Supplementing feed components is becoming increasingly difficult for various reasons, including increased shipping costs, decreased capture efficiency, and global warming. For this reason, much research has been conducted globally to find alternative protein sources. The black soldier fly (BSF; Hermetia illucens) is an important feed item for nutritional accumulation and has environmental consequences. Few studies have been conducted to determine the nutritional level of the substrate, but most of these studies have involved modifying the substrate material. The aim of this study was to determine the ideal crude protein(CP) content of a substrate for BSF rearing. The experimental treatment was separated into three CP levels (low, 13.5%; medium, 20%; high, 26.5%) in the substrate. The results showed that the BSF weight (6.46%) and protein conversion ratio (1.13%) increased as the substrate CP level increased (p<0.05). In addition, protein (14.38%) and lipid (13.12%) yields were significantly increased (p<0.05). The BSF CP level increased as the substrate CP level increased (p<0.05). CP levels in the substrate upregulated the levels of certain fatty acids, essential amino acids, and non-essential amino acids (p<0.05). In conclusion, the potential values of BSF as feed were improved as the CP level of the substrate increased; However, no difference was found between medium and high CP levels in the rearing substrate. These results suggested that the substrate CP level should be at the medium level for optimal product quality. In conclusion, BSF quality is influenced by substrate nutrient levels, necessitating the development of specialized substrates for effective rearing.

Diets different in crude protein (CP) and undegraded intake protein (UIP) contents were offered to sheep in a metabolism study to describe their effects on nutrient digestibility and nitrogen (N) metabolism. Six Corriedale sheep (body weight=56.2±2.3 kg) were divided in random within a Latin square design (replicated) to 1 of 3 diets: 1) a low-CP diet (LP; 12.2% CP with 35.1% UIP), 2) high CP with low UIP diet (HPLU; 14.9% CP with 33.7% UIP), and 3) high CP with high UIP diet (HPHU; 15.5% CP with 45.8% UIP). High-protein dried distillers grain and soybean meal were the main CP sources for the adjustment of UIP:DIP in the diets. No significant differences were found in feed consumption and nutrient digestibility; however, a greater proportion of CP was digested in sheep fed the HPLU diet (69.4%; P=0.04). Although N intake was greater in sheep receiving HPLU and HPHU diets, loss of N through fecal or urinary route was not different among sheep, which resulted in the highest (12.7 g/d) and lowest N retention (7.40 g/d) in HPHU- and LP-fed sheep, respectively. In conclusion, although CP or UIP content had marginal effects on feed consumption and whole-tract digestibility of the majority of nutrients, with the increased CP and UIP levels in the diet, the efficiency of N utilization was improved with regard to increased N retention with minimal differences in N excretion, which is important from an economic and environmental standpoint.

The objectives of this study was to evaluate the degradability and digestibility of crude protein (CP), rumen undegradable protein (RUP), and individual amino acids (AA) on six by-product feedstuffs (BPF) (rice bran, RB; wheat bran, WB; corn gluten feed, CGF; tofu residue, TR; spent mushroom substrate from Pleurotus ostreatus, SMSP; brewers grain, BG) as ruminants feed. Three Hanwoo steers (40 months old, 520 ± 20.20 kg of body weight) fitted with a permanent rumen cannula and T-shaped duodenal cannula were used to examine of the BPF using in situ nylon bag and mobile bag technique. The bran CGF (19.2%) and food-processing residue BG (19.7%) had the highest CP contents than other feeds. The RUP value of bran RB (39.7%) and food-processing residues SMSP (81.1%) were higher than other feeds. The intestinal digestion of CP was higher in bran RB (44.2%) and food-processing residues BG (40.5%) than other feeds. In addition, intestinal digestion of Met was higher in bran RB (55.7%) and food-processing residues BG (44.0%) than other feeds. Overall, these results suggest that RB and BG might be useful as main raw ingredients in feed for ruminants. Our results can be used as baseline data for ruminant ration formulation.

