succeeded from the palace of the former Koryo Dynasty, especially on the latter periods of it. The architecture of the Kyongbok Palace had formed its own uniqueness by developing these two characters.

In the Chosun Dynasty, the wooden building materials for constructing the official buildings within a capital city were supplied by way of water transport, and they were stored at Hangang riverbanks. After being firstly treated with primary processed-goods there by several craftmen groups, they were carried in the relevant site of construction by cart. The purpose of this paper is to study the process of those supply, the roles of merchants and craftmen in the process.

During the Chosun dynasty there were royal proprieties of tea ritual mainly for the purpose of serving envoys from neighboring countries and offering of a new product to the Deity. There were Buddhist proprieties of tea ritual representing religious ideals of each sect of Buddhism. And Confucian tea rituals were performed in accordance with the book entitled Kare (a family code of decorum) written by Chuja. Besides these there, were Taoist proprieties of the ritual.

조선시대(朝鮮時代)에 육대(六大) 차류(茶類)의 전래여부(傳來與否)와 국내생산(國內生産) 여부(與否)를 고찰(考察)한 결과(結果) 다음과 같은 사실(史實)이 확인(確認)되었다. 1. 중국(中國)으로부터는 화차(花茶)인 향편차(香片茶), 청차(靑茶), 흑차(黑茶)가 전래(傳來)되었고, 일본(日本)으로부터는 홍차(紅茶)가 전래(傳來)되었다. 2. 이 중(中)에서 화차(花茶), 황차(黃茶), 흑차(黑茶)는 국내(國內)에서도 생산(生産)되었다.

This paper studied what kind of foods were served how often in the table of the Royal family birthday parties by analyzing 18 sets of the Royal family birthday party menu with respect to the rank of Royal family for each season respectively among all the kinds of food menu of Chosun Dynasty. From this sudy a good representation of primary Royal King's birthday menu could be drown. The menu of the King was most in variety. And the King was served in the range of 46 to 74 kinds of food and its number of dishes varied 28 to 40, and the other royal family were served in the range of 19 to 44 kinds of foods and its number of dishes varied 15 to 26. The menu included variable dishes such as Yoomilkwa (fried cookies 油蜜果) 7, Gangjung 17 (fried rice cookies 姜?) 17, Dasik (mold cookies 茶食) 8, Suksilkwa (cooked fruits 熟實果) 1, Jungkwa (compoted fruit 正果) 1, Byung (rice cakes 餠) 25, Umchung (punch 飮淸) 4, Sengka (fresh fruits 生果) 21, Jusik (main meal 主食) 4, Chanpum (side dishes 饌品) 27, Jomipum (sauce, honey, mustard 調味品 ) 3.

Among the 160 documentes on Food menu in the Royal palace of Chosun Dynasty, 137 are cherished by the Academy of Korean study (old Chang Su Gack) and 23 by privates. We can find the other 2 documentes in biliography but they do not exist now. Most of them were written in Korean in the period between 1863 and 1937. Through them, we can learn how to set a meal table for people who served on wedding feast, the birth of Royal family and the national events, and several small feasts and ancestrial rites of Royal palace. And the food menu in them are based on Korean food.

This paper is studied in order to examine eight provinces as Agricultural zone in the early Chosun-Dynasty. The research method of this study depends on discriminant analysis. The research data is obtained from geography of Sejong sillok. In this approach, we believe the possibility of more scientific analysis of agricultural zone. So all cross-sectional data of this period were analysed by means of the discriminant analysis method. In the discriminant analysis of the eight provinces, 54.6% of the country were discriminated. In the territorial map, Kyongsang and Cholla were crossly adjoined and Chungcheong was located in the middle of them. While, Kyonggky and Hwanghae were adjoined in the center, and Pyongan and Hamgil were crossly adjoined, too. And Kangwon was located in the middle of them. Consequently their regional distribution varied widely and the agriculture of this period had considerable regional gaps.

