전 세계적으로 RNA 간섭(RNA interference, RNAi)을 활용한 해충방제제 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 대표적 으로 Monsanto의 서부 옥수수 뿌리벌레(Diabrotica virgifera virgifera) 특이적 방제용 dsRNA (DvSNF7)를 발현하 는 옥수수 종자가 상용화 되었고, 2016년 이 종자가 국내 사료 및 식품용으로 수입이 승인 되었다. 본 연구는 국내 에 서식하는 좁은가슴잎벌레(Phaedon brassicae)를 Non-target 곤충으로 사용하여, 옥수수 종자에 사용된 DvSNF7 dsRNA의 잠재적 위해성을 평가했다. P. brassicae의 SNF7 유전자와 DvSNF7 dsRNA 간 Sequence유사성 을 확인했다. 다음으로 P. brassicae가 DvSNF7 dsRNA를 섭식할 수 있는 환경을 조성하여, 치사 효과 실험과 Sequence특이적인 Knockdown효과를 확인하였다. 그 결과, DvSNF7 dsRNA는 P. brassicae생존에 영향을 미치지 않았으며, P. brassicae의 SNF7유전자를 Knockdown시키지 않음을 확인했다. 이번 연구를 통해 D. virgifera virgifera와 같은 과인 P. brassicae 는 SNF7유전자 간 Sequence유사성이 있지만, Sequence특이성이 부족하여 생존과 유전자 발현에 영향을 주지 않음으로써 위해성이 낮음을 확인했다.

Herbicide-resistant transgenic rapeseed (TG rapeseed) was developed by inserting phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (PAT, bar), a modified gene from the soil bacterium Streptomyces hygroscopicus, into the genome of a conventional variety of rapeseed (Youngsan). The TG rapeseed used for the test was confirmed to express the PAT gene by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunostrip. Feeding tests were conducted with Cyprinus carpio to evaluate the environmental risk of TG rapeseed, including the herbicide resistant gene. C. carpio was fed 100% ground rape suspension, TG rapeseed, or non-genetically modified (GM) counterpart rapeseed (Youngsan). As a result, the feeding test showed no significant differences in the cumulative immobility or abnormal response between C. carpio samples fed on TG rapeseed and non-GM counterpart rapeseed. The 48 h-LC50 values of the TG rapeseed and the non-GM counterpart rapeseed were 3,376 mg/L (95 % confidence limits: 3,169 - 3,596 mg/L) and 2,682 mg/L (95 % confidence limits: 2,267 – 3,123 mg/L), respectively. The rape NOEC (no observed effect concentration) value for C. carpio was suggested to be 625 mg/L. Based on these results, there was no significant difference in the toxicity for non-target organisms (C. carpio) between the TG rapeseed and non- GM counterparts.

In Korea, Kori Unit 1 and Wolsong Unit 1, have been permanently shut down in 2017 and 2019, and more nuclear power plants are expected to be permanently shut down after continued operation successively. Spent fuel has been generated during operation and stored in spent fuel pools. Due to the expected saturation of spent fuel pools within the next several decades, transportation of a huge amount of spent fuel is anticipated to interim storage facilities or final disposal facilities, even though the specific location is not decided. The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) states that every environmental report prepared for the licensing stage of a Pressurized Water Reactor shall contain a statement concerning risk during the transportation of fuel and radioactive wastes to and from the reactor. Thus, the licensee should ensure that the radiological effects in accidents, as well as normal conditions in transport, do not exceed certain criteria or be small if cannot be numerically quantified. Specific conditions that a full description and detailed analysis of the environmental effects of transportation of fuel and wastes to and from the reactor are exempted are specified in 10 CFR Part 51. Since there are no official requirements for radiological dose assessment for workers and public during the transportation of spent fuel in Korea, the margin when applying the U.S. regulatory criteria to the environmental impact assessment during the transport of spent fuel generated from domestic nuclear power plants is evaluated. A different approach would be needed due to the difference in the characteristics of spent fuel and geographical features.

