The purpose of this study is to obtain a clear understanding of the current Kyrgyz agriculture conditions. As it is known to all, Kyrgyzstan has made significant progress in transformation from a central command economy to a market economy. During these two and a half decades, the old state and collective farms have been reorganized and converted into numerous individual private farms. Progress has been inconsistent, though, as farmers and institutions require additional adaptations to cope with a market economy. A number of challenges and strategies provide ways to overcome the constraints faced by farmers, agriculture related organizations as well as foreign investors. From 2015, Kyrgyzstan has been a member of the Eurasian Customs Union. Thus, Kyrgyzstan’s small individual producers are forced to compete on a much larger scale in vast markets. Prosperity in this new environment requires additional development. Adaptation to these big new markets demands trained and efficient farmers. Alongside, recent global climate change has led to increasing natural disasters, including floods, due to massive snow melting, severe winters and drought. Such factors affect agriculture in a number of ways: low agricultural productivity and poor food consumption. As a result, food insecurity, affecting the rural population leading to poverty, are increasing.
The main objective of this paper is to elucidate the present status of Plant Genetic Resources (PGRs), their research, and management system in the genebank of Nepal. PGRs for food and agriculture are the biological basis of world food and nutrition security. The remarkable elevation ranging from 60 meter above sea level (masl) to highest summit Mount Everest (8,848 masl) has created huge geographical and climatic variation which harbor enormous plant species in the country. National Agriculture Genetic Resource Center (NAGRC) or ‘Genebank’ currently conserved 11,051 accessions of more than 110 crops species belonging to cereals (5,850), pseudo cereals (1,150), pulses (1,800), oilseeds (185), and vegetables (565) including other crops (1,501) at ex-situ. Diversity mapping, characterization and evaluation of PGRs, duplicates identification, diversity study, pre-breeding and landrace enhancement are the major research works of NAGRC, and its management strategies include conservation method, types, and groupings of PGRs. Characterization, evaluation and tagging of economically important traits in PGRs are now more important for strengthening their pre-breeding and proper utilization. Additionally, strong communication and collaborative network among public, private, community based organizations and international organizations are important for the effective management of PGRs.
Much attention has recently been given to quantify the environmental and social importance on agricultural water quality impacts by agricultural activities. The demands for relevant data collection and range expansion of environmental indexing has been also higher than ever. Therefore, this study organized past and current research on agricultural water quality standards by OECD and Korea to evaluate agricultural activities and their impacts on agri-environmental policy development. The agricultural water quality standard set by OECD shows different opinions countries by counties, so the status indicator has been chosen and implemented instead. Nitrate (NO3 -) status indicator of groundwater in 2013 was significantly improved compared with the one in 2007. In addition, the quality status of surface water and groundwater were improved. It is necessary to set up a cooperative system between policy division and research institute to organizationally take action to worldwide trend on agricultural water quality indexing.
The Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Research Council within the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries looks over the Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries Research and Development Project. Every five years, it revises the Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Research Basic Plan. Based on the information above, the following suggestions are made to implement domestic research projects. First, the strategic planning and promotion of research and development projects are needed to achieve the goals of the country and agricultural policy. Second, it is necessary to break up and diversify research assignments so that the project implementation reflects the trend of the time. Third, there is a need to develop a research partnership that strengthens cooperation among industry, academia, government, and research institutes to utilize technology seeds from fields other than agriculture. Fourth, it is necessary to improve field demonstration research projects where central and local research institutes, universities, private companies, agricultural cooperation, and farmers can participate. Fifth, follow-ups should be conducted at the end of research to advance research implementation systems. Finally, there is a need to build a new dissemination system which includes research results and policy.
This paper analyzed what factors affect increased import from ASEAN agricultural products. This study uses multi-countries gravity model approach with a dataset of agricultural import for the period of 2004 - 2014 and several explanatory variables, and then estimate it using the random-effect panel Tobit. The results revealed that agriculture trade in Korea is influenced by the trade partner’s per capita GDP, population, distance from Korea, FTA preferential taxrate, trade percentage of GDP, agriculture percentage of GDP, the number of immigrants from ASEAN countries, and normal track dummy variables etc. It is found that FTA taxrate affect trade between both partners that can occur loss in agricultural industry. Therefore, applying deliberate standards strategies for normal track selection for future FTA negotiation.
