This study aims to examine the community empowerment model to develop sustainable tourism villages in Indonesia. This study applies a qualitative method. Data collection is conducted through interviews, observations, and focus group discussions held in Ponggok Village of Central Java Province - Indonesia. The results of this study found that the tourism development carried out in the Ponggok Village used four approaches (1) spatial approach as a basis in determining the direction of village development; (2) sectoral approach through increasing the role of the Village Owned Enterprises to build the village economy; (3) human resources to enhance the role of village communities in managing village potentials; and (4) use of information technology to improve service quality, transparency and accountability. The success of these four approaches is influenced by the leadership, innovation, collaboration, and good village governance. The success of the Ponggok village to become an independent village in improving the welfare of the community is inseparable from the success of the Ponggok village government in empowering the community to manage sustainable tourism development. The success of development with these four approaches is influenced by leadership, innovation, collaboration, and good governance.

This study aims to analyze the household economic behavior of salt farmers participants in Salt Business Empowerment Program (Pugar) including of salt production, work flow, household revenue, the behavior of consumption of food and non-food items and the welfare level. This research followed a survey method by engaging 32 household farmers as participants. The findings revealed that the empowerment program was carried out through the technical assistance of salting production and the assistance of equipment and technology from Thread of Screw Filter and geoisolators to improve the quality of salt. The problems come when the marketing of salt is still limited to the collectors of salt which led to the price of salt level, manufacturers have not remained stable. Household revenue sources for some salt farmers also come from non-salt pond business activities. Farmer household revenue can be used to meet staple food consumption and non-food staple consumption. Based on the indicators of family welfare, households participating in the empowerment program were group into the category of prosperous families.

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to verify a role of organizational culture as antecedents to influence psychological empowerment of organizational members, focusing on service workers of casino companies. Therefore, this study sought to examine the question of each clan, adhocracy, market, and hierarchy culture that the workers perceive to influence their psychological empowerment. Thus, the current study examined the relationship between organizational culture and the psychological empowerment by empirical analysis. Research design, data, and methodology - This study chose four domestic casino companies that are run only for foreigners. Using an offline survey, it analyzed the questionnaire data of the 249 surveys collected from employees working in the sales and service sectors. Independent variables were four types of organizational culture: clan, adhocracy, market, and hierarchy. Dependent variables were four subcategories of psychological empowerment: meaning, competence, self-determination, and impact. As research methods, the study applied descriptive statistics, factor analysis, reliability analysis, correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis, using SPSS 21.0 statistical program. Results - Among the organizational culture types, the clan and adhocracy cultures, which emphasize flexibility and autonomy, were relatively more important for the psychological empowerment of workers than the hierarchy and market cultures. Clan culture was the most important factor in terms of meaning and competence, and adhocracy culture was the most important factor in self-determination and impact. However, the hierarchy and market cultures that pursue control and stability were also cultural types that positively affected psychological empowerment of the workers. Hierarchy culture showed positive effects on meaning, competence, and impact except self-determination, and market culture had positive effect only on competency. Conclusions - The study found that organizational culture is an important predictor of psychological empowerment of the employees in casino companies and that important organizational culture types may be different for each sub-factor of psychological empowerment. It suggests that casino companies have to try to recognize and secure diverse organizational culture in order to activate psychological empowerment of their employees because they can provide quality service for customers. Therefore, it is necessary to create a harmonious and balanced culture between promoting flexible and autonomous organizational atmosphere, and stably controlling and operating the organization.

The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of the rural community planning focusing on the stepwise empowerment system in Jinan-gun, Jeollabuk-do province. This paper also tries to examine how this system affect the awareness for community planning and empowerment of the residents. The satisfaction of the people who join this program were also investigated. The subjects of the research were divided into two groups. Group A consisted of the people who join the system from the first stage, and group B consisted of the people who joined the fourth stage directly. The differences of the recognition, capability changes and satisfaction between two groups were compared and analyzed by questionnaires. The results of this research can be summarized as follows. The first, group A recognized the community planning system in Jinan-gun more positively than group B. They thought that it's very useful and beneficial for their community and this system should be continued further. The second, group A considered that they achieved bigger advancement in community design capabilities in terms of personal, relational and social aspects than group B. In addition, group A also showed higher satisfaction for rural community planning than group B. Based on the results, alternatives for rural community planning were drawn as follows. The first, considering that group A showed more positive responses, starting from the first stage is more stable way to succeed in rural community planning. Which means the critical condition of community design is not the community business but the improving the public awareness and community mind. The second, it's considered that the number of participation is proportional to the advancement of capability in community project, so improving residents' opportunity to participation in community design might be effective. The third, community leader is another critical condition. It is needed to pay more attention to the education for the rural community leader with good experience and capability of community affairs.

