Block pavements are widely used in various infrastructures, offering durability and aesthetic appeal. However, assessing their condition through manual methods is resource-intensive and subjective. This study proposes a deep learning approach using the Hybrid TransUNet model to enhance the accuracy and efficiency of detecting block pavement distresses. A dataset of over 10,000 images was used to train and test binary and multiclass segmentation models, significantly improving detection accuracy. The results show that the Hybrid TransUNet model outperforms other models, though challenges in detecting certain distress types like cracks persist.

본 연구는 교정공무원의 지각된 통제감과 직무소진 관계에서 고통감내력과 정서조 절곤란의 순차 이중매개효과를 검증하는 데 그 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 수도권(서울, 경기)에 소재한 3개 교정기관과 충청권, 경상권에 소재한 2개 교정기관에 근무하는 만 21세에서 만 59세 미만의 교정공무원 223명(남:189명, 여:34명)을 대상으로 온라 인 자기 보고식 설문조사를 실시하여 지각된 통제감, 직무소진, 고통감내력, 정서조절 곤란을 측정하고 순차이중매개효과에 대한 검증을 실시하였다. 연구 결과 첫째, 지각 된 통제감과 고통감내력 간의 관계 및 정서조절곤란과 직무소진 간 관계에서 유의한 정적 상관이 나타났다. 아울러, 고통감내력과 정서조절곤란 간의 관계에서는 유의한 부적 상관이 나타났다. 둘째, 지각된 통제감이 고통감내력과 정서조절곤란을 순차적으 로 경유하여 직무소진에 미치는 매개 효과가 유의한 것으로 나타났다. 이 연구는 지각 된 통제감이 직무소진의 감소로 이어지는 과정에서 고통감내력과 정서조절곤란을 순 차적으로 경유할 가능성을 시사한다. 이러한 결과는 지각된 통제감을 가진 내담자가 직무소진을 호소할 때 고통감내력과 정서조절곤란에 대한 개입의 필요성을 제시한다.

PURPOSES : This study intended to derive a methodology that can evaluate water splash caused by distress on the road surface based on experimental methods and to present quantitatively by analyzing the impact on road users. METHODS : Through literature review, the current problems of road pavement and drainage facility standards, the factors of road splash caused by puddle was selected to measure damage. Field measurements were conducted by setting different conditions for each factors and setting different conditions based on the hypothesis. In addition, water splash by surface distress type and puddle was measured to analyze using statistical techniques from correlation to multi-regression. RESULTS : The maximum and effective distance due to road splash increases as the driving speed, regardless of vehicle load and tyre type. Splash was measured according to the type of road distress to analyze the correlation between the influencing factors, and there was a weak correlation between the width and length of the puddle, depth and the effective distance. In addition, the interaction analysis showed that there was an interaction between the width of the water hole and the depth of puddle. Moreover, based on the multi-regression analysis, it was not statistical significant. This is judged to that the number of data samples used for this analysis is limited because the diversity of puddle conditions cannot be set differently for each type of distress. CONCLUSIONS : Since the distress of depending on the size, depth and shape of the road surface, it is necessary to calculate it and present maintenance standards, so this results present an experimental methodology that can intuitively evaluate damage cased by unestablished puddle. From this results, this is expected to be used as a quantitative indicator to evaluate the satisfaction of road users as a functional performance according to road surface condition.

