Korea is facing a significant problem with historically low fertility rates, which is becoming a major social issue affecting the economy, labor force, and national security. This study analyzes the factors contributing to the regional gap in fertility rates and derives policy implications. The government and local authorities are implementing a range of policies to address the issue of low fertility. To establish an effective strategy, it is essential to identify the primary factors that contribute to regional disparities. This study identifies these factors and explores policy implications through machine learning and explainable artificial intelligence. The study also examines the influence of media and public opinion on childbirth in Korea by incorporating news and online community sentiment, as well as sentiment fear indices, as independent variables. To establish the relationship between regional fertility rates and factors, the study employs four machine learning models: multiple linear regression, XGBoost, Random Forest, and Support Vector Regression. Support Vector Regression, XGBoost, and Random Forest significantly outperform linear regression, highlighting the importance of machine learning models in explaining non-linear relationships with numerous variables. A factor analysis using SHAP is then conducted. The unemployment rate, Regional Gross Domestic Product per Capita, Women's Participation in Economic Activities, Number of Crimes Committed, Average Age of First Marriage, and Private Education Expenses significantly impact regional fertility rates. However, the degree of impact of the factors affecting fertility may vary by region, suggesting the need for policies tailored to the characteristics of each region, not just an overall ranking of factors.

PURPOSES : Basic research to calculate the appropriate gap acceptance for autonomous vehicles at merging section. Research on whether users prefer short or long gap acceptance. METHODS : Using a driving simulator, experience autonomous driving with different gap acceptance in different weather condition, and analyze which gap acceptance is preferred using survey and biometric data. RESULTS : Regardless of the weather condition, long gap acceptance was preferred, and difference was especially clear in rainy or foggy situation. CONCLUSIONS : It was analyzed that users prefer long gap acceptance over short gap acceptance, and that they feel less frustrated due to long gap acceptance when weather condition is poor.

[Purpose] It aims to suggest the differential factors to enhance the customer satisfaction and to activate the shopping in the convenience store (CVS). [Methodology] Convenience store service convenience (CVS SERVCON) was developed at the first time and the gap of relative importance level between the owners and the consumers was assessed by AHP analysis method..[Findings] First, the importance of access convenience was assessed as the first priority in both CVS owners’ group and the consumers’ group, while the detailed elements showed the differences which required the improvements. Based on the consumers’ assessment, the importance of location was relatively low. They assessed relatively high on 24 hours operation of CVS and personal services. Second with respect to the transaction convenience, CVS owners’ group rated it as the fourth priority while the consumers’ group rated as the second, which requires the improvement. Third in terms of benefit utility and value-added service of post-benefit convenience which are the sub-factors of benefit convenience, the rate on the importance from the consumers showed higher than that from the owners, which requires the improvement. [Implications] Based on this study results, CVS operating companies are anticipated to be able to satisfy the customers, moreover, to secure the loyal customers if they concentrate the resources to develop the differentiation strategy on the areas where the consumers’ demands are high while performs the maintenance strategy on the areas where their demands are low. In addition, this study contributed the theoretical expansion of SERVCON upon development of CVS SERVCON to comply with its definition.