The existing standard cost of project management of empowerment sector in general rural development project has problems with standard cost system without considering characteristics of empowerment project and unclear division of works. These problems are a lot of trouble to fulfill the project. Thus, it needs an arrangement of standard cost considering detailed characteristics of project management in the empowerment sector. The contents and results of this study can be summarized as follows. 1) To set accurate standard cost, we carried out three-step processes, such as elicitation of standard works, calculation of workload and determination of standard cost. (1) In an investigation of 30 rural area dividing 8 parts about an workload of empowerment project, an average workload is 1,499 hours. (2) Based on this results, the standard cost is calculated at 15% of project cost in over 600 million won, at 28.75% of project cost in under 500 million won, by standards of empowerment project cost. 2) It set the responsibility management cost to 15% of empowerment project cost considering existing awareness, workload and work professionalism of project management. Based on the results, It suggested the practical use as basis for efficient management of the future empowerment projects. To achieve this, It needs to promote maximizing results on the whole project through the legalization processes including amendment of existing regulations.

Culturally responsive leadership, derived from the concept of culturally responsive pedagogy, incorporates those leadership philosophies, practices, and policies that create inclusive schooling environments for students and families from ethnically and culturally diverse backgrounds. In this essay I extend the tenets of culturally responsive leadership beyond the school site to encompass community-based educational leadership that advocates for cultural recognition, revitalization, and community development. I provide historical examples of educational leaders from three global cities --New York City, London, and Toronto--and discuss how their actions as public intellectuals, “boundary spanners,” and advocacy leaders linked community activism with culture-based curriculum in three national contexts. In the end, I discuss the implications of this framework for leadership preparation.

The importance of human resources empowerment for operation and management is increasing for sustainable effects and improvement in mountain eco village development projects. This study aimed to understand the cognition characteristics of operator who works for mountain eco villages as part of the mountain village development and to suggest improvement methods in empowerment training aspects. The survey contained operator's empowerment and operator systems in mountain eco villages and the results were analyzed for the study. Operators who joined the mountain eco village operator training course by Korea Forest Service were conducted the survey on March 12th~13th in 2012 and March 13th~15th in 2013. 69 and 58 of questionnaires were collected respectively and analyzed for the study. T-test was applied to Intergroup cognition difference and regression analysis was used for influential factors in necessity of operator's role. Collected data was analyzed by statistical package programme SPSS 18.0 version. According to the comparison of empowerment cognition with contingent upon training experience, 'harmony with residents' showed significantly difference at p<0.05 level. In the recognition comparison for prospect of future mountain eco village development, 'various training experiences' was significantly difference at p<0.01 level between positive and negative prospect group. Regression analysis revealed that 'communication with village leader', 'harmony with residents', and 'idea related to the project' have an effect on necessity of operator's empowerment significantly. Based on the results, the study suggests improved directions for operator's empowerment training as a horizontal leader who conduces a mountain village.

본 연구는 미래대안적 리더십으로 제시되고 있는 쇼트트랙 지도자의 서번트 리더십과 임파워먼트 및 스포츠 정서에 대한 기여도를 규명하기위한 목적으로 진행되었다. 자료수집은 유의표집법을 이용하여 전국의 쇼트트랙 선수를 대상으로 수집하였으며 총263부의 자료가 연구에 활용되었다. 수집된 자료는 기술통계분석을 통하여 정규분포성을 검증하였고 서번트 리더십과 임파워먼트 및 스포츠 정서 요인의 타당도와 신뢰도는 탐색 및 확인적 요인분석과 신뢰도 분석을 통하여 검증하였다. 각 요인들의 관계는 상관분석과 위계적 회귀분석 및 3단계 매개분석을 통하여 분석하였다. 분석결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 서번트 리더십의 공동체 의식과 공감대 형성은 임파워먼트의 영향력, 자기결정력, 과업의미성에 정적영향을 미치며 역할수 행력에는 비전제시와 공감대 형성이 정적영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 서번트 리더십과 스포츠정서의 관계에서는 공동체 의식과 비전제시는 분노에는 부적영향을 미치며, 자부심에는 비전제시와 공감대 형성이 정적영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 임파워먼트와 스포츠 정서의 관계에서는 임파워먼트의 영향력과 역할수행력이 불안에 부적영향을 미치며, 자기결정력과 역할수행력은 자부심에 정적영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 행복에는 역할수행력이 정적영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 서번트 리더십과 스포츠 정서의 관계에 대하여 임파워먼트는 매개효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다.