PURPOSES : To efficiently manage pavements, a systematic pavement management system must be established based on regional characteristics. Suppose that the future conditions of a pavement section can be predicted based on data obtained at present. In this case, a more reasonable road maintenance strategy should be established. Hence, a prediction model of the annual surface distress (SD) change for national highway pavements in Gangwon-do, Korea is developed based on influencing factors. METHODS : To develop the model, pavement performance data and influencing factors were obtained. Exploratory data analysis was performed to analyze the data acquired, and the results show that the data were preprocessed. The variables used for model development were selected via correlation analysis, where variables such as surface distress, international roughness index, daily temperature range, and heat wave days were used. Best subset regression was performed, where the candidate model was selected from all possible subsets based on certain criteria. The final model was selected based on an algorithm developed for rational model selection. The sensitivity of the annual SD change was analyzed based on the variables of the final model. RESULTS : The result of the sensitivity analysis shows that the annual SD change is affected by the variables in the following order: surface distress ˃ heat wave days ˃ daily temperature range ˃ international roughness index. CONCLUSIONS : An annual SD change prediction model is developed by considering the present performance, traffic volume, and climatic conditions. The model can facilitate the establishment of a reasonable road maintenance strategy. The prediction accuracy can be improved by obtaining additional data, such as the construction quality, material properties, and pavement thickness.

PURPOSES : The surface distress of asphalt pavements is one of the major factors affecting the safety of road users. The aim of this study was to analyze the factors influencing the occurrence of surface distress and statistically predict its annual change to contribute to more reasonable asphalt pavement management using the data periodically collected by the national highway pavement data management system. METHODS : In this study, the factors that were expected to influence the surface distress were determined by reviewing the literature. The normality was secured by changing the forms of the variables to make the distribution of the variables got closer to normal distribution. In addition, min-max normalization was performed to minimize the effect of the unit and magnitude of the candidate independent variables on the dependent variable. The final candidate independent variables were determined by analyzing the correlation between the annual surface distress change and each candidate independent variable. In addition, a prediction model was developed by performing data grouping and multi-regression analysis. RESULTS : An annual surface distress change prediction model was developed using present surface distress, age, and below 0 ℃ days as the independent variables. As a result of sensitivity analysis, the surface distress affected the annual surface distress change the most. The positive correlation between the dependent variable and each independent variable demonstrated engineering and statistical meaningfulness of the prediction model. CONCLUSIONS : The surface distress in the future can be predicted by applying the annual surface distress prediction model to the national highway asphalt pavement sections with survey data. In addition, the prediction model can be applied to the national highway pavement condition index (NHPCI) evaluating the national highway asphalt pavement conditions to be used in the prediction of future NHPCI.

PURPOSES : The logistic roads for freight transport along to the new port of Busan have been suffered by the rapid weather changes including high temperature and torrential rain. As a result, the roads require annual repair, which have been distressed seriously by the heavy logistic and environmental loads. Therefore, we need to identify the cause of the road pavement distresses and find a proper design method to minimize the pavement distress in order to prohibit the problem aggravated. METHODS : The damaged conditions of the logistic roads were investigated on-site. In addition, applied pavement designs, real traffic volumes, and historical climatic information were intensively collected for this project. With the investigated and collected data Korean pavement design program (KPRP) was implemented to analyzed the causes of the damaged roads and conceive the pavement design draft optimized for the roads. RESULTS : According to the investigation and KPRP analysis, the traffic volume to transport freights impacts significantly the pavement distress, so that a higher PG grade binder type should be used, for which polymer modified asphalt (PMA) binders are recommended. Moreover, its pavement thickness should be increased to secure load bearing capacity, but thickening the pavement has been discouraged due to difficulties induced by the road-sectional change, especially road-height change. CONCLUSIONS : In conclusion, 5cm PMA overlay is suggested for the normal-scale maintenance, and 7cm PMA overlay for large-scale maintenance. Besides these, the application of Polymer-modified Stone Matrix Asphalt (PSMA) using PG76-22 binder would be the best preventive maintenance method, which has been well know as having higher fatigue resistant performance than general PMA. However, if we use PSMA, quality control should be very cautious since PSMA can be very susceptible premature distress if its production and construction are improperly proceeded.

