Purpose: This study was conducted to understand the ethical climate, nursing practice environment, and ethical sensitivity of hospital nurses, and to investigate the influence of the ethical environment and nursing practice environment on ethical sensitivity. Methods: The subjects of the study were 137 nurses with at least one year of work experience. Date collection was conducted from July to August 2021, using the IBM SPSS Statistics 26.0 for Windows program(IBM Corp. Armont, NY, USA), the frequency and percentage, mean and standard deviation and Independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation, Multiple regression analysis. Results: As a result of the study, the ethical sensitivity of hospital nurses showed statistically significant differences according to age, marital status, position, and ethical educational experience. Ethical sensitivity was found to have a significant positive correlation between all sub-factors of the ethical environment and all sub-factors of the nursing practice environment. Among the sub-factors of the ethical environment, the factor influencing ethical sensitivity in this study is ‘relationship with peers (β=.20, p=.034) ’ and ‘relationship with manager (β=.24, p=.023) and the explanatory power was 42.0%, which was statistically significant (F=8.26, p<.001). Conclusion: This study confirmed that ‘relationship with peers’ and ‘relationship with managers’ influence ethical sensitivity among ethical environments. Therefore, it will be necessary to form a positive relationship between peers and managers to improve the ethical sensitivity of hospital nurses.

One-dimensional MgO nanostructures with various morphologies were synthesized by a thermal evaporation method. The synthesis process was carried out in air at atmospheric pressure, which made the process very simple. A mixed powder of magnesium and active carbon was used as the source powder. The morphologies of the MgO nanostructures were changed by varying the growth temperature. When the growth temperature was 700 °C, untapered nanowires with smooth surfaces were grown. As the temperature increased to 850 °C, 1,000 °C and 1,100 °C, tapered nanobelts, tapered nanowires and then knotted nanowires were sequentially observed. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that the MgO nanostructures had a cubic crystallographic structure. Energy dispersive X-ray analysis showed that the nanostructures were composed of Mg and O elements, indicating high purity MgO nanostructures. Fourier transform infrared spectra peaks showed the characteristic absorption of MgO. No catalyst particles were observed at the tips of the one-dimensional nanostructures, which suggested that the one-dimensional nanostructures were grown in a vapor-solid growth mechanism.

In the rapidly changing online shopping environment, resulting from the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, companies are implementing sales promotions, such as offering various discount coupons, to increase consumers' product purchase volume. They are also attracting consumers through low-price appeals, with the expectation of improving sales. However, sales promotions issued by companies have numerous usage conditions, and consumers need to make appropriate efforts to meet the stated conditions. Previous research on promotions and consumer behavior has primarily focused on analyzing monetary promotions (such as full discounts) or non-monetary promotions (such as reward points) individually, with little attention paid to a comparative analysis of the two. Additionally, the type of promoted product can impact consumer behavior.

Today, the ability to engage customers is a key factor of brand competitiveness in global markets. Not surprising, marketers are scrambling to figure how to utilize social media and other digital platforms to motivate customer engagement (CE), defined as brand-focused behavioral manifestations, other than purchases, resulting from individual and group motivational drivers. In this study we adopt consumer investment in trademarks perspective, suggesting that consumers proactively use global brand’s signs to express themselves, affirm values, communicate, and experience pleasure in digital platforms. The brand owners deploy trademarks to protect the symbols, which can distinguish the goods or services of a brand owner from those of other enterprises. We hypothesize that by registering trademarked signs in the host markets, global brands may facilitate CE and achieve superior performance. We empirically test these proposition using data for 125 global brands and trademark finings these brands in the twenty largest economies. The results of model confirm expectations that both trademarking in the host markets and consistency in using protected signs positively affected brand’s market share. The study provides managerial, theoretical, and policy insights in context of global brand protection.

NFTs are touted as revolutionary to market and monetize digital assets. However, critics have questioned NFT value, labeling it as fraudulent. Despite mixed reviews, various firms are leveraging NFTs as a value proposition for customers. In this study, using service-dominant (S-D) logic, we explore how NFTs can help firms in value co-creation and service exchange. We propose and test a conceptual framework using a multi-method approach -1) we investigate NFTs popularity using historical news articles spanning ten years, 2) we use a case study to examine business NFT use in value co-creation and service exchange, subsequently, proposing a conceptual framework illustrating such value exchange, 3) we test our conceptual framework by analyzing data from multiple sources, including surveys, online forums, social media, and transactions. Results from our study, provide business valuable insight into using NFTs as value co-creation and service exchange tool.