Ginseng has a unique production system that is different from those used for other crops. It is subject to the Ginseng Industry Act., requires a long-term cultivation period of 4-6 years, involves complicated cultivation characteristics whereby ginseng is not produced in a single location, and many ginseng farmers engage in mixedfarming. Therefore, to bring the production of Ginseng in line with GAP standards, it is necessary to better understand the on-site practices of Ginseng farmers according to established control points, and to provide a proper action plan for improving efficiency. Among ginseng farmers in Korea who applied for GAP certification, 77.6% obtained it, which is lower than the 94.1% of farmers who obtained certification for other products. 13.7% of the applicants were judged to be unsuitable during document review due to their use of unregistered pesticides and soil heavy metals. Another 8.7% of applicants failed to obtain certification due to inadequate management results. This is a considerably higher rate of failure than the 5.3% incompatibility of document inspection and 0.6% incompatibility of on-site inspection, which suggests that it is relatively more difficult to obtain GAP certification for ginseng farming than for other crops. Ginseng farmers were given an average of 2.65 points out of 10 essential control points and a total 72 control points, which was slightly lower than the 2.81 points obtained for other crops. In particular, ginseng farmers were given an average of 1.96 points in the evaluation of compliance with the safe use standards for pesticides, which was much lower than the average of 2.95 points for other crops. Therefore, it is necessary to train ginseng farmers to comply with the safe use of pesticides. In the other essential control points, the ginseng farmers were rated at an average of 2.33 points, lower than the 2.58 points given for other crops. Several other areas of compliance in which the ginseng farmers also rated low in comparison to other crops were found. These inclued record keeping over 1 year, record of pesticide use, pesticide storages, posts harvest storage management, hand washing before and after work, hygiene related to work clothing, training of workers safety and hygiene, and written plan of hazard management. Also, among the total 72 control points, there are 12 control points (10 required, 2 recommended) that do not apply to ginseng. Therefore, it is considered inappropriate to conduct an effective evaluation of the ginseng production process based on the existing certification standards. In conclusion, differentiated certification standards are needed to expand GAP certification for ginseng farmers, and it is also necessary to develop programs that can be implemented in a more systematic and field-oriented manner to provide the farmers with proper GAP management education.

Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) is the world's leading quality certification for food safety. Since its introduction in Korea in 2006, its importance has been increasing every year. In particular, food safety issues are becoming increasingly important in society, and food safety is directly linked to health. The core of GAP certification is the traceability of the production, distribution, and consumption of hazardous materials, including pesticide residues, heavy metals, and microbes. In the present study, pesticides and heavy metals in button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) and associated cultivation materials were analyzed. Tricyclozole (0.0144 ppm), flubendiamide (0.147 ppm), and trifloxystrobin (0.0340 ppm) were detected in rice straw and wheat straw, and carbendazim (0.0142 ppm) was detected in mixed wheat straw and rice straw medium. Lead and cadmium were detected at levels higher than the standard level in rice straw and mixed medium. However, lead and cadmium were not detected in mushrooms, and levels of arsenic and mercury were below the safety limit. Therefore, it was confirmed that the residual pesticides and heavy metals are safely managed in the investigated mushroom species. The results of the present study suggest that if these materials are adequately managed in the surroundings during cultivation, all hazardous materials can be managed during mushroom production.

개발과 보전 간 갈등을 최소화할 수 있는 지속가능한 국토 관리를 위해서는 기본적으로 다양한 생물들의 서식처가 될 수 있는 자연환경 우수지역에 대한 관리가 이루어져야 한다. 자연환경 우수지역에 대한 효율적 관리를 위해서는 자연환경 우수지역 중에서도 법적·제도적으로 보호받지 못하고 개발에 노출된 지역들에 대해 지속적인 현황 파악의 노력이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 국토환경성평가지도의 환경생태적 평가 결과와 법제적 평가 결과를 활용한 Gap 분석을 통하여 환경생태적으로 자연환경이 우수하나 제도적으로 보호받지 못하는 관리취약지역을 추출하는 방안을 제안하고자 하였다. Gap 분석 결과, 전국토의 4.81%와 국토환경성 평가지도 환경생태적 평가 1등급 지역의 11.22%가 자연환경적으로 우수하나 제도적으로 보호받지 못하는 관리취약지역으로 분석되 었다. 그리고 이러한 대표지역들의 현황을 살펴본 결과, 국토의 계획 및 이용에 관한 법률상 자연녹지지역으로 지정되어 있었으며, 기타법률에 의거 준보전산지, 가축사육제한구역 그리고 인근 학교로 인한 상대보호구역으로 지정된 지역들이었으며, 이러한 관리 취약지역들은 여건만 조성된다면 개발이 발생할 수 있는 지역들이었다. 따라서 이러한 지역들의 보호를 위해 제도적으로 보호할 수 있는 관리 방안을 고려해야 한다. 그리고 이러한 자연환경이 우수한 관리취약지역의 제도적 관리와 보호 대책 마련을 통해 국내 생물다양성을 증진시키고 지속가능한 국토관리가 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