전 세계적으로 자율운항선박 기술개발이 가속화 되고 있는 현재 앞으로 자 율운항선박이 해운산업에서 어떻게 구현될 것인가에 대한 국제적 관심이 높다. 특히, 이러한 자율화 기술을 촉진시키고, 실현시키기 위해서는 규제 장벽을 식별하고, 새로운 제도적 장치를 마련하는 것이 중요할 것이다. 본 논문은 자율운 항선박과 관련된 규범적 연구 중 그동안 논의되지 않았던 해상조난자 지원제공 의무에 초점을 맞추었다. 해상조난자 지원제공의무는 전통적으로 하나의 관습법으로 간주되며, 국제사회에서 인도주의적 가치실현에 중요한 기여를 해왔다. 하지만 자율운항선박의 등장은 해상조난자 지원제공의무의 효과적 이행에 대한 근본적인 의문을 야기한다. 따라서 본 논문은 구체적으로 해상조난자 지원제공 의무의 실무상의 한계를 파악하고, 그에 대한 적절한 대응방안을 제시하였다.

해상에서 조난을 당한 선박에 대한 지원제공의무는 하나의 관습법으로 간주 되며, 이에 오랜 세월동안 선원은 해상에서 조난당한 사람에 대해 지원을 제공 하였다. 그러나 최근 국제사회의 정치적ㆍ경제적ㆍ종교적 문제로 인하여 많은 난민이 발생하고 이들이 해상을 통해 이주하는 중 조난당하는 경우가 많아졌다. 따라서 선원은 기존의 일반적 조난자의 구조를 넘어서 많은 수의 조난자를 구조하게 되었고, 이는 선원에게 안전이나 경제적 측면에서 커다란 부담이 되었으며, 이에 해상에서 조난자에 대해 지원제공의무를 지고 있는 선원의 보호 필요성이 증대되었다. 이에 이 연구는 선원의 해상조난자 지원제공의무에 대한 국내외 규정 검토, 해상조난자의 발생현황 검토, 그리고 선원의 보호 필요성 제시 및 그 개선방안에 대해 검토하였다. 이를 토대로 선원의 해상조난자 지원제공의무를 규정한 관련 협약의 개정(안)을 제시하고, 또한 국제적 차원의 협력 방안을 제시하였다.

Three CNN (Convolutional Neural Network) models of GoogLeNet, VGGNet, and Alexnet were evaluated to select the best deep learning based image analysis mothod that can detect pavement distresses of pothole, spalling, and punchout on expressway. Education data was obtained using pavement surface images of 11,056km length taken by Gopro camera equipped with an expressway patrol car. Also, deep learning framework of Caffe developed by Berkeley Vision and Learning Center was evaluated to use the three CNN models with other frameworks of Tensorflow developed by Google, and CNTK developed by Microsoft. After determing the optimal CNN model applicable for the distress detection, the analyzed images and corresponding GPS locations, distress sizes (greater than distress length of 150mm), required repair material quantities are trasmitted to local maintenance office using LTE wireless communication system through ICT center in Korea Expressway Corporation. It was found out that the GoogLeNet, AlexNet, and VGG-16 models coupled with the Caffe framework can detect pavement distresses by accuracy of 93%, 86%, and 72%, respectively. In addition to four distress image groups of cracking, spalling, pothole, and punchout, 22 different image groups of lane marking, grooving, patching area, joint, and so on were finally classified to improve the distress detection rate.

본 논문의 목적은 바이런이 쓴 『차일드 헤럴드의 순례』 III-IV 칸토에 주인공인 헤럴드가 인간의 명예, 권력, 유한성, 그리고 삶의 생명력과 관련하여 상실, 고통 그리고 영적인 깨달음에 대해 어떻게 인식하고 있는가를 다루는데 있다. 바이런이 살던 당대와 현대 비평가들은 이 부분에 대해 간략하게 언급해 오고 있으며, 특히 이를 바이런적 인물들의 특성으로 치부하는 경향이 있다. 즉, 바이런 시인 자신의 음울하고 고독한 면모의 일부가 드러난 것으로 폄훼하여 작품 자체의 역동성을 간과하고 있다. 이에 본 논문은 헤럴드가 칸토 네 개를 통해 어떻게 내면 및 외부세계와의 다양한 관계 속에서 상실, 고난, 영적 각성을 밀도 있게 드러내는 가에 초점을 두고 있다. 이를 바이런이 쓴 다른 작품들과의 상호연관성 속에서 심도 있게 다룸과 아울러 헤럴드가 사랑, 삶의 활력과 불멸의 세계를 상실과 고난에 대한 인식과 더불어 어떻게 받아들이고 있는가도 다루어 본다.