As the importance of online virtual spaces increases due to COVID-19, interest in online virtual spaces using 4th industrial technology is increasing. Accordingly, the metaverse that combines virtual and real is becoming an issue. In the fashion industry, marketing using online is gradually increasing, and various attempts are being made by converging with the metaverse to provide new and enjoyable experiences to customers. This study looked at the impact of customer experience of a luxury fashion brand pop-up store on customer satisfaction, affective commitment and brand loyalty in a metaverse environment where utilization is increasing due to COVID-19 and technological development. For the analysis data of this study, a survey was conducted on the users who experienced the metaverse platform Zepeto's ' BVLGARI World'. As a result of examining the effect of the customer experience of a luxury fashion brand pop-up store on customer satisfaction, affective commitment, and brand loyalty in a metaverse environment, some of the customer experiences affect customer satisfaction, and the proposed hypothesis was partially accepted. In addition, it was confirmed that customer satisfaction affects affective commitment and brand loyalty, and affective commitment affects brand loyalty. In this study, we examine the impact of the customer experience of a luxury fashion brand pop-up store on customer satisfaction, affective commitment, and brand loyalty in the metaverse environment, and identify what is needed for more active convergence and activation of the metaverse and fashion brands. Also, we provide practical implications to people who involved in the metaverse and the fashion industry.

Political conflicts and trade tensions affect entrepreneurial activities. This paper qualitatively evaluates the success factors of a B2B company’s marketing management strategies within the context of trade policy changes. Results indicate that a strong brand, personal ties to customers, retailers and competitors, and international manufacturing sites reduce the risk. Companies not only face the challenge of disruptive innovation caused by global digitalization activities. In addition, disruptions in the macro-environment are actually increasing. One example that impedes the growth of industrial activities is the current, still escalating, US-China trade war. Unusual forms of marketing coalitions and networks in trans-organizational systems are considered key constellations to ensure future company success (Achrol, 1991). What are the success factors for a B2B company’s marketing management strategies within the context of disruptive economic market and industry conditions, e.g., international trade policy changes?

The objective of this study is to compare the efficiency of VR and 2D in the tourism industry as marketing tools, using affective forecasting and purchase intention. Accordingly, this study has two primary research aims. The first is to examine if a higher level of mental imagery (resulting from VR) is more effective than a lower level (2D) in a tourism marketing context. To evaluate this, the researchers use experimental method, measuring predicted dominance, predicted pleasure and predicted arousal, as well as purchase intention towards the hotel. Relevant to the tourism industry, tourism products are spatially and temporally distant (vs. near). This study aims to investigate how differently mental imagery, resulting from VR (versus 2D) experience, generates affective forecasting of a tourism product when tourists plan distant (versus near) future trips (temporal distance).

In many situations, consumers have to make a sacrifice (e.g., price premium, loss of personal comfort and efficiency) when choosing a green product over its traditional alternative. Utilizing attribution theory, we offer a set of research propositions as an attempt to explain how consumers may rationalize their perceived sacrifice in making green purchases. First, we posit that consumers’ internal attribution (i.e., individual behaviors cause environmental degradation) enhances their green purchase behavior. Second, internal attribution would generate senses of self-efficacy and guilt, which lead to motivations to accept the perceived sacrifice in purchasing green products. Third, when green purchase indicates a significant sacrifice, consumers tend to develop a coping strategy by switching attribution of responsibility to others, and thus the influence of internal attribution on green purchase will be weakened.

