살충제 저항성 목화진딧물 집단(완주, 춘천, 고성)에 대한 3종(afidopyropen, chlorfenapyr, cyantraniliprole) 약제별 감수성과 혼용에 따른 방제 효과를 평가하였다. 3개 야외집단에 대해서 3약제 모두100배 이상의 저항성비를 보였다. 혼합제의 협력작용을 평가하기 위해 반수치사농도(LC50) 을 이용한 조합지수(CI), %M(synergism), 연합독성계수(CTC), 와들리 비율(WR), 상승비율(SR)와 사충률을 이용한 아보트 비율(AR)로 비교하였 다. Afidopyropen + chlorfenapyr은 모든 야외집단에 대해서 살충활성의 증가를 보였고, chlorfenapyr + cyantraniliprole, afidopyropen + cayntraniliprole은 완주, 춘천 집단에 대해서 살충활성의 증가를 보였다. 그러나 chlorfenapyr + cyantraniliprole (CI, 1.63; %M(synergism), 30; CTC, 64.0; WR, 0.6, AR, 0.54)과 afidopyropen + cyantraniliprole (CI, 6.7; %M(synergism), 1; CTC, 19.8; WR, 0.2, AR ≤ 0.55)은 고성 집단에 서 길항작용을 나타내었다. 포장조건에서도 afidopyropen + chlorfenapyr, chlorfenapyr + cyantraniliprole, afidopyropen + cyantraniliprole 은 99% 이상의 높은 방제가를 보여 향후 살충제 저항성 목화진딧물 방제용 혼합제 개발에 유용하게 활용될 것이다.

본 연구는 축산물 생산 환경에서 오염 가능한 Aspergillus ochraceus와 Rhodotorula mucilaginosa를 저감하기 위하여 자외선과 유기산을 활용하여 그 효과를 구명하였다. 이를 위하여 각각의 균 현탁액(107-108 spores/mL)을 칼 표면에 1 mL 접종하고 37oC에 건조한 후 각각의 처리 조건에 활 용하였다. 먼저 유기산 효과를 구명하기 위하여 아세트산, 젖산, 구연산을 활용하였으며 적정 농도 선정을 위하여 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5%의 농도로 제조하였다. 그 결과 아세트 산의 경우 약 5 log, 젖산은 최대 2 log CFU/cm2 감소하 였으나, 구연산의 경우 1 log 이하로 미미한 수준이었다. 이에 따라 유기산 처리 효과를 더욱 극대화하기 위해 자 외선과의 복합처리를 진행하고자 하였다. 두 균주는 모든 유기산에서 90% 이상 감소하여 초기 균주와 비교하였을 때 유의적인 차이(P<0.05)를 보였으며 특히 4%의 젖산은 자외선(360 mJ/cm2)과 함께 처리하였을 때, 2 log CFU/cm2 이상 감소하였으며 같은 조건에서 아세트산은 5 log CFU/ cm2이상의 저감능을 보였다. 그러나 본 연구에서 사용한 4% 농도의 아세트산으로 제조할 경우 이취가 매우 심하여 작업자가 생산환경에서 사용하기에 어려움이 있다. 이 에 따라서 현장에 적용하기 위한 유기산과 자외선 최적 처리 조건은 4% 젖산 용액에 1분간 침지한 후 자외선을 20분 가량(360 mJ/cm2) 살균 처리하는 방법으로 선정하였 다. 최종적으로 유기산 세척 및 자외선 처리가 된 칼로 돼 지고기 절단 작업을 수행하였을 때, 현장 오염 수준의 진 균류 농도에서 작업 후 돼지고기 표면으로 이행되는 오염 량은 모두 불검출 되었다. 본 연구를 통하여 실험실 규모 뿐만 아니라 최종적으로 현장에서 살균된 도구를 활용하 여 작업 시 고기 표면까지 이행되는 교차오염을 방지할 수 있는 것으로 사료된다.

