This study aimed to develop the in vitro method using domestic commercial diets to estimate nutrient digestibility in dogs. The existing in vitro method were tested and compared with literature data to develop new in vitro method. The development of in vitro method progressed as follows: modification of pepsin solution to an activated form and supplementation with 1% lipase. All the in vitro method progressed to 4 hours of stomach simulation and 2 hours of small intestine simulation. In vivo digestibility was measured using the same diets as beagle dogs. The supplementation of lipase methods showed significantly improved (p < 0.05) DM, OM, and EE than the existing and modified pepsin solution methods. The correlation between in vitro and in vivo data in DM, OM, and EE digestibility was high (r2 = 0.889, 0.907, and 0.721, respectively), and the correlation between in vitro and in vivo data in CP and GE digestibility was medium (r2 = 0.681 and 0.536, respectively). The current in vitro method is similar to in vivo digestibility and helps potentially predict digestibility for dogs. In conclusion, this developed in vitro method suggests that it can help estimate the nutrient digestibility of dogs' diets without in vivo experiments.

We investigated the effect of a synthetic complement peptide C3a on the outcome of Brucella abortus 544 infection in a murine macrophage cell line RAW264.7 cell. First, we determined the highest non-cytotoxic concentration of the peptide in the cell line. We also found that the peptide significantly increased the growth of the bacteria at 8 and 24 h. Although the number of bacterial CFU was also elevated at 48 and 72 h, the increases were not significant as compared to controls. We further investigated the effect of C3a peptide on the growth of Brucella by pre-incubating the peptide at various temperatures and found that the effect was reversed at 24 h post-incubation suggesting that incubation of peptide at high temperatures including 65°C or 95°C could inactivate its action. This also could indicate the beneficial effect of high temperature during infection. Although several studies reported the inhibitory effect of different antimicrobial peptides including C3a, the present study preliminarily revealed that it had no positive contribution on the control of B. abortus 544 infection in vitro and indirectly to its receptor, CD88, which belongs to GPCR. Moreover, the encouraged further exploration of the effect of other similar peptides would be performed for the purpose of finding Brucella-host cell interaction for the control of disease progression.

본 논문은 베트남 중국어 학습자의 중국어 학습 코퍼스를 이용하여, 베트남 학습자의 복합추 향보어 인신의의 습득 현황을 파악하고자 하였다. 연구를 통해 베트남 학습자들의 모델은 “U형 태의 행위모델”임을 알 수 있었다. 습득과정에서의 오류 유형은 다양한 형태로 분석되었으나, 복합추향보어 “冗余”의 인신의의 경우 모든 학습 단계에서 주요한 오류로 파악되었다. 이는 모어의 전이과정과 몾적어의 규칙의 변화로 인한 것으로 이해할 수 있다. 중국어를 모국어로 사용하는 화자들과 비교해 볼 때 베트남 중국어 학습자의 복합추향보어인신의를 더 적게 사용하 려는 경향이 있었다. 이러한 분석을 토대로 본고에서 보충적 학습 방법을 제안하였다.

There has not been any scientific analysis on appropriate size of workforce and salary for civilian workers in military so far. Thus, this paper conducted analysis on propriety in employment size of military doctrine researchers using system dynamic methodology based on annual military doctrine workload. Vensim software was mainly used to measure complement of the research group based on data from job analysis. Secondly, a multiple regression analysis was performed to study an appropriate wage for researchers based on their expertise and working condition. The data from twenty public research institutions and twenty eight job positions that are performing similar duty with military doctrine researchers was obtained and utilized to create a salary- estimation regression equation in the analysis. Finally, with cost-benefit analysis method this paper studied financial effectiveness of hiring military doctrine researchers. Contingent valuation method, which has been recognized as one of the most effective methodologies in cost-benefit analysis on intangible value, was utilized to measure benefit of hiring the researchers. The methodology presented in this paper can be applied to measure and improve the efficiency of military organization not only in military doctrine research area but also in several military functional area (military training, logistics, administration, combat development, and combat support).

