Airborne bacteria are an important environmental factor that affects the hygiene of mushroom cultivation houses, as they can act as contaminants or pathogens in mushroom cultivation. To determine the distribution of airborne bacteria in the air of wood ear mushroom cultivation houses, air sampling and temperature and humidity measurements were conducted at three wood ear mushroom farms located in Iksan and Wando in 2022. Sampled air was analyzed to measure bacterial concentration levels and identify bacterial species. There was no significant difference in temperature and humidity changes detected between the three mushroom growing houses. Additionally, the concentration of bacteria in the air did not exceed 800 CFU/m², which is the maximum amount of airborne bacteria allowed by the Ministry of Environment’s indoor air quality maintenance standards. Eleven species of bacteria belonging to 11 genera were isolated and identified from air samples. These include five species of Micrococcales, four species of Bacilli, one species of Actinomycetia, and one species of Mycobacteriales. Of the 11 species identified, five are known to affect human health. However, no mushroom pathogens or species causing food poisoning were found.

In order to investigate the optimal UVB (ultraviolet B) treatment conditions for vitamin D2 enhancement of freeze-dried ear mushroom, sample size (below 300 μm~whole), UV treatment temperature (30~60℃), treatment density (6.25~50.0 mg/cm2) and the samples mixing frequency (1~32 times) were treated differently. After that, chromaticity, vitamin D2 and ergosterol (vitamin D2 precursor) contents were investigated. As a result of the investigating, effective UVB treatment conditions for vitamin D2 enhancement are as follows. The sample sizes were 2~4 mm and finely crushed pieces. The treatment temperatures were 50℃ and 60℃. The treatment density was 12.5 to 25.0 mg/cm2, and the number of sample mixing was 8 times or more. As the amount of vitamin D2 increased by UVB treatment, the ergosterol content generally tended to decrease. However, under some UVB treatment conditions, the vitamin D2 content was not high despite the decrease of ergosterol content. Under the conditions set in this experiment, it was possible to obtain ear mushrooms with enhanced vitamin D2 up to 26,968.7 μg/100 g. Therefore, it is thought that the ear mushroom is highly likely to be used as a vitamin D source and nutritionally fortified food ingredient.

Among efforts to improve techniques for the chemical vapor deposition of large-area and high-quality graphene films on transition metal substrates, being able to reliably transfer these atomistic membranes onto the desired substrate is a critical step for various practical uses, such as graphene-based electronic and photonic devices. However, the most used approach, the wet etching transfer process based on the complete etching of metal substrates, remains a great challenge. This is mainly due to the inevitable damage to the graphene, unintentional contamination of the graphene layer, and increased production cost and time. Here, we report the systematic study of an H2 bubbling-assisted transfer technique for graphene films grown on Cu foils, which is nondestructive not only to the graphene film but also to the Cu substrate. Also, we demonstrate the origin of the graphene film tearing phenomenon induced by this H2 bubbling-assisted transfer process. This study reveals that inherent features are produced by rolling Cu foil, which cause a saw-like corrugation in the poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)/graphene stack when it is transferred onto the target substrate after the Cu foil is dissolved. During the PMMA removal stage, the graphene tearing mainly appears at the apexes of the corrugated PMMA/graphene stack, due to weak adhesion to the target substrate. To address this, we have developed a modified heat-press-assisted transfer technique that has much better control of both tearing and the formation of residues in the transferred graphene films.

2021년 4월부터 8월에 제주시의 비닐하우스에서 재배되는 목이버섯에서 거저리 일종이 발견되었으며, 그를 동정한 결과 제주진주거저리 (Platydema takeii Nakane, 1956)로 확인되었다. 상업적으로 재배되는 버섯에 있어서 거저리 해충으로 인한 우리나라의 첫 번째 피해 사례이다. 여 기서는 이 해충의 피해 증상과 성충 및 유충의 진단형질을 제공하고자 한다.

This study was conducted to effectively supplement vitamin D and increase the consumption of ear mushroom based on the investigation of the quality characteristics of cookies containing ear mushroom supplemented with vitamin D. Cookies were made of 0%, 1%, 3%, and 5% ear mushroom powder treated by ultraviolet B. Increased addition of ear mushroom powder led to a decrease in the bulk density of the dough as well as a spread factor, color value, and hardness of the cookies. There was no significant difference in the loss rate, but the water content of the dough and cookies was increased. The total polyphenol content of cookies added with 1~5% ear mushroom powder was higher than that of the 0%. The DPPH free radical scavenging activity of cookies added with 5% ear mushroom powder (23.8%) was 2 times higher than that of the 0% (10.9%). The vitamin D2 content of cookies added with 5% ear mushroom powder (835.5 μg/100 g D.W.) was 44 times higher than that of the 0% (19.0 μg/100 g D.W.). Consequently, ear mushroom powder is considered to be suitable for the production of functional cookies because of high values of antioxidant activity and vitamin D2 content.