This study was to evaluate the taste of the wine assessment gap analysis to compare the taste of the wine intended for college student wine consumers and wine experts. Research analysis was carried out frequency analysis to the strength of the wine taste a difference in the intensity of the consistency review and wine for the wine flavor between the two groups. According to result, red wine, bitter and salty taste was perceived higher. For white wines are perceived sweetness of wine was sour and higher consumer groups. Body was found that wine experts perceive higher. The Second difficulty is when college student wine consumers selected wine got another show to the lack of information, lack of expertise, price, taste, the combination of food. Another wine on difficult points during the wine expert wine recommendations wine selection, price, prejudices then guest it showed a preference and communication, considering that the customer's budget, customer preferences, taste and aroma, the combination of the food and the customer response was configured. Although the criteria have different tastes for wine through college student wine consumers if future studies presented by symbolic reference to the wine tasting, can be self-objectification of subjective criteria subjective wine experts are wine consumers to take advantage of these data.

본 연구는 인삼의 재배단계에서의 생물학적 위해요소를 조사하고 그 결과를 인삼 GAP 실천 모델의 개발을 위한 기초자료로 제공하기 위해 수행하였다. 충남 금산에 소재 한 인삼 경작지 3곳에서 재배환경, 작물, 개인위생 항목에 대해 총 96점의 시료를 수집하여 위생지표세균, 병원성미생물, 그리고 곰팡이에 대해 분석하였다. 일반세균과 대장균군, 곰팡이의 오염도는 각각 1.3~6.0, 0.1~5.0 및 0.4~4.9 log CFU/g (or mL, hand, and 100 cm2)으로 확인되었고, 대장균의 경우 C 농장의 농업용수에서 검출되었다. 병원성 미생물은 모든 시료에서 B. cereus만 0.1~4.9 log/g (or mL, hand, and 100 cm2)범위로 검출되었으며, L. monocytogenes, E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella spp. 및 S. aureus는 검출되지 않았다. 이상의 결과 인삼 경작지 3곳은 미생물학적 위해요소에 대해서는 안전한 것으로 나타났으나, 주변 환경이나 작업자들에 의해 교차오염이 발생할 가능성은 항상 존재하므로 보다 안전성이 확보된 인삼을 재배하기 위해서 미생물학적 위해요소의 관리과 포함된 GAP 모델의 적용이 필요하다.

The purpose of this study was to analyze microbiological hazards for plants, cultivation environments and personal hygiene of perilla leaf farms at the harvesting stage. Samples were collected from three perilla leaf farms(A, B, C) located in Gyeongnam, Korea and tested for sanitary indications, fungi and pathogenic bacteria( Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogens, Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus). As a result, total bacteria and coliform in perilla leaf were detected at the levels of 4.4~5.2 and 3.4~4.3 log CFU/g, respectively, but E. coli was not detected in all samples. Among the pathogenic bacteria, B. cereus(perilla leaf: 2.0~2.4 log CFU/g, stem: 1.4~2.1 log CFU/g, water: 0.7 log CFU/ml, soil: 4.2~5.0 log CFU/g, hands: 3.0 log CFU/ hand, gloves: 2.1~2.4 log CFU/100 cm2, glothes: 1.5~2.8 log CFU/100 cm2) and S. aureus(3.4 log CFU/hand) were detected in all samples and worker's hand from farm A, respectively. However, other pathogenic bacteria were not detected. This study demonstrates that perilla leaf at the harvesting stage was significantly contaminated with microbial hazards.