Most people seek a happy life and happiness positively affects sentiment, satisfaction with life, creativity, human relationship, business productivity, and even health and life extension. However, according to a survey in 2013, subjective happiness of adolescents (including university students) was very low compared to other age groups in Korea. Therefore this paper examined the effects of job-seeking stress, appearance recognition, financial situation, trust in government, and locus of control on university students' happiness using SEM (structural equation modeling). 207 university students in Seoul, Korea have been surveyed. At first, an initial experimental SEM model among these variables has been set up and reliability analysis has been conducted. Then multiple regression analyses on job-seeking stress and happiness as well as SEM analysis have been conducted. As a result of these analyses, the SEM model has been revised two times. The final SEM model passed the goodness-of-fit test (using RMR, GFI, NFI, CFI, and IFI indices). The final SEM model showed the followings. First, Higher job-seeking stress (especially sentimental part, rather than environment or action related parts) negatively affects happiness. Second, Trust in government also affects happiness both directly and indirectly. Third, Locus of control is affected both by trust in government and financial situation. Fourth, appearance recognition heavily affects job-seeking stress. In addition, appearance importance is higher than appearance interest, meaning that students who are not very interested in appearance usually recognize the importance of appearance. Finally, happiness is affected neither financial situation nor appearance recognition. Therefore, even either they are in a poor financial situation or not happy with their appearance, they can be happy if they have firm locus of control.

대양을 항해하는 선박들은 거친 파도 폭풍 정비 불량 등과 같은 해상의 위험으로 인해 때때로 결함이 발생하고 이 과정에서 침몰과 같은 중대한 해양사고에 이르기도 한다 국제항해에 종사하는 대부분의 선박들은 현대화 대형화 되었고 최첨단 항해설비를 장착하여 해양사고가 감소되고는 있지만 여전히 많 은 기준미달선들이 운항 중에 있다 이러한 안전관리가 부실한 기준미달선들은 해양사고의 위험성을 증가시키고 있다. 예컨대 기름이나 화학물질을 운송하는 탱커들이 침몰하게 되면 대량의 기름이나 유해한 화학물질이 바다로 유출될 수 있고 이로 인해 해양자원과 해양환경의 파괴로 이어질 수 있다 이렇게 화 학물질과 같은 위험화물을 운송하는 탱커가 조난을 당할 경우 유엔해양법협약 제 조 제 호는 조난 선박이 피난처를 찾기 위해 연안국의 영해수역에 정선하 거나 투묘하는 것을 허용하고 있다. 그러나 자국의 관할수역을 보호하기 위한 연안국의 권리는 조난선박에 대한 피난처를 제공하는 것보다 우선한다 따라서 유엔해양법협약 제 조는 연안국에 자국의 관할수역을 보호하기 위해 필요한 조치를 취할 수 있는 권리를 부여하고 있다 결과적으로 연안국은 위험화물을 운송하는 조난선박이 자국의 영해에 접근하는 것을 거부할 수 있다 더욱이 조난선박의 피난처와 관련된 강행적 국제규범은 존재하지 않는다 다만 결 의 형식의 가이드라인과 법안 등의 문서가 존재할 뿐이다. 뿐만 아니라 국 내적 으로도 조난선박의 피난처에 관한 적절한 법제나 조난선박의 피난처를 명 확하게 규정하고 있는 규칙은 존재하지 않는다. 따라서 이 논문에서는 조난을 당한 위험물운반선의 피난처 제공에 관한 국제협약뿐만 아니라 이에 관한 국내 법도 마련되어야 함을 제안하고 있다