본 연구는 미세전류자극이 비만인의 체성분과 혈중지질성분의 변화에 미치는 효과를 규명하고, 복합운동의 효과와 비교함으로써 효과적인 체형 관리 방안으로서 미세전류자극의 유용성을 밝히고자 하였 다. 체지방율 30% 이상인 여대생 30명을 통제집단, 복합운동집단, 미세전류자극집단으로 분류하였으며, 각 집단 별 4주간의 처치 전후 체중, 체지방율, 허리 둘레 등의 체성분 요인과 TG, TC, apolipoprotein 등의 혈중지질성분을 측정한 자료를 분석하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 통제집단에서는 모든 측정 항목에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않은 반면 복합운동 집단에서는 허리둘레와 TC가 유의하게 감소한 것 으로 나타났고, 미세전류자극 집단에서는 체중, 체지방율, 허리둘레, apolipoprotein 등이 유의하게 감소한 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 연구결과를 고려할 때 미세전류 자극은 비만인의 체성분과 혈중지질성분을 개선 시켜 건강한 신체를 갖도록 하는데 효과적인 중재 방안으로 제안할 수 있다.

Background: Clinical practice guidelines for patients with chronic low back pain (CLBP) recommend therapeutic exercise, and recently, interventions for pain neuroscience education (PNE) are also recommended. Objectives: To investigate the effects of aquatic exercise combined with PNE on pain, disability, and fear-avoidance beliefs in patients with CLBP. Design: Randomized control trial. Methods: The 27 participants recruited in this study were randomly allocated as pain neuroscience education combined with aquatic exercise group (PAEG, n=14) and aquatic exercise group (AEG, n=13). Both groups performed aquatic exercise for 50 minutes, 3 times a week for 6 weeks, and only PAEG received additional PNE. Numeric pain rating scale (NPRS), modified oswestry disability questionnaire (MODQ), and fear-avoidance beliefs questionnaire (FABQ) were used as evaluation methods before and after intervention. Results: Statistically significant decrease in NPRS, MODQ and FABQ (physical activity and work score) before and after intervention in PAEG. However, there were statistically significant changes in NPRS, MODQ and FABQ (physical activity score) before and after intervention in AEG. PAEG and AEG before and after intervention indicated statistically significant differences in MODQ and FABQ (work score). Conclusion: Aquatic exercise combined with PNE improved disability (MODQ) and fear-avoidance beliefs (FABQ) has been shown to have additional benefits. Therefore, combining PNE as a clinical intervention for CLBP patients will enhance the therapeutic effect.

Background: Inspiratory muscle training can improve inspiratory strength and endurance through threshold loading. In addition, trunk stabilization exercises can improve trunk strength and respiratory function. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of application of inspiratory muscle training and trunk stabilization exercise on pulmonary function and inspiratory muscle activation in college students. Design: Randomized controlled trials. Methods: In this study, 24 college students were randomly divided into two groups: inspiratory muscle training and trunk stabilization exercise (experimental group, n=12), and trunk stabilization exercise (control group, n=12). Inspiratory muscle activity was measured using a surface electromyography. Pulmonary function was measured using a spirometer and a peak expiratory flow meter. Results: In the experimental group, the muscle activity of both upper trapezius and latissimus dorsi muscles increased significantly after the intervention. In the experimental group, both upper trapezius muscle activity was significantly increased than in the control group. In the experimental group, all the pulmonary function significantly increased after the intervention. Conclusion: In this study, when the inspiratory muscle training was additionally applied to the trunk stabilization exercise in college students in their twenty, it was possible to improve the inspiratory muscle activity and pulmonary function.

In this study, the removal performance of high-concentration H2S and complex odors was evaluated for bio-filters installed in sewage treatment plants and manure treatment plants. The amount of odor generation according to temperature was found to be higher in summer than in spring. It was found that the longer the empty bed retention time of the bio-filter, the higher the odor removal efficiency. Therefore, in order to effectively remove odors, it is necessary to maintain a sufficiently long residence time when designing a bio-filter. In addition, a case in which a bio-filter and a wet pre-treatment system were combined to remove high-concentration odors was studied. The result showed that the wet pre-treatment was effective in removing high-concentration odors. In particular, most of the hydrogen sulfide could be adequately removed by wet pre-treatment.

