Steel moment frame connections are vital in moment frames designed to resist forces transferred from adjoining beams and columns. The welded unreinforced flange-welded web (WUF-W) connection is one of the pre-qualified connections used for steel special moment frames (SMFs). This study developed drift-based fragility functions for WUF-W connections based on test data of 35 WUF-W connection specimens from ten previous experimental studies. Four different damage states were defined to calculate the fragility: onset of yielding, local buckling, strength loss, and fracture. Fragility functions were derived assuming that lognormal distribution was validated using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) test. It was confirmed that fragility functions for WUF-W connections were accurately proposed within a specified confidence interval. The fragility functions proposed in this study exhibit smaller standard deviations compared to FEMA P58, thereby reducing the likelihood of overestimating or underestimating damage at specific drift ratios. Furthermore, these functions remain within the confidence intervals across all damage states, contributing to improved accuracy in damage analysis and loss estimation in performance-based earthquake engineering.

라멘 구조는 건설 분야에서 가장 널리 쓰이는 구조 형식이다. 그러나 최대 부모멘트가 발생하는 우각부에서 적절한 세부 검토 가 필요하다. 따라서 적절한 휨강도 및 휨강성을 보유한 연결구조가 필요하며, 이에 적합하지 않을 경우 우각부 볼트 배치를 회피하여야 한다. 이 연구에서는 휨강도, 휨강성 및 시공안전성 등의 구조적 성을 개선하기 위해 특수한 형식의 우각부 볼트 연결 방식을 제안하였 으며, 기존 및 제안한 볼트 연결 방식이 적용된 강재 라멘 구조에 대한 휨강도실험을 수행하였다. 실험 결과, 제안한 우각부 볼트 연결 방식은 기존 방식에 비해 휨성능이 우수한 것으로 나타났으며, 하부구조 전면에 헌치를 설치할 경우 휨성능이 더욱 증대되는 것으로 나타 났다.

본 연구에서는 연속철근 콘크리트 포장(CRCP) 본선차로에 줄눈 콘크리트 포장(JCP) 길어깨가 적용되었을 경우에 타이바와 슬래브에 작용하는 응력을 완화시키고자 창녕밀양 고속도로 건설사업단 1공구에 타이바 규격 및 배치에 따른 3가지 경우를 구성하여 시험시공 을 실시하였다. 각 경우마다 타이바에 철근 변형률계를 설치하고 길어깨 포장에 콘크리트 변형률계를 설치하여 거동 분석을 수행하였 다. 분석 결과, 모든 경우에서 타이바와 콘크리트 슬래브의 응력이 강도에 비해 작게 분석되어 공용성에는 문제가 없음을 확인하였다. 향후 주기적인 거동 분석을 통해 최적의 타이바 배치 및 규격을 설계하여 콘크리트 포장의 공용성을 향상시키고자 한다.

최근 프리팹 부재간 비간섭 계면이음 설계기술이 도입되고 기계주입식 충진 기술의 실용화 성공으 로, 교량 프리캐스트 바닥판 시공의 저해요인이 상당히 해결될 수 있다. 이 때 프리팹 부재에 GFRP 보강근을 적용한다면 가공조립비 절감 효과가 있고, 프리팹 부재의 경량화로 경제성이 제고될 뿐 만 아니라, 현장 안전성과 작업편의성이 향상될 것으로 보인다. 기존 철근 연신율은 20% 내외 수준인데 반해 GFRP 보강근의 파괴변형율은 3% 내외이며 탄성계수는 50GPa (강재 대비 25%수준)이므로, 이 러한 재료특성 차이로 인한 휨성능에 대한 영향 평가가 필요하다. 특히 GFRP 보강근을 프리캐스트 바닥판과 거더 간 계면이음 적용에 따른 영향을 평가하기 위한 프로토타입 거더를 설계하고, 재료간 계면의 부착 특성을 고려한 유한요소해석 모델을 수립하고 극한 휨성능과 소요 계면 전단성능과의 상 관관계를 검토하였다. 추후 본 변수해석 연구에 대해 실험적 검증이 완수된다면, GFRP 보강근 설계기 술을 정립하는 데 기여할 것으로 기대된다.