This study aims to introduce the local festival sponsored by KOTRA (Korea Trade- Investment Promotion Agency) in Banteay Meanchey Province in Cambodia, find that the vitalization strategies that allow the local festival concept to be used as a new rural development strategy alternative, and share those strategies with other donor countries and agencies that may want to implement something similar. Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis was utilized to derive the internal and external factors found in the process of planning and promoting a local festival. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) analysis was employed to prioritize the factors derived from SWOT analysis. These results would lead to the establishment of applicable vitalization strategies. The vitalized local festival can be a tremendous resource for rural regions in Cambodia by helping maintain the rural societies, support the inheritance of their cultural legacies, and provide additional outlets to sustain local development. Acting as sponsors of these strategies will help donors strengthen the ties and construct international cooperation partnerships with Cambodia.
At the SBSTA 42 (The 42th Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice), there was rich exchange of views on the topics of in-session workshop among the Parties. And draft conclusion (FCCC/SBSTA/2015/L.2) was adopted through the contact group meetings. Agriculture is a distinctive area of issues on food security and economies of most countries, in particular developing countries, as it has suffered from undesirable negative climate change impacts. Early warning systems (EWS) are essential to ensure the sustainability of agricultural systems, safeguarding the food production capacity and welfare of people related to agriculture directly or indirectly. Hence, it is the key component of any adaptation strategy. EWS should be integrated into information and communication technology (ICT) affordable and appropriate to local situation. The UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) should promote, in collaboration with relevant international organizations, measures to support adaptation of agro-ecosystems to the adverse effects of climate change. Korea had submitted its opinion on the development of early warning systems in relation to extreme weather events. The SBSTA 42 took note of the views submitted by Parties during the two insession workshop held at this session, and agree to consider the reports on those workshops at SBSTA 43. Also, it will continue its works referred to in paragraphs 87 ~ 89 of document FCCC/SBSTA/2014/2.
This study was conducted to establish the techniques of the continuous wheat production of high yield level and to standardize of quality uniformity. It was selected the experimental places which were Iksan of Jeonbuk, Gwangju metropolitan city and Hapcheon of Gyeongnam. Farmers of participating in the experiment were 13 persons with two types of advanced and lower levels of their techniques in wheat cultivation, and total numbers of fields were 22 fields. The common information on the field soils were silt loam and loam in soil textures, all most deep and some moderate in soil depth, imperfectly drained in drainage classes, coastal and interior plain with some alluvial fan or local valley in land topography. It was investigated in status of the physico-chemical properties of soils. Soil pH was 6.0 in mean values with 5.2 ~ 7.5 ranges, organic matter(OM) was 25 g/kg with 16 ~ 39 ranges, available P2O5 194mg/kg with 47 ~ 586 ranges, available SiO2 164mg/kg with 57 ~ 454 ranges, in exchangeable cations, K was 0.46 with 0.20 ~ 0.98, Ca was 6.2 with 3.6 ~ 11.7, Mg was 1.8 with 0.9 ~ 3.4 cmol(c)/kg in ranges, and these properties of soils were higher in advanced than those of lower level farmers. The amounts of fertilization in N-P2O5-K2O were 184-49-50 kg/ha in farmers application, 108-114-47 kg/ha in soil testing and 94-83-41kg/ha in standard recommendation. Fertilizer application amounts by farmers were higher than those of soil testing and standard recommendation by 76 ~ 90 kg/ha in N and 3 ~ 9 kg/ha in K2O, and less by 34 ~ 74 kg/ha in phosphate fertilizer.
The vitamin E enhanced transgenic soybean was developed by introducing a perilla γ- tocopherol methyltransferase gene (γ-TMT) under the control of pea vicilin promoter and a selection marker, phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (PAT) gene. With regard to the potential problems of safety, the non-target organism evaluation is required as an essential element for the environmental risk assessment of genetically modified (GM) crops. We studied the effects of the vitamin E enhanced transgenic soybean feeding on survival of Daphnia magna which is commonly used as a model organism in ecotoxicological studies. The Daphnia magna was fed on vitamin E enhanced transgenic soybean and non-genetically modified (non-GM) soybean (Willams 82) at 0, 1,000, 1,800, 3,240, 5,830, 10,500 and 20,000 mg/L concentrations, respectively. The GM soybean used for the test was confirmed to have the γ-TMT/PAT gene expression by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. The results showed that there was no significant differences between cumulative immobilities of Daphnia magna fed on GM soybean and non-GM soybean. The 48hr-EC50 values showed no significant differences between GM soybean (2,416 mg/L) and non-GM soybean (2,408 mg/L). The results of this study suggested that there was no significant differences in toxicity for Daphnia magna between GM soybean and non-GM counterpart.