국내 유통 중인 건조 목이 8건(국내산 3건, 중국산 5건) 을 수집하여 잔류농약 321종, 중금속 7종, 방사능 3종의 유해물질 잔류성분을 조사하였다. 잔류농약 검사결과 국내산 3건에서는 검출되지 않았으나, 중국산 5건 중 4건에서 Chlorpyrifos, Isoprocarb, Mepiquat chloride, Carbendazim이 검출되었다. 농산물 농약 잔류허용기준에 의하면 목이는 Mepiquat chloride (0.5 mg/kg 이하)만 기준치가 설정되어 있다. 또한 중금속 검사결과는 모든 건조 목이에서 미량의 중금속이 검출되었으나, 기준치 이하로 낮게 나타났다. 다만 국내산 시료 1건에서 납 함량이 기준치(0.3 mg/kg)보다 높게 나타나 정확한 원인 규명을 위해서는 톱밥배지, 지 하수, 보관·유통 과정에 대한 추가적인 조사가 필요할 것 으로 보여진다. 방사능 조사결과에서는 모든 건조 목이에서 방사능 농도가 MDA값 이하로 불검출 수준으로 나타났다. 국내산과 중국산의 평균 방사능 농도는 요오드( 131 I)와 세슘 ( 134 Cs)은 비슷한 수준으로 나타났으며, 세슘( 137 Cs)은 국내산보다 중국산에서 다소 높게 나타났다. 방사성 세슘 ( 137 Cs)은 버섯류에 잘 농축되는 것으로 알려져 있는데 이번 조사에서는 국내 유통 중인 건조 목이는 방사능에 안전하게 나타났다.

Sticky mouse-ear chickweed (Cerastium glomeratum Thuill.) is a dominant annual weed of Korea. Control management of such an exotic weed is a challenging task for agronomist and researcher over the years. We evaluated the effect of elevated pH levels on the germination, growth, chlorophyll content, nutrients and hormonal regulation of sticky mouse-ear chickweed under green-house conditions. Our results showed that pH have no significant effect on seed germination except pH3, which reduced germination rate by 10%. Maximum hypocotyl and radicle growth was observed at pH5 and pH7, while hypocotyl failed to emerge at pH 3. Plant growth attributes showed that plant height, fresh biomass, number of leaves and chlorophyll content were higher at pH7 and pH9; while lowest number of leaves (24.8 ± 2.8) and chlorophyll content (313.2 ± 11.2 SPAD) were recorded for pH3. The endogenous ABA levels were significantly higher at pH3 (71.22±5.4ng/g) but lowered at pH7 and pH9 (6.6±0.8 ng/g). The weed nutrients uptake result showed higher Fe (858.47 mg/kg) and Al (835.05 mg/kg) at pH 3 and pH 5; while higher Ca content (4887.2 mg/kg) was observed at pH 5. It was concluded that use of varying pH can play a vital role in the weed management, although its possible adverse impact on endemic flora and fauna needs to be assessed.

To examine the possibility of ear mushroom (EM) as a source of natural vitamin D, the UVB (ultraviolet B) was treated according to sample drying status, drying methods before UVB treatment and harvest time. And then, vitamin D2 and ergosterol contents were investigated. According to the sample drying status, the vitamin D2 contents of fresh and freeze-dried EM (whole) increased to 4,634.4~4,780.9 μg/100 g D.W. (dry weight) under UVB dose 52.5~70.0 kJ/m2 and above 18,693.1 μg/100 g D.W. under above 105 kJ/m2, respectively. By drying methods before UVB treatment, vitamin D2 contents of EM powder (below 500 μm) that dried in the vinyl house and freeze-dryer increased to 4,886.2~5,132.9 μg/100 g D.W. under above 105 kJ/m2 and 17,103.7 μg/100 g D.W. under 70 kJ/m2, respectively. Ergosterol content decreased with increasing UVB dose in all experiments. According to the harvest time, vitamin D2 content under UVB dose 210 kJ/m2 showed marked difference and in order of June, July, August, October and April. As for the results, the optimum harvest time, drying method before UVB treatment, sample size, UVB dose for the EM contained high vitamin D2 content were June, freeze-drying, whole, and 105 kJ/m2, respectively.