본 연구는 연결어미 ‘-다가’로 이루어진 구문의 특징을 살펴보고 ‘-다 가’ 구문을 의미적 측면과 통사적 측면으로 기술할 것이다. ‘-다가’의 여 러 가지 의미 기능 중에서 전후의 시간 관계를 나타내는 ‘계기’가 기본 의미임을 밝힐 것이다. ‘-다가’는 연결어미로서 절과 절을 연결시키는 역 할을 한다. ‘-다가’의 의미는 대등적 접속문과 종속적 접속문에서 선 · 후행절의 의미 관계에 따라 다르게 나타났다. 또한 맥락에 따라 결정되 는 이런 의미들은 ‘-다가’의 문맥 의미로 보고 이에 대한 논의를 검토하 였다. ‘-다가’의 문맥 의미는 종속적 접속문도 선행절과 후행절의 관계에 따라 ‘우연 계기’, ‘원인 계기’, ‘조건 계기’와 ‘부가 계기’의미로 나타나 므로 다양한 구문과 예시를 통해 살펴보았다. 특히 인지의미론에 개념 화자의 정신 공간 이론을 바탕으로 기저 공간(base space)에서 새로운 정신공간이 구축되며 ‘계기’가 ‘-다가’의 기본 의미를 논증하였다. 그리고 개념 혼성 이론을 이용하여 문맥 의미를 밝혔다.

PURPOSES : This study was conducted to investigate the stress distribution and resulting effects in the joint between CRCP and JCP when temperature deformation occurs. METHODS : The tie bars, CRCP and JCP pavements, and lean concrete base were created as three-dimensional finite element models using ABAQUS, a general-purpose finite element analysis program. Contact stress analysis was performed between rebar and JCP and between JCP and lean concrete base layer. In the section where stress concentration occurred, the degree of damage was estimated using the CDP model. RESULTS : Since the domestic CRCP does not have a separation layer between the base layer and the surface layer, it was found that when connected to a JCP where the base layer and the surface layer are completely separated, stress concentration occurs around the tie bar at the connection point. Analysis results using the CDP model showed that 25 to 32 mm around the reinforcing bar exceeded the elastic range of concrete. CONCLUSIONS : At the point where CRCP and JCP are connected, local stress concentration is inevitable because the friction and bonding conditions with the base layer and the degree of curling deformation restraint by CRCP rebars are different, and design improvement is expected through life cycle cost and long-term measurement analysis.

PURPOSES : In this study, the initial behaviors of shoulder concrete slabs and tiebars at the longitudinal construction joints between the shoulder JCP and mainline CRCP are investigated. METHODS : The strains of concrete and tiebars were measured at the longitudinal construction joint between the CRCP and JCP. Measurements were performed using data accumulated over a month after concrete placement. The contact conditions were investigated by comparing the strains at each location. RESULTS : The longitudinal construction joints between the shoulder JCP and mainline CRCP exhibited the composite behavior of bonding and friction, and a virtual neutral axis was formed inside the JCP. At the connection of the shoulder concrete, the strain and temperature of the concrete were inversely proportional. The tiebars connecting the CRCP and JCP exhibited different behaviors depending on the bonding conditions around the tiebars of the construction joints. In the presumed state in which the bonding condition was maintained, the concrete temperature and tiebar strain were directly proportional; however, the presumed state of the separation condition exhibited an inversely proportional relationship. In the 24-h behaviors of the tiebars, the effects of the horizontal and curling movements overlapped, and the strains of the measured tiebars increased at the minimum and maximum temperatures of the shoulder JCP. CONCLUSIONS : The strains in the tiebars and concrete slabs primarily depended on the boundary conditions (bonding and friction) of the longitudinal construction joint between the shoulder JCP and mainline CRCP.

Almost all of the water from agricultural dams located to the upper of the Yeongsan river is supplied as irrigation water for farmland and thus is not discharged to the main stream of the river. Also, most of the irrigation water does not return to the river after use, adding to the lack of flow in the main stream. As a result, the water quality and aquatic health of the river have become the poorest among the four major rivers in Korea. Therefore, in this study, several strategies for water quality improvement of the river were developed considering pollution reduction and flow rate increase, and their effect analysis was performed using a water quality model. The results of this study showed that the target water quality of the Yeongsan river could be achieved if flow increase strategies (FISs) are intensively pursued in parallel with pollution reduction. The reason is because the water quality of the river has been steadily improved through pollution reduction but this method is now nearing the limit. In addition, rainfall-related FISs such as dam construction and water distribution adjustment may be less effective or lost if a megadrought continues due to climate change and then rainfall does not occur for a long time. Therefore, in the future, if the application conditions for the FISs are similar, the seawater desalination facility, which is independent of rainfall, should be considered as the priority installation target among the FISs. The reason is that seawater desalination facilities can replace the water supply function of dams, which are difficult to newly build in Korea, and can be useful as a climate change adaptation facility by preventing water-related disasters in the event of a long-term megadrought.