Post-slaughtering storage of pork meat is important to improve the flavor and texture profile. Although irradiation of meat improves the keeping qualities of red meat, less work was done on the effect of quality in irradiated pork leg meat during post-slaughtering storage. Therefore, this study was done to compare low dosages of single beam irradiation treated pork leg meat on eating quality parameters over the nontreated meat stored at different storage temperatures. Freshly slaughter pig carcasses were brought to the irradiation unit for treatment. Pork leg meat was treated at 2 kGy with single beam. Treated (2 kGy) and non-treated pork leg meat were kept in three different temperatures as 2, 10 and 25°C for 1, 3 and 5 days and analyzed for cooking loss, shear force, color and nitrogenous flavor compounds. Cooking loss in day 5 in irradiated pork leg (30.29) was significantly lower than the control (33.27) (p<0.05). Shear force of treated (1.93) and non-treated (1.29) pork leg meat after day 5 had significant difference (p<0.05). “L*” and “b*” values of pork leg meat had significant difference at day 5 compared non treated leg meat (p<0.05) whereas the “a*” value was increased with storage time and temperature. Hypoxanthine level was significantly lower in pork leg meat at day 5 in treated (16.07) and non-treated (24.59) meats at 25°C (p<0.05) whereas the changes in AMP, IMP and Inosine was not significantly difference (p>0.05). As conclusion, post-slaughtering storage and irradiation with single beam of 2 kGy could ensure the meat quality of leg pork at even higher storage temperatures, with cooking loss, tenderness, flavor and the color which will be benefited in the processing industry.

Background: Patients with dysphagia after stroke are treated with neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES), but its effect on masseter muscle thickness and bite force in the oral phase is not well known. Objectives: To investigated the effect of NMES on masseter muscle thickness and occlusal force in patients with dysphagia after stroke. Design: Two group, pre-post design. Methods: In this study, 25 patients with dysphagia after stroke were recruited and allocated to either the experimental or the control groups. Patients in the experimental group were treated with NMES to the masseter muscle at the motor level for 30 minutes and were additionally treated with traditional swallowing rehabilitation for 30 minutes. In contrast, patients in the control group were only treated with traditional swallowing rehabilitation for 30 minutes. Masseter muscle thickness was measured using ultrasonography before and after intervention, and bite force was measured using an bite force meter. Results: The experimental group showed significant improvement in masseter muscle thickness and bite force compared to the control group. Conclusion: NMES combined with traditional dysphagia rehabilitation is effective in improving masseter muscle thickness and bite force in patients with dysphagia after stroke.

Background: Patients with stroke have limited ankle range of motion (ROM) due to soft tissue abnormalities around the ankle and thus experience functional impairment. Increased muscle tension and reduced ankle ROM impair gait and hinder the activities of daily living. Joint mobilization and stretching are effective interventions that improve gait performance by enhancing the ankle ROM. Objectives: To investigate the effects of ankle joint mobilization and calf muscle stretching on gait speed and gait performance in patients with stroke. Design: This was a randomized controlled trial. Methods: Twenty patients with stroke patients were randomized into two groups. The joint mobilization group (JMG) underwent anteroposterior mobilization of the talocrural joint and the joint mobilization stretching group (JMSG) underwent calf muscle stretching in addition to joint mobilization. Gait speed and gait parameters were measured using the 10-meter walk test and the GAITRite. Results: Both the JMG and JMSG groups showed significant improvements in gait speed, affected-side step length, and cadence after the intervention (P<.05). Conclusion: Joint mobilization and stretching were effective interventions for improving gait performance by enhancing ankle function in patients with stroke.