본 연구는 한국 스포츠지도자들의 리더유형이 임파워먼트와 조직몰입에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 알아보기 위하여 총 440명의 남녀 지도자를 대상으로 성별과 경력별에 따른 다변량분석, 상관분석, 단계적 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 첫째, 성별에 따른 차이검증 결과 리더유형에서는 차이가 없었으나, 남자지도자가 여자지도자 보다 임파워먼트 중 의미와 유능 요인, 조직몰입 중 지속몰입과 규범몰입에서 더 높은 점수를 보였다. 둘째, 경력별 차이검증 결과 경력이 높은 지도자가 경력이 낮은 지도자 보다 과제와 변혁적리더십이 높았고, 임파워먼트와 조직몰입의 모든 요인에서 높은 점수를 나타냈다. 셋째, 상관분석 결과 리더유형과 임파워먼트, 조직몰입의 모든 요인 간에 정적 상관을 보였고, 단지 지속몰입만 유의한 상관이 나타나지 않았다. 넷째, 단계적 회귀분석 결과, 변혁적 리더십은 임파워먼트 모든 요인과 정서몰입에 유의한 영향을 미쳤다. 과제리더십은 임파워먼트의 모든 요인과 정서몰입, 규범몰입에 유의한 영향을 미쳤다. 관계리더십은 임파워먼트의 영향력과 자기결정성, 정서몰입과 규범몰입에 유의한 영향을 미쳤다. 다섯째, 정서몰입은 영향력과 의미요인이, 지속몰입은 유능요인이, 규범몰입은 의미요인이 긍정적인 영향을 미쳤다. 이러한 결과는 리더유형에 따라 임파워먼트와 조직몰입에 미치는 영향이 각각 다를 수 있고, 임파워먼트는 조직몰입에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것을 의미한다.

게임은 높은 상호작용성과 더불어 소비과정에서 이용자에게 부여되는 권한이 가장 높은 문화상품이라고 할 수 있다. 이에 본 연구는 권한부여를 바탕으로 한 이용자 혁신을 연구함에 있어서, 게임의 높은 상호작용성이 이에 적용되고, 이를 변화시킬 수 있는 가능성에 착안하였다. 특히 원래 출시된 게임에 유저 차원에서 변형을 가하는 게임 모드(game modification)는 게임의 상호작용성 및 변화 가능성이 극대화된 예이다. 하지만 게임 산업에서의 경쟁과 전략을 관찰하는 틀을 정립할 때 이러한 속성들은 고려되지 않았다. 따라서 게임 모드 행위 과정에서 발생하는 권한부여 행위를 기준으로 활용하여, 차별화와 원가우위전략과 같은 고전적인 측면보다는, 이용자 혁신과 이용자의 평가가 측면에서 전략집단군 지도의 차원을 재구성하여 경쟁구도를 제시하였다.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of an empowerment program, using horticultural therapy among the elderly clients of an In-Home Service Center at a Community Social Welfare Center. The empowerment program applied in this study included group horticultural activities, garden activities, home horticultural activities, selling the products and a self-help group. This program had 49 sessions in total and was held from April 2004 to February 2005. The results of this research are as follows. According to the results of the pre-, mid-term, and post-test, there were significant improvements among the subjects who participated in the horticultural therapy program, especially in terms of intrapersonal empowerment, and interpersonal empowerment of self-esteem of the elderly using In-Home Services. Through using those common and familiar sources of horticultural materials, what the elderly found is the fact that they have the ability to create and raise plants of their own and to utilize this ability in their lives. Thus, it can be said that horticultural therapy program is helpful to empower the elderly in terms of developing their potentials in productivity and encourages them to utilize and maintain their horticultural skills and productivity in their lives.