While companies and brands have always collected and used customer data for multiple purposes, the advent of smart devices, Internet of Things (IoT), and big data has made it much easier to access and utilize consumers’ personal information. For consumers, however, such ease of access to their personal data and frequent cases of data breach have increased their concerns about data privacy (Harris & Associates, 1996; Milne et al., 2004). Nevertheless, consumers continue to share their personal information with companies and brands in the digital environment (Turow et al., 2015).

본 논문은 남북 정상회담에서 합의했고, 문재인 전 대통령이 유엔연설 에서 여러 차례 제의한 종전선언을 북한이 받아들이지 않은 이유를 김일 성이 밝힌 ‘3대혁명역량강화방침’에 입각해서 추론한 것이다. ‘북조선 혁 명역량강화’에서는 핵무력을 보유한 군사적 역량은 어느 때보다 강하지 만 국제제재와 경제난으로 주민들의 불만이 고조되는 등 정치·경제적 역 량은 매우 약화되었다. 이러한 체제내구력 보완을 위해 ‘강한 외부의 적’ 인 ‘미 제국주의’가 필요하므로 평화체제로 전환하는 첫 단계인 종전선언 카드를 받지 못한 것으로 볼 수 있다. ‘남조선 혁명역량강화’에서는 ‘이 석기 내란 선동 사건’처럼 제도권 침투를 비롯해 노동, 교육, 문화, 종교 계 등 사회 저변에 친북·반미 의식이 폭넓게 퍼져있다. 따라서 미-북 간 종전선언으로 인해 평화체제로 전환된다면 반미 명분이 약화되어 70여 년간 축적된 남한의 혁명역량이 치명적 타격을 받을 수 있다. ‘국제 혁명 역량강화’의 핵심은 국제사회에서 반제·반미 통일전선을 형성하여 미국을 고립시켜 궁극적으로 ‘혁명의 가장 큰 장애물’인 주한미군을 철수시키는 것이다. 미-북 간 종전선언이 합의된다면 적대관계가 청산되어 미국을 비롯한 반제·반미 이데올로기로 연대한 ‘국제 혁명역량’이 와해될 수도 있다. 따라서 향후 북한은 자체의 힘으로 충분한 대미 핵 억제력 및 체 제 내구력을 갖추고, 전술핵무기와 배합된 남조선 혁명역량을 완비할 때 까지 ‘종전선언 카드’를 받지 않을 것으로 전망된다.

A timber lattice roof, which has around 30m span, was constructed. In order to figure out the realistic buckling load level, the structural analysis of this roof structure was performed especially by stiffness of connection with various asymmetric snow load. Due to the characteristics of application of snow load, the load combinations of snow should be considered not only global area but also local part so that the critical buckling load could be observed as easy as possible. Geometrical imperfection was simulated to consider inaccurate shape of structure. And then nonlinear analysis were performed. Finally, this paper could investigate that the asymmetric snow load with the lower level stiffness of connection decreased the level of buckling load significantly.

Kōyōshō and Yakushushō, written by a Buddhist monk of the Shingon school in the late Heian period, Jian Yi, which are used for sacrificial ceremony in Esoteric Buddhism. They are extracted from Chong Guang Bu Zhu Ben Cao, Reading―book for Emperor in XiuWenDian and various buddhist sutras, and copied by Guan You and other monks, truly reflecting stylistic features at that time and having significant research value in literature, language and character. In the process of copying books, sometimes, the content will mutate. These mutations are’t isolated cases, and tend to be systemic. This article discusses the inter-character relationship about 12 groups of regular characters of Kōyōshō and Yakushushō in the Heian period in Japan, and clears out the hidden laws of writing and use of Chinese characters.

Research on the birth (起源) and names (語源) of foods such as kimchi is important to understand traditional food culture. kimchi, an ‘add flavored, fermented, pickled, vegetable food’ was initially prepared with the simple purpose of increasing storage capabilities, but later, through a complex process of change, morphological diversification occurred. In addition to the basic name of ‘kimchi’, each variety has its unique name and history. This study was conducted through qualitative research using various research methods, such as oral records and interviews, as well as investigation of data from literature, including ancient literature, modern cookbooks, newspapers, magazines, papers, and videos. The study sought to investigate the context and the meaning of the name Chonggak kimchi. In addition, it is a compilation of how the name spread through the ages and evolved to its current name. The name Chonggak kimchi did not exist during the Joseon Dynasty and Japanese occupation and first appeared in the records in the late 1950s. Nevertheless, the original name of ‘Altarimu kimchi’ evolved and finally became a part of the standard Korean language (標準語) in 1988. In the process of the name spreading and becoming popular, the movie “Chonggak kimchi (1964),” starring Shin, S.I., and Eom, A.R. played a significant role. It was also confirmed that this was a meaningful and valuable case of contentization of traditional food culture, regardless of the intention behind the same.