In the recent era of the fourth industrial revolution, many industries aim to maximize the efficiency of products and services by introducing cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence and big data. In this situation, organizational culture is changing a lot due to the influx of the MZ generation with strong individualistic tendencies and the decreased face-to-face communication between members. However, active communication with colleagues is still essential to maximize performance, and the margins created by simplifying work processes and automating processes must be used for creating work performance. This requires cooperation and commitment through the job immersion of members who have an active attitude. This study analyzed how the organization's autonomous work environment and trust among members, which are creative work performance conditions, affect job immersion using raw data from the Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute. As a result, it was found that both the organization's autonomous working environment and trust among members significantly effected the members' job immersion. in order to achieve productivity and value improvement in companies, efforts are needed to increase workers' job immersion by building an autonomous working environment and trust among members. The results of this study are expected to contribute significantly to the search for ways to increase workers’ job commitment to improve organizational productivity.

본 연구의 목적은 키워드 네트워크를 활용하여 삶의 질과 거주성 측면에서 국내 농촌지역의 실제 생활 환경을 분석하고 농촌 생활환경의 개선을 위한 정책적 방향성을 제시하는 것이다. 현재 우리나라의 농 촌은 고령화, 인구감소, 경제활동 저하, 기초생활서비스 부족 등의 문제가 발생하고 있다. 이를 해결하 기 위한 농촌 생활환경 개선방안의 연구가 필요하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 삶의 질(Quality of life)과 거주성(Livability)개념을 바탕으로 이론적 측면에서 국외 연구 동향을 분석하였다. 또한 국내 농촌 생 활환경에 대한 현황을 파악하기 위해 키워드 네트워크 분석을 실시하였다. 이를 토대로 삶의 질과 거주 성 측면에서의 이론적 연구 경향 분석을 통해 실제 우리나라 농촌 생활환경에 직면한 문제점을 분석하 였다. 그 결과 국내에서 농촌 생활환경 개선을 위해 고려해야 할 사항으로 1)녹지 및 생태시설 조성, 2)지 역과 개인 및 주민 간 상호작용 개선, 3)에너지 효율을 고려한 주거공간 마련, 4)다양한 관점에서 농촌환 경을 포괄할 수 있는 목표 설정의 4가지 방안을 제안하였다. 국내 농촌의 개선 목표로 제시되고 있는 지속가능성과 더불어 농촌 회복력(Rural resilience)의 개념을 도입하면 농촌의 기능 회복에 기여할 수 있을 것이다.

This study aimed to verify the validity of the evaluation items and weight determination of the indoor environmental safety area, which has the most frequent accidents, among the safety certification evaluations of educational facilities by the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea, which has been conducted since May 2021. As a preceding study, the evaluation items of the school safety evaluation checklist being implemented in the US state of Vermont were compared, and the causes of accidents judged by teachers in the accident experiences written by 200 Korean teachers were compared with the safety certification evaluation items belonged to the Ministry of Education. In addition, research literature using the AHP analysis technique on safety risks of elementary and secondary schools in China and safety evaluation index study cases of 539 elementary school children in Indonesia were analyzed. Through these preceding studies, measures to add and adjust evaluation items were derived and the validity and importance rankings of evaluation items were calculated through AHP questionnaires to teachers and safety experts. In addition, a survey was conducted on 104 ordinary people to verify the results of expert analysis. As a result of expert AHP analysis, 'safety education and disaster response training (.396)' was the highest priority for the relative importance of the first layer, followed by 'safety measures (.387)' and 'building materials'. Safety (.216)' was found to be the highest priority. In the overall importance ranking of the 13 second-tier screening items, safety accident prevention education had the highest priority and disaster preparedness training ranked second, proving that the Ministry of Education's review weight was underestimated. In addition, slip and collision accident countermeasures, which were not in the existing Ministry of Education review items, ranked 4th, laboratory practice room safety measures ranked 6th, and sanitation, cleanliness, hazardous substance management, and cafeteria/cooking room safety measures ranked 9th, indicating a significant level of importance. Referring to the importance ranking, which is the result of this study, it is suggested that it is necessary to review the weight of each review item again.