Background: Stroke patients have weak trunk muscle strength due to brain injury, so a single type of exercise is advised for restoring functionality. However, even after intervention, the problem still lies and it is suggested that another intervention method should be applied with exercise in order to deal with such problem. Objectives: To Investigate the effect of bridge exercise combined with functional electrical stimulation (FES) on trunk muscle activity and balance in stroke patients. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Methods: From July to August 2020, twenty stroke patients was sampled, ten patients who mediated bridge exercises combined with functional electrical stimulation were assigned to experiment group I, and ten patients who mediated general bridge exercises were assigned to experiment groupⅡ. For the pre-test, using surface EMG were measured paralyzed rectus abdominis, erector spinae, transverse abdominis/internal oblique muscle activity, and using trunk impairment scale were measured balance. In order to find out immediate effect after intervention, post-test was measured immediately same way pre-test. Results: Change in balance didn’t show significant difference within and between groups, but muscle activity of trunk was significant difference rectus abdominis and erector spinae within groups I (P<.01), also between groups was significant difference (P<.05). Conclusion: Bridge exercise combined with FES could improve trunk function more effectively than general bridge exercise due to physiological effect of functional electrical stimulation.

본 연구는 장기간의 태권도 수련프로그램과 태권도수련과 복합운동프로그램이 초등학생의 신체구 성과 기초체력에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 실시하였으며, 연구대상자는 주5회 태권도수련프로그램에 참여한 30명, 태권도수련과 복합운동프로그램에 참여한 30명, 규칙적인 신체활동에 참여하지 않는 30 명을 선정하였다. 자료처리는 IBM SPSS 24.0 통계패키지를 사용하였으며, 기술통계를 산출하였으며, 집단 간 비교를 위해 일원변량분석(one-way ANOVA)를 실시하였다. 통계학적 유의수준은 p<.05로 설정하였다. 본 연구결과는 태권도 수련프로그램에 참여한 초등학생은 신체구성의 키(p<.001), 기초체 력의 근력(p<.001), 근지구력(p<.01)이 유의하게 증가하였으며, 태권도수련과 복합운동프로그램에 참여 한 초등학생은 신체구성의 키(p<.001), 체중(p<.05), 기초체력의 근력(p<.001), 민첩성(p<.05), 평형성 (p<.05)이 유의하게 증가하였다. 결론적으로 규칙적인 신체활동은 초등학생의 신체발달에 효과가 있었 으며, 태권도수련과 복합운동프로그램은 신체의 성장과 기초체력 요인에 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났 다.

Background: Ankle sprain is one of the most common musculoskeletal injuries in the sports population or during usual daily life activities. The sprain can cause functional ankle instability (FAI), and it is very important to treat FAI. However, the optimum intervention method for FAI has yet to be determined. Objects: This study investigated the impact that virtual reality (VR) training program on balance with ankle kinesio taping for FAI. Methods: Twenty-two people were selected for the study and randomly divided into the experimental (n = 11) and the control group (n = 11). The experimental group had attached kinesio taping on the ankle and then implemented a virtual reality exercise program for 30 minutes a day. Nintendo Wii Fit Plus was used for the VR intervention three times a week for four weeks. The control group performed only two measurements without intervention. Results: There were no statistically significant differences in overall, anterior-posterior (AP), medial-lateral (ML) index of the static balance, and significant differences in overall, AP, ML index of the dynamic balance when taping and VR exercise were applied at the same time (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in overall and ML index of static and dynamic balance compared with before and after assessment between the experimental and the control group, and found differences in AP index of static and dynamic balance (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Kinesio taping may not influence the balance of FAI as great as people expected. VR approach does not affect the static balance of FAI, but it influences dynamic balance in overall, AP, ML index. The authors suggest that VR-based exercises can be used as an additional concept in clinicians for FAI or as part of a home program because the exercises still have limitations.