The food used in the royal palace of Chosun dynasty(朝鮮王朝) are viewed from various aspects of the dishes for ordinary meal, royal banquet, reception for the foreign representatives, wedding feast, and ancestral rites. Unfortunately most of knowledge on the food used in the royal palace is not accurate as it had been delivered orally and includes only that of the late Chosun dynasty era. Accordingly more accurate knowledge on its historical change could be illustrated by the ancient literature, including uigue(full account, 儀軌), dungrok(memorandum, 膳錄) or balgi(list, 件記). Though it is different from the preparation of King´s dinner table in kitchen, the uigue on ordinary meal, while King Jungcho(正祖) and his troupe visited the Hwasung(華城) has been handed down as the literature on the ordinary meal of the royal palace. Twenty seven kinds of uigue and dungrok on royal banquet for a celebration, from the 45th year of Sook Jong(肅宗, 1715) to the 6th year of Kwang Moo(光武, 1902), remain & reveal the change of features on dishes and food materials for royal banquet. Twenty kinds of uigue and dungrok on foods for reception of Chinese representatives, from the first year of Kwang Hae Koon(光海君, 1609) to the 21st year of Injo(仁祖, 1643), remain and antedate those on foods for royal banquet approximately 100 years. These have been precious materials for historical view on foods used in the royal palace. Twenty kinds of dungrok and uigue of karaedogam(嘉禮都監), in which dishes, food materials, and table setting diagram for dongrae feast (同牢宴) were put on record, remain as the litherature of wedding feast. Wangchosilrok(dynastic record, 王朝實錄) and numerous kinds of uigue have been helpful for study on foods used in ancestral rites. Detailed kinds and cooking procedures of foods for ancestral rites were clearly explained in Taesangji(太常志). A full view on foods used in the royal palace will be reproduced only through analytic study of these ancient litheratures.

본 연구는 조선초 향교교관 정책의 난맥상에 대해 비판적으로 검토하기 위해 이루어졌다. 조선 건국초에 주자학으로 무장된 신흥 사대부들은 이상적 유교사회를 건설하려는 목표를 갖고 있었으며, 이를 위해서는 중국의 삼대(三代)처럼 학교를 완비해야 한다는 판단에 따라 향교를 급속하게 확대 설립해 나갔다. 그러나 향교교관으로 임명할 인적 자원의 확보나 교관에게 지급할 재정의 확보 등의 대책은 너무나 부실했으며, 여기에다 교관을 경시하는 풍조와 외관직을 기피하는 경향 등 향교교관 정책을 펼치는 데 당시의 조건들은 녹록지가 않았다. 이러한 상황으로 인해 당시 향교교 관직은 교직, 외관직, 무급직이라는 약점 외에도 천전(遷轉)이나 승직(陞職)이 힘들었던 그야말로 최악의 조건을 지닌 자리였던 것이다. 이렇게 기피직이었던 향교교관을 확보하기 위해 국가에서는 흠결이 있는 문신(文臣)을 교수로 파견하거나, 피역(避役)이 목적이었던 유학(幼學)들로 하여금 훈도(訓導)·교도(敎導)·학장을 삼는 경우가 많았다. 그렇다 보니 이들은 대체로 교육에 대한 의욕이나 능력이 부족하여 실질적인 역할을 하지 못하였다. 이 때문에 학생들은 교관들에 대해 신뢰를 하지 못하는 풍조가 만연되어 향교를 기피하려 하였다. 이처럼 조선초에 향교의 증설은 시대적 당 위로서 어쩔 수 없었으나, 이것은 교관 확보가 가능한지에 대한 고민이 결여된 채 이루어진 무모한 정책이었다. 결국 이로 인하여 조선초부터 향교교육이 지속적으로 부진을 면치 못하다가 조선 중기에 이르러 거의 폐절되는 상황에 이르게 되었던 것이다.