Thermal treatment, such as combustion, is the most effective way to solve the spatial problem of radioactive waste disposal. Existing incineration technology has the problem of discharging harmful pollutants (CO2 and dioxin, etc.) into the environment. Therefore, it was evaluate the validity of the thermal treatment process that can reduce the volume of dry active waste (DAW) in an eco-friendly. In addition, the stability of the alternative incineration process under development was evaluated by evaluating the emission of harmful pollutants to the environment during the thermal treatment process. We selected 14 samples identical to those discarded by each nuclear power plant (Kori, Saeul, Wolsong, Hanbit, Hanul). And EA (Elemental Analysis) analysis was performed on each sample. As a result, excluded samples containing wastes containing POPs (Persistent Organic Pollutants) such as PCBs (Polychlorinated Biphenyls), which could generate harmful pollutants during thermal treatment, and halogenated organic wastes such as PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride). In addition, the thermal treatment conditions for the four DAWs were derived by Thermogravimetric Analysis/Differential Thermal Analysis (TG/DTA) analysis. At this time, Py-GC/MS analysis was performed at the temperature at which each waste causes thermal decomposition (cotton is 437°C, paper is 562°C, latex glove is 430°C, plastic bag is 485°C). As a result of analyzing the exhaust gas produced during thermal decomposition, about 77.0% of the cotton was Benzoic acid series, the paper was 41.1% Glucopyranose series, and 15.8% hydroxy acetaldehyde. Latex glove was identified to be 45.9% and 19.2% for Limonene and 2-methyl-1, 3-Butadiene, and for plastic bags, Octacosanol and 2-octyl-1-Dodecanol were 38.8% and 15.2%. In addition, it was confirmed that dioxin and harmful heavy metals, which are discussed as environmental risks, were not detected in all samples.

The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) states that every environmental report prepared for the licensing stage of a Pressurized Water Reactor shall contain a statement concerning risk during the transportation of fuel and radioactive wastes to and from the reactor. Thus, the licensee should ensure that the radiological effect in accidents, as well as normal conditions in transport, do not exceed certain criteria or be small if cannot be numerically quantified. These are specified in 10 CFR Part 51 and applied in NUREG-1555 Supplement 1 Revision 1, which deals with Environmental Standard Review Plan. Corresponding regulations in Korea would be the Nuclear Safety and Security Commission Notice No. 2020-7. In Appendix 2 of the Notice, guides on the radiological environmental report for production and utilization facilities, spent nuclear fuel interim storage facilities, and radioactive waste disposal facilities. In this guide, unlike the regulations in the U.S., there are no obligations for radiological dose assessment for workers and public during the transportation. Therefore, overall regulations and their legal basis related to risk assessment during transportation conducted for the environmental report in the U.S. were analyzed in this study. On top of that, through the comparison with regulations in Korea, differences between the two systems were figured out. Finally, this study aims to find the points in terms of assessing transport risk to be revised in the current regulatory system in Korea.

유류와 위험 유해물질(Hazardous and Noxious Substances, 이하 HNS)을 포함하는 위험물질의 해상운송 중에 발생하는 사고가 증가하고 있어, 이러한 위험물질 해양사고를 방지할 수 있는 예방대책을 마련해야 할 것이다. 이를 위해 국내에서 발생하는 위험물질 해양사고 자료(2002~2014)를 수집하여 인명 및 환경 위험도를 분석하였으며, 사고원인 규명 및 적절한 예방대책이 필요한 우선 안전관 리분야를 파악하고자 하였다. 인명위험도는 선박 수리 및 탱커세정(tank cleaning) 작업과정에서 발생하는 폭발 및 인명사고 중 질식 등 이 높은 것으로 분석되었다. 환경위험도는 충돌, 좌초 등에 의한 유출사고로 인해 발생하였다. 또한 비포장 상태의 위험화물을 선박에 적재 중 취급부주의로 인하여 유출사고가 일어났다. 다수의 사고는 적합한 안전장비 미착용, 취급 부주의 등 인적오류로 인한 사고로 서 관리·감독을 강화하고, 주기적인 교육·훈련을 통하여 사고 저감이 가능하다. 위험물질 해양사고를 예방하기 위해서는 물질 자체 고 유의 특성상 유해성과 위험성을 지닌 위험물질(유류와 HNS)에 대한 안전관리를 더욱 강화해야 한다.

본 논문은 생명공학기술을 통해 생산된 LM벼에 대한 비표적 생물체 중 곤충을 중심으로 한 환경위해성 평가방법을 제시하고자 작성하였다. 자료조사를 위해 농업 해충관련 도감 및 서적을 활용하였고 참고문헌과 환경위해성 평가 관련 홈페이지를 참조하였으며, 논문이나 벼와 관련된 서적들을 통해 국내 현황을 참조하였다. 조사결과, 벼에 서식하는 곤충은 약 140여종으로 조사되었고, 초식성 곤충 분류군은 각각 수액섭식자, 곡물섭식자, 잎섭식자, 화분섭식자로 세분화하였다. LM벼에 피해가능성이 큰 비표적 곤충은 12종, 중간인 비표적 곤충은 28종, 경미한 비표적 곤충은 101종으로 조사되었으며, 바이러스를 매개하는 종은 11종, 잠재적 해충으로 분류되는 종은 9종으로 나타났다. 위해가설 가설적립단계 모식도를 작성하기 위하여 LM벼에 악영향을 받기 쉬운 곤충의 지리적 분포, 서식지의 특수화, 확산정도, 종풍부도 등을 이용하여 순위를 매겼으며, 10종(벼총채벌레, 애멸구, 벼멸구, 멸강나방, 혹명나방, 우리가시허리노린재, 먹노린재, 벼멸구붙이, 벼메뚜기, 벼잎굴파리)을 추려내었다. 이후 위해가설 가설정립단계 모식도를 작성하였으며 LM 벼의 비표적 생물에 대한 영향을 추론하였다. 본 논문은 국내 자연생태계의 지속가능한 이용 및 보존에 기여하고, LMO의 환경위해성 평가, 심사를 통해 사전위해성을 차단할 수 있는 방법을 제시하고자 작성되었으며, 결과적으로 국민의 건강 및 생물다양성유지, 자연 생태계 보전을 위한 사후 안전관리 체계구축에 활용될 연구 자료를 제공하고자 한다.