Performance and safety assessments for deep geological disposal are often conducted over a longterm time scale, such as from hundreds of thousands to a million years. During this period, it is expected that the surface environment will be changed significantly. Uplift-subsidence and erosion-deposition are thought to be included as the main causes of the changes, and it is necessary to evaluate their expected effects. In this study, the conceptual processes of the changes in the surface environment components were to be presented by identifying the uplift-subsidence and erosion-deposition processes and analyzing their effect on the surface environment components. For inferring the long-term change process of the surface environment due to the internal activities of the Earth, the process of uplift and subsidence caused by crustal movements that change the subsurface environment through the deep and sallow underground was briefly presented in the form of a chain flowchart. Uplift-subsidence is mainly caused by diastrophism due to tectonic movement, such as subduction at the boundary of plates. They can change the geomorphology by affecting sealevel change and erosion-deposition. The changed geographical features have an influence on the distribution of surface water and the flow path of groundwater. They also have an impact on the scale and processes of local uplift and erosion, which can be the main factors of pedogenesis and vegetation in the local site. The results of this study can be helpful for formulating scenarios related to long-term evolution in the surface environment required for performance and safety assessments of deep geological disposal.

IAEA safety standards document and international programs (such as BIOMASS) related to the assessment of the biosphere around High Level Radioactive Waste (including Spent Nuclear Fuel) repositories require the assessment of the biosphere to use the assumption that the current natural environment and human society will be maintained, and at the same time, the evolution of the distant future changes also need to be taken into account. In Korea, which has not designated candidate disposal sites, it is necessary to investigate and predict the current state and future changes of the natural environment throughout Korea and apply it practically to Biosphere assessment (for BDCF derivation) for candidate disposal sites suitability assessment and Safety Case (for performance assessment) preparation for design, construction, operation, and post-closure management. To this end, the natural environment in the fields of Topography, Geology, Soil, Ecology, Weather and Climate, Animals and Plants, Hydrology, Ocean, Land-use, etc. and human society in the fields of Population Distribution, Spatial-Planning, Urban Form, Industrial-Structure, Lifestyle etc. are being investigated in the context of current status, past change records, and future change potential in the Korean Peninsula. This paper summarizes those investigations to date. This study referred Biomass-6 [IAEA] and National Atlas I (2019)/II (2020)/III (2021) [National Geographic Information Institute of the Korea Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport].

In Korea, borated stainless steel (BSS) is used as a storage rack in spent fuel pools (SFP) to maintain the nuclear criticality of spent fuels. As the number of nuclear power plants and the corresponding amount of spent fuels increased, the density in SFP storage rack also increased. In this regard, maintaining subcriticality of spent nuclear fuels became an issue and BSS was selected as the structural material and neutron absorber for high density storage rack. Since it is difficult to replace the storage rack, corrosion resistance and neutron absorbency are required for long period. BSS is based on stainless steel 304 and is specified in the ASTM A887-89 standard depending on the boron concentration from 304B (0.20-0.29% B) to 304B7 (1.75-2.25% B). Due to the low solubility of boron in austenitic stainless steel, metallic borides such as (Fe, Cr) 2B are formed as a secondary phase. Metallic borides could cause Cr depletion near it, which could decrease the corrosion resistance of the material. In this paper, the long-term corrosion behavior of BSS and its oxide microstructures are investigated through accelerated corrosion experiment in simulated SFP conditions. Because the corrosion rate of austenitic stainless steel is known to be dependent on the Arrhenius equation, a function of temperature, the corrosion experiment is conducted by increasing the experimental temperature. Detail microstructural analysis is conducted using a scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope and energy dispersive spectrometer. After oxidation, a hematite structure oxide film is formed, and pitting corrosion occurs on the surface of specimens. Most of the pitting corrosion is found at the substrate surface because the corrosion resistance of the substrate, which has low Cr content, is relatively low. Also, the oxidation reaction of B in the secondary phase has the lowest Gibbs free energy compared to other elements. Furthermore, oxidation of Cr has low Gibbs free energy, which means that oxidation of B and Cr could be faster than other elements. Thus, the long-term corrosion might affect the boron content and the neutron absorption ability of the material. Using boron’s high cross-section for neutrons, the neutron absorption performance of BSS was evaluated through neutron transmission tests. The effect of the corrosion behavior of BSS on its neutron absorption performance was investigated. Samples simulated to undergo up to 60 years of degradation before corrosion through accelerated corrosion testing did not show significant changes in the neutron shielding ability before and after corrosion. This can be explained in relation to the corrosion behavior of BSS. Boron was only leached out from the secondary phase exposed on the surface, and this oxidized secondary phase corresponds to about 0.17% of the volume of the total secondary phase. This can be seen as a very small proportion compared to the total boron content and is not expected to have a significant impact on neutron absorption performance.