이 논문의 목적은 선교의 도구로서 이혈이 선교현장에 미친 영향을 한․중이혈학회의 해외선교사역을 중심으로 살펴보고, 이혈을 활용한 선교 전략을 제안하고자 하는 것이다. 이혈은 의료선교의 극복해야 할 문제와 선교사의 건강문제에 도움을 주었고, 복음의 접촉점으로서 관계 형성과 교회의 문턱을 낮추는 교량 역할을 해왔다. 앞으로도 이혈은 선교에 중요한 역할을 감당할 것이다. 시대의 변화에 따라 여러 가지 제약을 받게 된 의료선교가 나아갈 길을 제시하며, 의료선교에 필요한 재정적 부담을 줄이고, 현지인과 선교사를 대상으로 이혈 교육과 상담을 실시하여 일차적 보건의료의 혜택을 받게 하며, 선교사가 건강문제로 중도 포기하지 않고 끝까지 사역할 수 있도록 도움을 줄 것이다.

우리의 일상 언어 중 신체어는 단순히 신체 부위를 가리키는 개념이 아니라, 여러 가지 영역으로 의미가 확장되어 비(非)신체영역을 지칭하는 개념으로 쓰이기도 한다. 본고는 이러한 현상에 주목하여 중국어와 한국어의 신체어 ‘耳’과 ‘귀’를 대상으로 인지언어학적 관점에서 그 의미 확장 양상과 원리를 살펴본 것으로, 주요 내용은 아래와 같다. 첫째, 신체어의 의미 확장 과정은 개념적 은유와 개념적 환유가 대표적인 기제로 작용하는 데 이것은 우리의 신체적 경험과 깊은 관련이 있으며, 대상과 유사성이나 인접성의 관계를 맺으며 산출된다. 둘째, 양국민의 인지 차이는 서로 다른 개념 영역으로 의미 확장이 이루어 지며, 또한 같은 대상이더라도 서로 다른 언어권 화자에 따라 관찰 각도가 다르고 다른 측면을 부각시킴으로써 중국어와 한국어 각각 고유의 의미 확장이 이루어지기도 한다. 요컨대, 우리의 개념 체계는 본질적으로 비유적이며, 중국어와 한국어 각 언어권 화자의 풍부한 경험과 문화적 차이, 인지의 차이는 서로 다른 개념을 인지하고 언어화하며, 또한 서로 다른 의미 확장 양상이 나타나고 있다.

The Asian corn borer, O. furnacalis (Crambidae) and the old world bollworm, H. armigera (Noctuidae) simultaneously cause ear damage in corn in Suwon area. It has been assumed that the second generation of larvae of both insects is responsible for the damage. We, therefore, studied proper spray timing of insecticide in order to reduce the damage. A waxy corn hybrid cultivar, Ilmichal, was sown directly on four plots of a field at April 10, April 20, May 4, and May 18, 2018, respectively. A sodium channel blocker, indoxacarb, was sprayed eight times at 3- or 4-day intervals around the silking stage of corn in each sowing plot. At ear harvest time of each plot, we investigated damaged ratio and length of ear, and the numbers of both insect species. The significantly effective spray timings on reduction of ear damage were the sprays at June 29 and July 2 in the plot sown at April 10, the sprays from July 2 to 13 in the April 20-sown plot, the sprays from July 2 to 19 in the May 4-sown plot, and the sprays at July 19 in the May 18-sown plot, respectively. The damage level was positively related to the insect number. The result indicated that the spray at the silking stage of corn was effective on reduction of ear damage. It was assumed that occurrence time of neonate larvae of the insects at silking stage cause the damage, based on the experimental results using screened pots inoculated with the two species.

Although ear mushroom (Auricularia auricula-judae) was a world-widely cultivated there was a limited number of commercial cultivars in Korea. Recent increase of import of ear mushroom from China threatens domestic farmhouse. A present study introduced a thermo-tolerant new cultivar of ear mushroom ‘Hyeonyu’, which was made by mating monokaryons obtained from JBAA11 and CAA1 strains. The optimal temperature for growth was 26-36°C. The periods of primordia formation and fruit-body growth were 27 and 15 days, respectively. The average mushroom yield per bag (1kg) was 350g. As a result of RAPD with OPA1 and OPA7 primers, there were polymorphic DNA bands among control, new variety and china variety.