The vitamin E enhanced transgenic soybean was developed by introducing a perilla γ- tocopherol methyltransferase gene (γ-TMT) under the control of pea vicilin promoter and a selection marker, phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (PAT) gene. With regard to the potential problems of safety, the non-target organism evaluation is required as an essential element for the environmental risk assessment of genetically modified (GM) crops. We studied the effects of the vitamin E enhanced transgenic soybean feeding on survival of Daphnia magna which is commonly used as a model organism in ecotoxicological studies. The Daphnia magna was fed on vitamin E enhanced transgenic soybean and non-genetically modified (non-GM) soybean (Willams 82) at 0, 1,000, 1,800, 3,240, 5,830, 10,500 and 20,000 mg/L concentrations, respectively. The GM soybean used for the test was confirmed to have the γ-TMT/PAT gene expression by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. The results showed that there was no significant differences between cumulative immobilities of Daphnia magna fed on GM soybean and non-GM soybean. The 48hr-EC50 values showed no significant differences between GM soybean (2,416 mg/L) and non-GM soybean (2,408 mg/L). The results of this study suggested that there was no significant differences in toxicity for Daphnia magna between GM soybean and non-GM counterpart.

생명공학 기술의 발달로 산업적으로 이용 가치가 높은LMO를 만들기 위해 끊임없는 노력이 이뤄지고 있다. 이러한다양한 시도로 인하여 향후 상용화될 LMO에 대한 위해성 평가와 안전관리는 지속적으로 보완 발전되어야 한다. 본 논문에서는 현재 우리나라에서 이뤄지고 있는 LMO 생태계 안전관리 위해성 심사 과정을 조명하였다. LMO의 생태계위해성심사는 LMO법에 따른 통합고시 별표 10-1에 명시된 항목에근거하여 수행하고 있다. 평가 자료의 위해성 심사 영역은 자연환경위해성을 평가하기 위하여 생물종 위해성 판단 영역, 도입유전자 위해성 판단 영역, 주변 생태계 영향 판단 영역으로나누어 진행하고 있다. 최근 신기술 개발에 따른 LMO 심사의 범위와 항목에 여러 제약이 존재한다. 따라서 생태계 위해성 안전관리를 위해 신기술로 생산된 LMO에 대한 다각적인논의가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

곤충(초파리, 모기, 누에)은 해충방제, 유용물질생산, 의학연구 등을 위해 유전자변형 곤충으로 개발되어 왔지만, 아직까지 국내에서 유전자변형 곤충에 대한 환경위해성 평가 등이 거의 실시 되지 못하고 있다. 따라서, 본 연구에서 유전자변형 누에의 환경위해성 평가를 3가지 항목(이동성, 생존능력, 산란 및 부화율)으로 진행하였다. 첫째, 기본 사육 절차에서의 탈출가능성(이동성), 둘째, 사육환경으로부터 탈출시 생존 가능성(8개의 극한 환경조건; 고온, 저온, 건조, 습함, 먹이의 유무), 셋째, 비유전자변형 누에♀ x 비유전자변형 누에♂, 비유전자변형 누에♀ x 유전자변형 누에♂, 유전자변형 누에♀ x 비유전자변형 누에♂, 유전자변형 누에♀ x 유전자변형 누에♂으로부터 나온 산란 및 부화율을 비교 하였다. 유전자변형 누에와 비유전자변형 누에의 이동성은 통계적으로 차이가 없었으며, 산란 및 부화율 또한 통계적 차이가 없었다. 다만, 비유전자변형 암수쌍에서 산란된 알의 부화율보다 유전자변형 누에♀ 와 비유전자변형 누에♂에서 산란된 알의 부화율이 통계적으로 낮은 결과를 보였다. 극한환경에서의 생존율 실험에서 상대적으로 유전자변형 누에가 비유전자변형 누에보다 생존율이 낮았으며, 특히 고온조건의 환경에서 통계적으로 생존율이 낮은 결과를 보였다. 저온 조건의 경우 누에 유충의 동면으로 인해 실험결과를 명확하게 얻을 수 없었다. 유전자변형 누에와 비유전자변형 누에가 일부의 차이를 보였으나 모든 실험에서 유전자변형 누에의 값이 비유전자변형 누에보다 낮게 나타났으며, 결과적으로 이번 연구에서는 유전자변형 누에의 위해성은 비유전자변형 누에보다 적었다.