해수이차전지는 해수를 양극으로 사용하는 차세대 이차전지이다, 해양 자원을 사용하여 가격 경쟁력과 높은 친환경성, 그리고 해양 애플리케이션에 적합한 구조를 가진다. 이러한 장점을 기반으로 지속적 연구개발을 통해 자연 해수 노출을 가정한 파우치 타입 및 각형 타입이 개발되어 왔다. 그러나 이차전지는 전기적 특성상 사용 환경에 따라 용량 및 내부 임피던스가 달라진다. 이러한 특성은 전지 의 수명 예측에 활용될 뿐만 아니라 활용하고자 하는 상황에 맞는 용량과 출력에 직접적인 영향을 미친다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 해수이 차전지의 사용 환경에 따른 용량 측정과 SoC-OCV 측정 방법을 통한 내부 저항을 분석하고자 한다.

With the development of drone technology, drones are being used in various industries. In general, drones use lithium-based battery pack, which is sensitive to external impact and temperature characteristics. Therefore, in order to prevent this problem, a battery case for protecting the battery from the outside is used. Usually, carbon fiber is used as case material, carbon fiber is expensive and has disadvantages of being difficult to manufacture. In this study, a battery case was fabricated to minimize the influence of external impact and temperature by using expanded polypropylene material, and also the battery efficiency test was performed using fabricated case. After basic design for battery case was conducted, a system capable of maintaining temperature was constructed by attaching a surface heating element inside the case, and the effect of maintaining temperature according to the presence or absence of the case was confirmed. Using manufactured prototype case, flight tests were carried out to check the battery voltage level according to the presence or absence of the case and to analyze the effect of improving the battery efficiency for the flight time of the drone.

목적 : 본 연구는 작업치료사가 참여한 지역사회 통합돌봄 서비스 중 가정환경수정 대상자의 일상생활활동에 영향을 주는 요인을 분석하여 향후 가정환경수정 중재에 있어 필요한 요인을 제시하고자 한다. 연구방법 : 본 연구는 광주광역시 서구 지역사회 통합돌봄 서비스의 필요도 조사 데이터를 활용한 이차자료 분석연구이다. 대상자는 2020년 상반기부터 2022년 상반기까지 중복으로 신청했던 16,388명이며, 이 중 가정환경수정 이용한 1,075명 의 데이터를 추출하여 분석하였다. 가정환경수정 대상자의 일상생활활동과 주거환경, 주관적 건강상태, 인지기능에 대한 상관관계를 분석하기 위해 피어슨 상관분석을 실시하였다. 가정환경수정 대상자의 주거환경, 주관적 건강상태, 인지기능이 일상생활활동에 영향을 주고 있는지 분석하기 위해 다중회귀분석을 실시하였다. 또한, 가정환경수정 대상자의 개선이 필요 한 주거환경 현황을 알아보기 위해 기술통계 및 그래프를 활용하였다. 결과 : 가정환경수정 대상자의 일상생활활동은 조명, 계단, 문턱, 온수, 주관적 건강상태, 인지기능이 좋을수록 일상생활 활동의 독립성이 높아진다고 볼 수 있다. 또한 대상자의 고령, 여자보다는 남자일 때, 높은 사회보장수급권, 열악한 바닥 과 벽지, 이동이 불편한 계단과 문턱, 낮은 주관적 건강상태와 인지기능이 일상생활에 부정적인 영향을 주는 것으로 분석 되었다. 가정환경수정 대상자의 가정환경 개선 욕구에서는 안전 손잡이, 욕조, 바닥과 벽지 순으로 조사되었다. 결론 : 노인의 맞춤형 가정환경수정을 위해서는 신체적 기능과 인지적 기능을 고려하여 바닥과 벽지, 계단, 문턱 등 환경 적 측면에 대한 분석이 필요하며, 이를 수행할 수 있는 작업치료사가 적절하게 배치될 수 있는 정책적 지원이 필요하다.