본 연구는 복합운동이 여성노인의 폐기능, 혈중 비타민 D, 칼슘 및 골대사호르몬에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위해 만 65세 이상 여성노인을 대상으로 운동군(n=13), 대조군(n=17)으로 구분하여 주 3회, 회당 60분의 복합운동을 실시하였다. 유산소 운동 강도는 1-4주는 40-50%HRR(RPE 12-13), 5-8주는 50-60%HRR(RPE 13-14), 9-12주는 60-70%HRR(RPE 14-15)의 강도로 설정하였고 저항 운동 강도는 1-4주는 OMNI-RES(3-4), 5-8주는 OMNI-RES(5-6), 9-12주는 OMNI-RES(7-8)강도로 설정하였다. 그 결과 폐기능 중 FEV1은 그룹×시기 간 상호작용 효과가 나타났고 운동군의 FVC/FEV1이 유의하게 증가하였다. 비타민 D는 그룹×시기 간 상호작용 효과가 나타났고, 운동군과 대조군 모두 유의하게 증가하였다. 칼슘은 그룹×시기 간 상호작용 효과가 나타났으며 대조군이 유의하게 감소하였다. 골대사호르몬 중 칼시토닌과 오스테오칼신은 그룹×시기 간 상호작용 효과가 나타났고, 오스테오칼신은 대조군이 유의하게 감소하였다. 따라서 본 연구의 결과를 통해 12주간의 복합운동이 여성노인의 신체활동을 활발하게 하여 폐 기능을 개선하고 혈중 비타민 D의 결핍을 완화할 수 있다고 생각되지만 칼슘 및 골대사호르몬에서는 유의미한 결과를 나타내지 못하였다.

Background: Multifaceted approaches will be needed, such as global synkinesis (GS) achieve functional improvements in the arms of stroke patients from involuntary movements during exercise. Objective: To identify changes in arm GS and muscle activity, functional evaluation and the correlation with variables through action observation training, combined with functional electrical stimulation (FES), thereby verifying the effect on stroke patients. Design: A quasi-experimental study. Methods: The subjects of this study were 20 stroke patients who were divided into two groups: Control group (n=10) and experimental group (n=10). Before the intervention, arm GS and muscle activity were measured using surface electromyography (EMG), and arm function was evaluated using the Fugl– Meyer Assessment (FMA) scale. At the end of the intervention, which lasted 4-wk, arm GS and muscle activity were measured again using the same scale. Results: There was a decrease statistically significant difference in GS during the bending action in experimental group (P<.01). Both groups showed a significant difference increased only in the activity of the anterior deltoid (AD) and biceps brachii (BB) (P<.05). The results of the arm functional assessment revealed a significant difference increase in both groups (P<.05). In the between-group comparison, there was a significant difference decrease in GS during the bending action (P<.05). Only the muscle activity of the AD and BB were significantly increase different (P<.05). There was a significant betweengroup difference increase in the arm functional assessment (P<.05). There was a positive correlation between GS and muscle activity on the FMA in the control group (r=.678, P<.05). In experimental group, GS during the bending arm action exhibited a negative correlation (r=-.749, P<.05), and the muscle activity of the AD and BB showed a positive correlation (r=.701, P<.05). Furthermore, in experimental group, the activity of the extensor carpi radialis increased, and the activity of the flexor carpi radialis decreased, which exhibited a negative correlation (r=-.708, P<.05). Conclusion: These results suggest that brain plasticity could be more efficiently stimulated by combining surface stimulation in the affected arm of stroke patients.

이 연구의 목적은 복합운동이 노인여성의 낙상관련 지표 및 마이오카인에 미치는 효과를 보는데 있다. 근감소증은 근력의 손실로 인해 발생하고, 기능적 상태의 감소, 활동력의 저하에 따른 낙상의 위험성이 높아지고 끝내 사망의 위험성이 높아지게 된다. 유산소운동은 대근을 이용한 리듬과 반복적인 동작 으로 특징 지워지고 주로 유산소성 대사를 통한 산소를 에너지 이용으로 심폐체력, 체성분 및 심장과 호흡계 건강에 기여한다. 한편 저항운동은 근육에 스트레스를 가해 노인들의 근력관련 체력과 기능적 수행 개선에 기여한다. 근기능 및 심폐지구력 향상을 꾀하는 복합운동은 노년들의 효과적인 건강증진에 기여하는 것으로 나타내고 있다. 근육에서 분비되는 마이오카인은 운동에 중요한 요인으로 간주되고 있는데 지방세포 감소, 골격, 근육 및 인체 전반에 걸쳐 유익한 효과를 보인다.