It is true that the proper environmental risk assessments for many GM insects almost have not been executed in Korean research situation. Therefore, we tested the environmental risk assessment of GM silkworms if there is any difference between GM and non-GM silkworms by three. First, we measured their mobility in the breeding environment conditions with food and without food. Secondly, we measured their viability at the Korean artificial extreme environmental conditions (temperature, humidity, food) after escaping from their breeding environments. We observed the egg productivity and the hatchability between non-GM silkworm and transgenic silkworms with four different pair experiments. The mobility of non-GM silkworms and GM silkworms statistically did not differ and the egg production and hatchability was not also different. The hatchability by couple of GM female silkworm and non-GM male silkworm was lower than by non-GM male and female couple. We observed their viability (High Temp., wet and with food: p=0.0434; High Temp., wet and without food p=0.0430; High Temp., dry and with food: p=0.0005; High Temp., dry, without food: p=0.0479) between the GM silkworm and non-GM silkworm, and there was statistically different. Relatively, the viability of GM silkworm was lower than non-GM silkworms. We could not exactly test for viability of silkworm in low temperature conditions because of their hibernating. Although there was any difference in viability and hatchability between GM silkworm and non-GM silkworm, the all ability of GM silkworm was lower than non-GM silkworm. Conclusively, risk of GM silkworm was lower than non-GM silkworm.

생태독성 시험법은 해양환경을 평가하기 위한 기존의 이화학적 분석 방법 및 저서생물 군집구조 분석에 대한 단점을 보완하기 위하여 전 세계적으로 사용되고 있는 방법이다. 최근 우리나라에서도 생태독성 시험법에 관한 관심이 높아지면서 새로운 시험법의 개발 및 현장적용에 관한 연구가 활발하게 진행되고 있다. 본 발표에서는 지금까지 우리나라에서 개발된 생태독성 시험법을 소개하고, 현재 이들 시험법의 현장 적용 사례를 소개하고자 한다. 더불어, 분자생물학적

We assessed the environmental risk of herbicide resistant transgenic rice (Protox) on non-target herbivore, grasshoppers (Oxya japonica japonica Thunberg). We conducted life-history experiments of grasshoppers with measuring their body weight, body length, eating amount, and feces amount between non-transgenic rice (nTR; Dongjin rice) and transgenic rice (TR; Protox rice) under laboratory conditions (Temp. 25Ð, R.H. 50-70%, Photoperiod L16:D8) in 2007. The growth of grasshoppers appeared to increase at each measuring date. We also compared the growth rate of grasshoppers between nTR and TR to examine the transgenic impact on the herbivore and we found there was no statistically signifi cant difference between the two plant types (P>0.05). We found that body weight and body length for grasshoppers were highly correlated at each of the two types of plants, nTR (0.962) and TR (0.960). The correlation of eating amount and feces amount of grasshoppers were higher nTR (0.830) than TR (0.782). The energy effi ciency of the grasshopper was not a signifi cant between nTR and TR (P> 0.05). But the molt timing of the grasshoppers for TR difference was faster than for nTR. Conclusively life-history of the grasshoppers but molt timing was not a signifi cant difference between nTR and TR. Therefore, we could conclude there was not any environment risk on herbivore from our result.

Using data from 132 telephone interviewees, we examined the role of affective-cognitive ambivalence in forming overall attitude and behavior toward toxic chemical and radioactive waste issues in Marion, Ohio in the U.S. In order to compare attitudinal preference, participants were divided into four A-C groups: action-group (Affective+/Cognitive+), detached-group (A-/C+), concerned-group (A+/C-), and inaction-group (A-/C-). Affective and cognitive components interacted, producing redundant influences on overall attitudes and judgments as frequently observed and postulated in previous attitude studies. The results showed that the action-group who were feeling unsafe and believed that environmental accidents had happened or are happening in Marion were less willing to move to the area than other three groups who were feeling safe and/or doubted reports of contamination and its relation with leukemia. Affective and cognitive components were found to have redundant influences on overall attitude. It was also observed that affective-cognitive ambivalence theory has a great potential for explaining the mechanism by which people form attitudes, especially when people have moderate or positive feelings (e.g. sympathy or eagerness for resources) toward the objects and/or when uncertainty is a major feature of environmental issue under consideration (e.g. global climate change).