본 연구는 서유럽의 근대 국가와 민족들의 형성 과정에서 종교개혁이 미친 영향들에 대한 이해를 바탕으로 한말에 한국인들, 특히 기독교인들 속에서 민족 개념과 민족됨의 의식 형성에 끼친 기독교의 초기 성경 번역 과 그 역할에 주목하였다. 근대 초 서유럽에서 일어난 종교개혁의 한 가지 의미는 성경의 재발견이었고, 이것은 각 국가들이 근대 민족국가로 이행하 기 위한 전단계로서 하나의 민족됨의 형성에 기여했다. 즉 영혼 구원을 의 도했던 종교개혁이 프로테스탄트 민족들과 국가들이 만들어지는데 일조했다. 이때 종교개혁을 겪었던 각 국가들은 성경으로부터 그들의 종교적 신념과 정치적 신념을 끌어냈다. 특히 성경에서 나오는 해방, 언약, 율법, 선민, 출애굽, 약속의 땅에 대한 꿈과 같은 서사들을 성경에서 끌어와 그들의 정치적 행동을 정당화시켰다. 근대 초 독일지역, 네덜란드, 체코, 덴마크, 스위스, 스코틀랜드, 잉글랜드와 같은 나라들이 외부적으로는 외세의 침략 과 간섭에서, 내부적으로 신분제적 속박에서 벗어나기 위한 투쟁을 전개했고 이를 성취했다. 이를 언약적 민족주의라 할 수 있다. 기독교는 한말 한국인들에게 근대적인 서구식 사고방식을 깨우쳐주었고, 나아가 기독교민족주의를 고취시켰는데, 그 과정에서 중심 매개체는 특히 성경으로 간주할 수 있다. 성경은 단순히 개인의 영혼구원이라는 종교적 정 체성에 머무르지 않고, 하나의 공동체로서 민족됨의 통일적인 서사와 담론을 제공한 것으로 여겨진다. 따라서 본고는 서양사와 비교사적 관점에서, 성경이 한말의 한국인들에게 민족됨의 의식 형성에 어떤 영향을 끼치고, 이 후에 실용적인 성경 민족주의로 어떻게 표출되며, 그 결과인 성경 민족주의 에 대한 개념정의를 시도했다. 초기 번역 성경의 보급은 외형상으로 사회적 이고 제도적인 하나의 민족됨의 모델을 제시해주었다. 또한 근대적인 시민 적 민족주의를 연상시키는 평등주의적인 측면들도 가지고 있다. 즉 모든 민족은 ‘정치적 주권’을 획득할 권리를 갖는다는 사상으로 정의되는 정치적 교의를 전개한다. 한말의 기독교는 사회개혁과 반외세의 저항의 서사를 성 경의 민족됨의 서사에서 상당부분 끌어와 그것을 민족주의 운동과 연결시 킨 것으로 간주된다. 그러므로 한말 개신교의 성경 번역이 결과적으로 빚어 낸 것은 내부적으로는 사회개혁과 외부적으로는 반외세적 저항사상의 행동 프로그램인 성경 민족주의로 명명할 수 있을 것이다.

The pine trees have been existing in Korean Peninsula since about 7,000 years ago. It is the tree which has been always present in Korean's life and it is the tree which has a potential to become a true identity of Korea's Nature. In This study, the characteristics of pine(Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc.) forest in the "True-View landscape paintings" during the late chosun dynasty were investigated according to the 9-categorization. The result of the study are as follows: 1452 pine tree forests samples are collected from 179 "True-View landscape paintings". The 9 classifications are following; Mountain top, saddle os mountain, foot of hill, Ridge, Valley, Slope, Rock, Soil, Waterside. In the case of the topography, 64.3% of the pine forests are drawn in the ridges. The forests are mainly located on the tops and the saddles of mountains. The current ecological findings also show that the ridges are the most suitable sites for pine trees. the pine forests drawn in the valley are frequently in the foot of mountains and the rock. The slopes(135) and the valleys(267) are mainly located foot of hill.

본 연구에서는 조선왕조실록의 문헌 기록 호우사상의 특성을 파악하고 구조적으로 간단한 강우모형인 구형펄스모형을 이용하여 평가하였다. 전체적으로 '큰비'에서와 같이 강우에 대한 언급만이 있는 경우가 '큰물', '홍수', '폭우'와 같이 홍수유출 및 이에 따른 피해가 설명되어 있는 경우보다 강우의 재현기간이 작게 나타나는 것을 파악할 수 있었다. 기본적으로 기록된 호우사상은 모두 극치사상이 아닌 것으로 파악되었다. 일관되게 어느 정도 이상의 재현기간을 갖고