The effect of transplanting and harvesting dates on growth, yield, and quality of sweetpotato varieties was studied. Three sweetpotato varieties, Yulmi, Singeonmi, and Dahomi, were transplanted on 23 Apr., 21 May, 5 June, 15 June, 25 June, 5 July, 15 July, and 25 July. Fresh vine weight and marketable storage root yield of the three varieties were the highest in transplanting plots on 23 April and 21 May, respectively, and those tended to decrease when transplanting dates were late after May. GDD (Growing Degree Days) and cumulative radiation seemed to be related to marketable storage root yield. Number of marketable storage root per plant, average weight of marketable storage root, and marketable storage root yield were significantly different according to transplanting dates. Marketable storage root yield showed significantly positive correlations with fresh vine weight, number of marketable storage roots, and average weight of marketable storage roots. Hardness and dry matter content of storage root showed significantly positive correlations with starch content and decreased with late transplanting dates in Yulmi and Singeonmi varieties. Pasting temperature showed significantly positive correlations with soluble solid content, dry matter content, and amylose content, but it showed significantly negative correlations with breakdown. Setback was significantly different among varieties, but it was not significantly different in transplanting dates.
The most common method of vegetative propagation of virus free plantlets is the use of shoots meristem culture in solid medium culture. This study was to investigate the effect on liquid medium culture for the growth of virus-free sweetpotato plantlets. Single-nodes derived from meristem culture of sweetpotato was examined in this experiment and three sweetpotato varieties ‘Singeonmi’, ‘Sinhwangmi’, and ‘Sinjami’ was used. The growth of plnatlets was greater in liquid medium culture than that of solid medium culture after longer incubation in 3 varieties. The total fresh weight of 5 week old plantlets after planting in solid culture were 2.17 g (‘Singeonmi’), 2.49 g (‘Sinhwangmi’), and 2.18 g (‘Sinjami’), but the fresh weight in liquid medium culture was 3.87, 3.88, and 3.35 g, respectively. Leaf number of ‘Singeonmi’ and ‘Sinjami’ plantlets after 5 weeks of liquid medium culture was 21.1 and 22.6, respectively and liquid medium culture showed 3 and 6.2 more leaf number than that of solid medium culture. Plant height of ‘Sinhwangmi’ and ‘Sinjami’ plantlets after 3 weeks of liquid medium culture was 4.1 cm and 3.4 cm, respectively, and liquid medium culture showed 1.1 cm longer stem length than solid medium. Overall, liquid medium culture of sweetpotato plantlets was more effective than solid medium in terms of leaf and stem growth.
Sesquiterpene lactones (SLs) are a group of over 500 compounds, characteristic of the Asteraceae. They are interesting from the chemical and chemotaxonomic point of view, and show antitumour, anti-leukaemic, anti-cardiovascular disease, reduction of inflammation, and anti-microbial activities. The SLs, free lactucin and lactucopicrin, content in 572 accessions of lettuce (Lactuca sp.) germplasm introduced from 30 countries were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography. Variation range of free lactucin content exhibited trace ~ 235.3 μg from 1g of dried leaves and average was 41.2 ± 1.2 μg (Avr ± SE), variation range 55.0 ~ 3,041.0 μg and average 526.9 ± 17.5 μg in free lactucopicrin content, and variation range 66.3 ~ 3,188.5 μg and average 568.1 ± 18.1 μg in total free SLs content. Lactucopicrin occupied 92.7% of the total SLs content. Among the varietal types, crisphead type exhibited the highest average total free SLs content, next is leaf lettuce, and butterhead type lettuce exhibited the lowest that of content. German accessions exhibited the lowest average total free SLs content, Korean accessions exhibited the highest, and European origin accessions exhibited lower that of content. Red leaf color accessions having higher SLs content than that of green color. Seven accessions having more than 2,000 μg·g-1 dwt of total free SLs content and five accessions having less than 100 μg·g- 1dwt that of content. These accessions can be used as low SLs content cultivar breeding or high SLs content cultivar breeding sources as well as research materials for medical treatment such as, anti-tumour, anti-leukaemic, and antimicrobial activities, etc.
This experiment was conducted to establish proper irrigation method for water spinach, subtropical vegetable in plastic film house soils to prepare to future global warming of the Korean peninsula. The evaluation of irrigation with 4 different levels as −20, −40, −50 kPa as a starting point(water potential) were compared to –33 kPa as control. All treatments were ended when water potential reached at –10 kPa respectively. The amount of irrigated water, N content, plant growth and fresh yield were investigated. As a result, water potential was correlated positively with irrigation starting point in cultivation period and irrigation times, but the amount water irrigated per time, N content of harvested plant, fresh and dry yield showed negative correlation. The contents of crude protein, P, K, Ca, Fe of harvested part were most high in –50 kPa treatment. We concluded that –50 kPa was optimal irrigation starting point for water spinach cultivation in unheating plastic film house.