本文运用语料库方法对‘程度副词+V得/不C’结构的使用情况进行了调查，检索结果发现在1223个动词当中，可适用于该结构的动词有199个。经分析表明‘V得/不C’能否受到程度副词修饰、能否带宾语都与可能补语结构的词汇化程度、结构形式、充当补语的词类无关，而是由可能补语结构本身具有的可能意义表达出来的状态、性质特征所决定的。因此，本文将这些能受到程度副词修饰的可能补语结构看成一个语块(chunk）。并且把‘程度副词+V得/不C+O’中的‘O(宾语)’视为表示状态、性质的一部分，也将其包括在语块范围在内，因此该结构应该分析为‘程度副词+(V得/不C+O）’结构。

Phonetic Complement of the homophone system in ShuoWencame from different periods. The Character-building ability of the same phonetic complement is different in different periods. According our study, more than half of the phonetic complements in ShuoWenhave already existed in the Shang Dynasty. Only 10%-20% of the phonetic complements were appeared in the other periods. Almost a third part of characters which existed in the Shang Dynasty were largely chosen as phonetic complement at that time.

본고는 그동안 학계에서 여러 이견이 있었던 보어 개념에 대해 문제점과 타당 성을 검토하고 일정한 방법과 기준을 통해 해결책을 제시하고자 하였다. 일반 언 어학 관점으로 볼 때 보어라는 개념 자체가 정의 내리기 어려운 측면이 있고 이를 한문에 적용하는 과정에서 한문 문법 서술 체계의 기준을 정하지 못함으로 인해 여러 문제가 노정되었다고 보여진다. 문제 해결을 위해서는, 한문에서 무엇을 보 어로 볼 것이냐가 아닌 한문에 과연 보어가 존재하느냐에 대한 논의가 선행되어 야 한다. 본고에서는 한문에서 소위 보어로 분석되어지는 언어 현상이 실제는 보 어가 아닐 수 있으며 따라서 보어라는 용어를 상정할 필요성이 없다는 소견을 제시하였다. 학문 문법의 측면에서 보면 한문을 좀더 정치하게 분석하기 위해 동사 뒤의 명사성 성분 및 유관 언어 현상을 세밀히 나누는 것이 필요하겠지만 학교 문법의 각도에서 보자면 실제 한문 독해력 신장과는 일정 정도 거리가 있는, 문법 을 위한 문법이라는 논란의 여지가 있을 수 있다. 따라서 목적어와 보어를 하나로 통일하여 목적어라는 개념을 쓰는 방안, 혹은 또 다른 용어, 예컨대 ‘客語’를 상정 하는 방안 등을 통해 간략하면서도 명확한 학교 문법 서술을 고려할 필요가 있을 것으로 생각된다.

Kinds of 《Lao Qi Da》 was the study book of Chinese used from the 14th century to the 18th century.<BR> This is the important materials to be known as the linguistic features of those days in reflecting used Chinese in an age of the Won, Myung, and Cheong.<BR> One of those, 《FanYi Lao Qi Da》, is the study book of Chinese which is translated Korean based on Chinese Character between the orthoepist and the popular pronunciations by Choi, Se-Jin in the Chosun Dynasty era.<BR> The Verb-complement organizes Resultative Complements, Directional complements, Degree Adverb Complement, Potential Complements, Quantifier Complements showed 《FanYi Lao Qi Da》. However, this article was not explained about the complement of Quantifier Complements.<BR> To be extremely careful in the Resultative Complements, the complement could be the adverb moving ahead of the verb and 「Jiang 將」 which was normalized to preposition in the modern Chinese was used to Directional complements or completion marks.<BR> 「V+de/bu de」 is used a lot among three types in the Potential Complements.

  This paper considers a six sigma project for improving productivity of the brace complement center pillar. The project follows a disciplined process of five phases: define, measure, analyze, improve, and control. A process map is used to identify proces

Fish larvae are immediately exposed to microbes from hatching to maturation of their lymphoid organs, therefore effective innate mechanisms is very important for survival in such an environment. The key component of innate immune system, C3 is central protein of all activation pathways of the complement system, leading to inflammatory reactions, such as opsonisation, chemotaxis, and cell lysis of pathogens. Although, innate mechanisms is essential for survival in the early stage of development, little is known about defence mechanisms. In this study, the alignment analysis showed that amino acid sequence of C3 from olive flounder liver EST homologous to other known C3 sequences with 73-99% identity. Also, we examined the tissue distribution of olive flounder C3 and analyzed expression pattern from the fertilized egg until 28 days post hatching. As a result, olive flounder C3 mRNA was expressed only in the liver and the mRNA level more increased as developmental proceed during the early stage. These results may suggest that olive flounder C3 plays an important function in the early immune response of olive flounder larvae.