This study investigated the crude protein and amino acid contents of local agricultural products widely and specifically grown in Korea, including 25 vegetables and 13 fruits. The crude protein content of vegetables and fruits ranged from 0.46 to 6.53% and 0.29 to 2.23%, respectively. Totally, 17 types of amino acids were found in most samples. The total amino acid content of vegetables and fruits ranged from 457.38 to 9,303.18 mg% and 368.82 to 3,118.75 mg%, respectively. The total amino acid contents of garlic and passion fruit was higher compared to other vagetables and fruits. The calibration curves of the standard components showed good linearity (r2>0.99), except Met (r2=0.989). The limits of LOD and LOQ were in the range 0.034 to 0.991 μg/mL and 0.009 to 0.474 μg/mL, respectively. The results of the study can serve as a fundamental source of information regarding crude protein and amino acids contents in food, for diet planning.

This study was conducted to evaluate the protein requirement for maintenance of fattening Korean black goat (Capra hircus coreanae). Six male goats with average initial body weight (BW) of 31.78±4.54kg and an average age of 8 months were used in this study. The experiment had a replicated duplicated 3×3 Latin square design for balancing carryover effects. In the course of the experiment, each of Black goats were fed three diets that were formulated to contain T1 (13%), T2 (16%) and T3 (19%) levels of crude protein (CP). A 14-day diet adjustment period was followed by a 5-day collection period. Dry matter intake (DMI) of groups fed diets with T2 was 966.67g/d which was higher than group fed diets with T1 and T3 were 925.14g/d and 936.08g/d each. Average daily gains (ADG) of black goats were the highest in T2(167.13g/d) But, there was no significant difference. Dietary protein levels affected the apparent digestibility of CP (p<0.05). A significant difference was found in CP intake among treatments and goats receiving T3, T2, and T1 recorded 181.23, 154.57, and 128.78g CP/d, respectively. This was excepted because CP intake is proportional to CP content of diet, which from highest to lowest was as follows: T3 (19%) > T2 (16%) > T1 (13%). Intercept of the regression equation between CP intake and CP balance indicated that maintenance CP requirement was 1.63g/BW0.75.

본 연구는 국내 주요 조사료(rice straw, timothy and alfalfa) 및 쑥과 녹차의 반추위 소화율과 물리 적 구조를 비교하기 위해 in vitro 와 in situ 실험을 실시하였다. 각 사료별 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48 및 72 시간 동안 배양하였고, in vitro 실험에서는 가스 발생량, 미생물 성장량, pH를 측정하였다. 가스발생량은 배양시간이 경과할 수록 모든 시간대에서 증가하였고(p<0.05), 녹차에서의 가스발생량이 가장 낮았다. 미생물 성장량은 배양시간이 경과할수록 모든 처리구에서 증가하는 경향이었으나, 유의차 는 나타나지 않았고(p<0.05), 쑥과 녹차의 미생물 성장량이 다른 처리구에 비해 낮게 나타났다 (p<0.05). 반추위내 pH는 배양시간 경과할 수록 감소하였고, 티모시의 pH가 다른 사료에 비해 가장 낮 았으며, 볏짚의 pH가 다른 사료에 비해 높았다(p<0.05). In situ 실험에서 모든 시간대 녹차의 건물소 화율(DM; Dry Matter) 및 조단백 소화율(CP; Crude Protein)은 가장 높았다(p<0.05). 또한 반추위내 통과 속도 4% 쑥에서 건물소화율이 가장 높았고, 알팔파는 조단백 소화율이 가장 높았다(p<0.05). 녹차 와 쑥의 표면과 기공을 주사전자현미경(SEM; scanning electron microscope)으로 관찰한 결과, 쑥 표 면에는 미생물이 존재하지 않아 반추위 내 영양소 소화율이 낮은 것으로 사료되고, 녹차는 기공에 미생 물이 관찰 되었다. In vitro 및 in situ 실험의 결과를 통하여 반추동물의 사료원료로 잠재적인 가치가 있을 것으로 사료된다.