The effect of fumigation on the phosphine-susceptible and -resistant strains in the T. castaneum was evaluated using phosphine, ethyl formate, and combination with phosphine and ethyl formate (phosphine+ethyl formate). The Lethal Concentration Time (LCT)50 analysis of susceptible strains, late larva showed that phosphine (0.13 mg·h / L), ethyl formate (80.91 mg·h / L), and phosphine + ethyl formate (19.36 mg·h / L). The LCT50 of adult was 0.05 mg·h / L, 68.58 mg·h / L and 17.84 mg·h / L when treated with phosphine, ethyl formate, and phosphine + ethyl formate. The LCT50 of resistant strains, late larva was found to 33.32 mg·h / L of phosphine, 113.46 mg·h / L of ethyl formate and 129.85 mg·h / L of phosphine + ethyl formate, and the LCT50 of adult was 55.71 mg·h / L of phosphine, 85.39 mg·h / L, phosphine + ethyl formate 85.83 mg·h / L. The treatment of three fumigants (phosphine, ehtyl formate, and phosphine+ethyl formate) showed the possibility of controlling against T. castaneum of phosphine-susceptible and –resistant strains.

목적 : 본 연구는 완곡추적 안구운동과 경부신전근 진동자극법의 결합중재가 만성 뇌졸중 환자의 편측무시와 일상생활활동 수행에 미치는 영향을 확인하는 것이다. 연구방법 : 본 연구는 발병 후 6개월 이상 지난 3명의 뇌졸중 편측무시 환자를 대상으로 하였으며, 단일대상연구 방법 중 ABAC디자인으로 연구를 진행하였다. 연구는 기초선(A1) 1주, 중재기(B) 2주, 기초선(A2) 1주, 그리고 중재기(C) 2주로 총 6주간 진행되었으며, 중재기(B)에서는 완곡추적 안구운동(Smooth Pursuit Eye Movement; SPEM)의 단일중재를, 중재기(C)에서는 경부신전근 진동자극법(Neck Muscle Vibration; NMV)과 SPEM의 결합중재를 실시하였다. 평가는 매회기 선 나누기 검사와 벨 테스트(Bells test)를 실시하였으며, 한국판 캐서린 버지고 척도(Korean-Catherine Bergego Scale; K-CBS)와 한국판 일상생활활동 중심 작업기반 신경행동 평가(Korean version of ADL-focused Occupation-based Neurobehavioral Evaluation; K-A-ONE)를 기초선(A1)의 첫 회기와 각 중재기의 마지막 회기에 시행하였다. 결과 : 연구결과 SPEM과 NMV를 단일 또는 결합하여 적용하였을 때 편측무시의 지필검사(선 나누기 검사와 벨 테스트)와 관찰적 검사(K-CBS와 K-A-ONE)에서 편측무시가 개선됨을 확인하였고, 특히 결합중재시에 더 효과가 좋았던 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 편측무시가 개선됨에 따라 일상생활활동의 수행(K-A-ONE)에서도 향상을 보였는데, 편측무시 환자의 일상생활을 저해하는 신경행동 손상은 편측무시 뿐만 아니라 공간관계나 마비와 같은 손상 등이 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타나 다양한 신경행동 손상의 중재를 포함하는 포괄적인 재활프로그램을 계획해야함을 확인하였다. 결론 : 본 연구를 통해 SPEM과 NMV의 결합중재가 만성 뇌졸중 환자의 편측무시를 감소시키고 일상생활 활동 수행을 향상시키는데 효과적인 중재라는 것을 확인하였다.