The table grape 'Hongisul' with strong cold and disease resistance has high sugar, low acidity and excellent palatability. However, this grape has a problem of poor coloring. This study was carried out to improve the fruit color through leaf removal treatments in ‘Hongisul’ grapes. The leaf removal treatment involved removing 2 leaves and 4 leaves around the grape cluster at the start of veraison. The light exposure value of clusters increased 4 leaves removal clusters compared with those of the 2 leaves removal and non-treatment. However, there was no difference in the ambient temperature among the three treatments. The improved light exposure caused by leaf removal increased soluble solids content and the ratios of hunter a value (red) in the grape skins, while total acidity had decreased more in the leaf removal. These findings are expected to improve viticultural practices with the aim of producing red-colored grape.
This study was carried out to evaluate the basic characteristics of red wine processed from ‘Cheongsan (Vitis amurensis)’ grape cultivar. In order to compare the quality of ‘Cheongsan’ red wine, ‘Campbell Early’ and ‘Muscat Bailey A, MBA’ red wines were also utilized for this study. The pH of the red wines produced from ‘Cheongsan’, ‘Campbell Early’ and ‘MBA’ were 3.1, 3.6 and 4.0, respectively. Tannin, polyphenol, and anthocyanin contents of the ‘Cheongsan’ red wine were 2,939 mg/L, 1,516.2 mg/ L, and 1,882.4 mg/L, respectively. These values were about twice those of ‘Campbell Early’ and ‘MBA’ red wines. The antioxidant level of ‘Cheongsan’ red wine was found to be 5,413.9 mg/L, which was also two times higher than 'Campbell Early' and 'MBA' red wines. Although the acidity of ‘Cheongsan’ red wine is relatively high, ‘Cheongsan’ red wine contains a lot of tannin, matures over an extended period of time and has excellent antioxidant properties. These results indicated that 'Chengsan' grape could be an excellent source for production of high quality red wine.
Recently, in Korea various kinds of genetically modified (GM) crops have been imported and used as a raw material to manufacture foods and livestock feeds, but the different social concerns about the benefits and the potential risks of GM crops are being shown with a different reaction from the public. Thus a persistent management is required for the safe utilization of genetically modified organism (GMO). PCR analysis of transgene into crop is generally performed for the efficient post management of GMOs. The most important prerequisite for the application of nucleic acid detections is to decide the effective DNA-extraction methods. Particularly, in the case of processed feeds, the nucleic acids of which may be damaged by heating, high pressure, pH treatments, fermentation, etc. in processing, DNA must be extracted with high sensitivity from the samples to perform the PCR successfully. In this study, seven of DNA-extraction methods used commercially and non-commercially were compared with respect to the yields and quality of DNA extracted from livestock feeds and those crop materials. Amounts of genomic DNA obtained from the extraction methods varies according to feed configurations and crop materials. The DNA yield and uniformity of samples extracted with PG, CTAB, and QF method is greater than that obtained from other extraction methods. In the DNA integrity of the selected extraction methods, PCR analysis showed distinct amplifications and similar patterns in detecting crop endogenous genes and GMO genes. These results would be applicable for the selection of an adequate DNA-extraction method in extracting processed feeds and/or crop materials.
Soil salinity is the most critical problem at reclaimed tidal saline soil in Korea. The objective of this study was carried out investigate the salt movement in upland soils at Gyehwa-do region in Saemangeum reclaimed land on the south Korea coasts. The experiment was conducted 5% sloped polt (3.0 m × 10.0 m) with 14 treatments and it were separated by low salinity division (LSD) and high salinity division (HSD) install. The cation content in ground water increased during time course, but in the case of land surface water the content was variable, and K+was lower than that of Na and Mg. At the LSD under rainproof condition, the salinity was directly proportional to soil water content, but at the HSD the tendency was no reversed. In condition of rainproof, the amount of soil salinity was higher at the HSD than at the LSD. Positive correlation was obtained between the soil water content and available phosphorous content at the rainfall division, but there was no significance at the surface soil of the rainproof division. Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and anion (Cl−, SO4 −) contents in soil were repressed in the order of vinyl-mulching > Rice straw-mulching > control plot. Our results indicate that soluble salt control is critical at reclaimed tidal saline soil and the results can provide some useful information for deciding management plans to reduce salt damage for stable crop production and diverse utilization or cultivation could be one of the management options to alleviate salt damages at reclaimed tidal saline soil in Korea.