Although ear mushroom (Auricularia auricula-judae) is cultivated worldwide, there are a limited number of commercial cultivars in Korea. Recent increase in the import of ear mushroom from China threatens the domestic farming. The present study introduces a new thermotolerant cultivar of ear mushroom, designated ‘Hyeonyu’, developed by mating monokaryons obtained from JBAA11 and CAA1 strains. The optimal growth temperature for Hyeonyu was 26-36?. The periods of primordia formation and fruit-body growth were 27 and 15 days, respectively. The average mushroom yield per bag (1 kg) was 350 g. Random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis with OPA1 and OPA7 primers identified polymorphic DNA bands between the control, the new variety Hyeonyu, and a Chinese variety.

본 연구는 국내 재배면적이 확대되고 있는 목이버섯의 부가가치 향상과 소비량 확대를 위해 팽화기술을 접목한 목이버섯 즉석죽을 제조하고, 품질특성을 조사하여 실버층에 쉽게 적용할 수 있는 제품을 개발하고자 하였다. 백미와 흑미를 75~100%와 25~0%로 혼합한 후 비타민 D2와 식이섬유 함량이 높은 건목이버섯을 0~4%로 첨가하여 호화도, 영양성분, 항산화성 및 관능 등을 조사하였다. 즉석죽 분말의 호화도는 건목이버섯 첨가량이 증가할수록, 흑미 첨가량이 감소할수록 최고점도와 유지강도, 강하점도, 최종점도, 노화점도가 증가하는 경향이었다. 백미 80%와 흑미 20%를 혼합한 후 건목이버섯 3%를 첨가한 즉석죽은 비타민 D2 18.53 μg/100 g, 식이섬유 3.73 g/100 g이 함유되어 있어 뼈의 형성과 유지와 배변활동 촉진 효과가 기대되었다. 또한 DPPH free radical 소거능도 56.79%로 나타나, 항산화성이 높아 실버층의 건강에 기여할 것으로 기대되었다. 본 실험 결과, 목이버섯은 기능성 가공제품 개발의 소재로서 사용가치가 매우 높아 실버층뿐 아니라, 다양한 연령층에 적합한 가공제품 생산에 응용가능하리라 생각된다.

Development cannot be thoughtless for the environment and is to create a convenient and comfortable environment; thus, we should not take only economic factors into consideration as if automobiles cannot be valued more than human beings. People should be considered first because they are the ones who live in developed space; therefore, nature and people should be the main issue when development is planned. This study is to organize these environment and development problems and suggest the fundamental application principle of 'conservation first and development afterward' by discovering problems and measures through the environmental simulation of the Ropeway that was one of major issues in the local community. It is based on the simulation by using the Arc GIS program and Jeju local data from metrical maps (1/2500이 of the national geography service. In addition, the scale modification has been conducted with the consideration of the size of buildings and measured data of the GIS maps. we have discussed the current situation and problems of damage to scenery caused by development of the ropeway construction on Mt. Halla that is World Natural Heritage and essential to scenery factors of Jeju. The cause of the problems was created by development based on the economic logic with its methods with less regards for the local environment. therefore, it is also important to create urban landscape that fits for Jeju as the first stage of success to becoming Juju Free International City. It is very encouraging that the provincial office has recently formed teams for urban design to keep and maintain its scenery and landscape that fit for Jeju. However, there are several problems to be solved before the effort to keep Jeju’s scenery and landscape makes steady headway. First, the problem of the overlap of administrative regulations should be solved. Second, there should be the consistency of the administrative performance. Third, the establishment of a objective standard for the creation of urban scenery based on culture. Fourth. a mature sense of citizenship is needed because there is a limit to administrative efforts to keep the urban scenery and landscape.

목이버섯의 톱밥종균을 제조하는데 참나무톱밥은영양원으로 미강을 20%첨가하고, 포플러톱밥은 밀기울을 10%첨가하였을 때 목이버섯의 균사와 밀도가 양호하였다. 이때 봉지재배에 적합한 종균 접종양은 참나무톱밥종균은 15g, 포플러톱밥종균은 25g를접종할 때 오염발생률이 줄고 배양완성률이 높아 적합한 접종양 이었다.

목이의 균사생육에 일반적인 특성을 조사한 결과 최적온도는 25℃, pH는 6~7범위에서 균사생육이 양호하였다. 배지원 선발로 무기염류종류와 농도는 MgSO4·7H2Os 0.05%, KH2PO4 0.1%에서 균사생육이 양호하였고, 탄소원은 흑설탕 2%첨가에서 균사생육이 양호하였으며, 질소원은 콩가루를 0.3~0.5%로 첨가하였을 때 목이버섯의 균사생육이 제일 양호하였다.