유산양의 에너지 및 단백질 이용성을 조사하기 위하여 대조구(A), TDN 증량구(B), 조단백질 증량구(C) 그리고 TDN 및 조단백질 증량구(D)로 구분하여 섭취량, 소화율과 질소 및 에너지 이용성을 시험하였다. 공시축은 유산양(Saanen, 평균체중 17.5kg, female) 12두를 공시하였고, 2008년 10월 20일부터 11월 9일까지 충남대학교 부설동물사육장에서 수행하였다. 건물 섭취량은 D구에서 가장 높았으며 B구가 C구보다 유의적으로 높

본 연구는 섬유질배합사료의 조단백질 수준이 임신초기 흑염소의 사료섭취량, 영양소 소화율 및 질소 축적율에 미치는 영향을 조사하여 임신흑염소의 적정 조단백질 수준을 구명하기 위하여 실시하였다. 공시축은 임신초기흑염소 12두를 4처리구(관행사료구, 조단백질 10, 12 및 15%)로 나누어 처리구당 3두씩 대사케이지에 완전임의 배치법으로 배치하여 시험을 실시하였으며 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 섬유질배합사료의 일반 조성분은 건물 함량이 를 나타내었고, ADF와

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate growth characteristics, forage production and crude protein yield according to cutting time of Soghum Sudangrass Hybrid, and decide ideal harvesting time for use of soiling and silage. Experiment design was arr

Orchardgrass 및 white clover에서 미량요소 Fe, Mn, Cu 및 Zn의 systematic variation 시비가 목초의 생육, 개화, 수량 및, 양분 함량 등에 미치는 영향 등을 구명하였다. 다량요소 양분을 동일 양 시비한 조건에서 Fe/Cu(시험군-1), Mn/Zn(시험군-2) 및 Fe+Cu/Mn+Zn(시험군-3)의 처리는 systematic variation 방법으로 시험군별 총 시비량을 각각 0/100, 25/75, 50/

Orchardgrass 및 white clover의 단파 및 혼파 재배조건에서 미량요소 Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Mo및 B의 조합시비가 목초의 생육, 개화, 수량, 양분 함량 및 식생구성비율 등에 미치는 영향을 구명하였다. 다량요소 양분을 동일 량 시비한 조건에서 7 수준의 미량요소 조합시비는 ; 대조구, ; Fe, ; Fe+Mn, ; Fe+Mn＋Cu, ; Fe＋Mn＋Cu＋Zn, ; Fe＋Mn＋Cu＋Zn＋Mo 및 ; Fe＋Mn＋Cu＋Zn＋Mo＋B로

Orchardgrass 및 white clover의 단파 및 혼파재배에서 미량요소 붕소(B)의 시비수준별 목초의 생육상, 뿌리/근류 형성, 수량성, 영양성분/무기양분의 함량 및 초종간 경합지수 등에 미치는 영향을 구명하였다. 처리내용은 다양 및 미량요소 시비를 동일하게 한 조건에서 5 수준의 붕소 처리: 1) ; 0.0, 2) ; 0.2, 3) ; 2.0. 4) ; 6.0, 5) B; 15.0me B/pot로 glasshouse에서 시험으로 수행하였다.

가을에 파종한 사초용유채(Brassica napus Subsp. oleifera cv. Swiss)의 생육기간 동안의 질소대사와 관련하여 건물수량 및 조단백질의 축적정도를 규명하기 위해. 생육기간중 수량 및 조단백질 함량을 측정하고, 엽내 carbon, nitrogen 및 hydrogen 함량을 비교. 분석하였다. 월동기인 '91년 11월 7일부터 '92년 2월 4일 동안의 생초량 및 건물량의 축적은 매우 적었으며, 엽내 C함량은 건물 1g당 382mg

본 시험은 alfalfa파종시 겉뿌림 및 다른 파종방법들이 alfalfa의 생육. 건물수량.조단백질 생산량 및 잡초발생에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 겉뿌림, 겉뿌림+갈퀴질, 겉뿌림+갈퀴질+쇄압, 경운+산파+쇄압 및 경운+조파+쇄 등 5개 처매구를 두고, 1988년 9월부터 1989년 10월까지 축산시험장 초지시험포에서 수행되였으며, 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1.경운방법으로 6개월후에 토양산도와 토양의 매화학적 특성은 개선되었다. 2 알팔파의 정착개체

This field experiment was carried out to determine the effects of fertilizer application time in spring on the growth, crude protein(CP) content and dry matter(DM) yield of grasses for soiling. Application times of fertilizer were March 10, 20, 30, April