Plant-parasitic nematodes are the most devastating group of plant pathogens worldwide and are extremely challenging to control. In the present study, we have performed a genome wide analysis to identify common genes among four nematode species consisting of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita and Meloidogyne hapla), cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines), and free living nematode (Caenorhabditis elegans) respectively. Using their whole genome sequences, we predicted 15,274 genes from M. incognita, 38,149 genes from M. hapla, 8,061 genes from H. glycines and 23,894 genes from C. elegans, where, among the predicted genes, 1,358, 1,350, 1,401, 1,365 respectively from each nematode, code for common groups of proteins. Further, 2,067, 2,086, 1,566, 2,903 genes were recollected using Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COG) database. Under our search criteria, a total of 800 common genes were identified in all the four studied nematode genomes. The most annotated conserved genes were obtained from four different species using Basic Local Alignment Searching Tool (BLAST). Uni- Prot Taxon identifier database was used to elucidate their taxonomic classification such as 698 genes under kingdom Metazoa, 660 genes confined to Nematoda, 290 genes in Chordata and 660 genes falling under class Chromadorea. The biochemical characterization of proteins expressed by these genes was examined using Pedant-Pro sequence analysis. The protein length, molecular weight, isoelectric point (pI), and transmembrane domain of the coded proteins were at a range of 300 to 999 amino acids (40.9%), molecular weight of over 100 kDa (96%), pI from 4.5 to 5.5 (27.6%) and 0 (56.6%), respectively. To classify protein function, the obtained BLAST hits were assigned to Gene Ontology classification scheme. The fractions of protein function were distributed as cellular component, biological processes and molecular function of the cell (22.2%), multicellular organism process (15.8%) and binding (48.3%), respectively. The current study provides an excellent resource for nematode functional genomics studies, which can be utilized further for studies on role of genes involved in nematode biological processes.
This study was conducted for recycling the waste MDF(Medium-density fibreboard) to investigate the enzymatic saccharification characteristics using two enzymes Novozyme Cellic® CTec2 and HTec2 (Novozymes, Bagsvaerd, Denmark) after the delignification by pretreatment using sodium chlorite. The chemical composition of the waste MDF are lignin, holocellulose, ash, and other extracts 28.40, 60.20, 0.10, and 11.30%, after pretreatment with sodium chlorite were 5.20, 53.10, 0.03, and 41.67%. The Lignin interferes with enzymatic saccharification of 23.2% was removed, 7.1% of holocellulose was lost. The times of sodium chlorite pretreatment and saccharification of the waste MDF was finished between 48-72 hours, the saccharification speed was fast when the concentration of the enzyme by 10% and the HTec2 CTec2 ratio 9:1. Sugar ratio of the solid content of the waste MDF is the highest as 69.6% when it comes out of 8% and a viscosity was as high as 34.8% when the 12-FB%. Therefore, the pre-treatment with sodium chlorite is more advantageous when enzymatic saccharification to lignocellulosic biomass. The amount of the enzyme, the solid-liquid ratio, and the reaction time showed a proportional relationship with saccharification efficiency. The studies for increasing the solids content of waste MDF to improve the economic efficiency more than 12% should accompanied.
With the increasing awareness of health and environmental preservation, consumers turn their attention to organic and eco-friendly products. The increased service industry incurred partly by sophistication of industrial structure has resulted in having the service industry subject to environmental certification in a bid to promote sustainable production and consumption, which has contributed to reducing environment loads and energy costs as well as the amount of wastes. The gradually increasing maternity care centers have elevated environment loads and caused a variety of diseases due to a lack of health control and improper treatment of chemical substances. Against this backdrop, this study aims to develop evaluation criteria for an official certification of organic maternity care centers and to present the basic operational proposals through a comparative analysis of organic and eco-friendly industrial certification programs. Due to the absence of studies on certification programs for organic maternity care centers, this study has conducted a comparative analysis of overseas certifications, including Organic SPA, GRA, and Nordic Swan, and domestic eco-friendly hotel service certification standards. The evaluation areas have been classified into 19 or less categories, including 19 items for Organic SPA, 8 items for GRA, 7 items for Nordic Swan and 7 items for eco-friendly hotel service certification, and common evaluation areas have been grouped into categories and health control and education management that are considered important in maternity care centers have been incorporated into evaluation areas, which has eventually produced six different categories. When it comes to selecting evaluation indicators for different categories, what are neither used in nor applicable to maternity care centers have been excluded and similar items have been combined and eventually 41 preliminary evaluation indicators have been selected following in-depth interviews with relevant professionals. Further researches into developing the evaluation system to properly evaluate and certify organic maternity care centers through in-depth interviews and surveys among operators of maternity care centers and relevant professionals will be appreciated.