본 연구에서는 안전한 토마토를 생산하기 위한 농산물우수관리제도(Good Agriculture Practices; GAP) 모델 확립의 기초 자료를 제공하고자 경남에 소재한 토마토 재배 농가 중 토경 재배 3 농가와 양액 재배 3 농가를 대상으로 수확단계에서의 생물학적(위생지표세균, 병원성 미생물, 곰팡이), 화학적(중금속, 농 약) 및 물리적 위해요소를 조사하였다. 먼저 생물학적 위해요소 분석결과, 일반세균과 대장균군은 토경재배 농장의 토양에서 최대 7.5 및 5.0 log CFU/g으로 양액재배 농장의 양액보다 0.1~2.8 log CFU/g 높 은 수준으로 검출되었다. 그 외 다른 시료에서의 일반세균 및 대장균군의 경우 토경재배 농장에서는 1.7~6.5 및 0.3~2.9 log CFU/g, leaf, mL, hand or 100cm2로 검출되었고 양액재배 농장에서는 각각 1.1~5.7 및 0.1~4.0 log CFU/g, leaf, mL, hand or 100cm2로 검출되었다. 대장균은 모든 시료에서 검 출되지 않았으며, 곰팡이의 경우 전체적으로 0.2~5.0 log CFU/g, leaf, mL, hand or 100cm2 수준으로 검출되었다. 병원성 미생물은 Bacillus cereus와 Staphylococcus aureus만 양액을 제외한 대부분의 시료에서 검출되었으며, 공중낙하균은 토경재배 농장에서 0.4~1.6 log CFU/plate, 양액재배 농장에서 0.1~1.0 log CFU/plate 수준으로 검출되었다. 화학적 위해요소인 중금속(Cd, Pb, Cu, Cr, Hg, Zn, Ni 및 As)과 잔류농약은 모든 시료에서 국내 허용기준치 이하로 검출되었고, 물리적 위해요소는 다른 위해요소에 비해 발생가능성은 낮지만 유리조각, 캔 등으로 확인되었다.

The objective of this study was to analyze hazards for the growing stage of 6 tomato farms (A, B, C; soli farms, D, E, F; Nutriculture farms) located in Gyeongsangnam-do to establish the good agricultural practices (GAP). A total of 144 samples for analyzing hazards collected from cultivation environments (irrigation water, soil, nutrient solution, and air) and personal hygiene (hands, gloves, and cloths) were assessed for biological (sanitary indications and major food borne pathogens) and chemical hazards (heavy metals). Total bacteria, coliform, and fungi were detected at levels of 0.2-7.2, 0.0-6.1, and 0.0-5.4 log CFU/g, mL, hand or 100 cm2, respectively. Escherichia coli were only detected in the soil sample from B farm. In case of pathogens, Bacillus cereus was detected at levels of 0.0- 4.4 log CFU/(g, mL, hand or 100 cm2), whereas Staphylococuus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, E. coli O157, and Salmonella spp. were not detected in all samples. Heavy metals as a chemical hazard were detected in soil and irrigation water, but levels of them were lower than the permit limit. In conclusion, chemical hazard levels complied with GAP criteria, but biological hazards at the growing stage of tomato farms were confirmed. Therefore a proper management to prevent microbial contamination is needed.

The law(construction standard specification, construction, standard-work regulation, Industry safety standard related regulation) related to the installation of scaffolding being used commonly on the construction site is regulated that the gap of ledger is within 1.5m and first ledger is within 2m. The gap of ledger here is essential for the stability of scaffolding structure. But it is determined that it is possible for the gap of ledger is applied by explaining safety handrail as ledger, because of the fact that in current, on the construction site, safety handrail is installed with the material of scaffolding ledger as a steel tube pipe. On this study, it is aimed to guarantee the safety by analyzing the ledger of scaffolding practically and prevent the accident of manager and laborer through the actualization.

가로 및 교차로에 설치된 단순입체시설의 현행 분석기법은 시설을 이용하는 주교통류를 분석대상에 포함시키지 않고 있어 불합리한 도로 및 신호운영을 유도하여 엇갈림현상, 병목현상과 같은 도로의 혼잡을 야기한다. 이러한 여건에도 불구하고 단순 입체시설을 이용하는 교통류 분석기법의 연구가 거의 수행된 바 없다. 또한 개략적으로 제시되어 있는 설정기준 역시 여러 가지 도로 및 교통조건을 반영하지 못하고 있는 실정으로, 단순입체시설이 포함된 교차로분석 시 지체도가 과소 추정되는 경향이 있다. 그러므로 본 연구는 도시내 입체시설의 효과를 파악하기 위한 선행과정으로서 대상시설의 효과를 파악할 수 있도록 입체시설의 분석기법을 개발하고 분석교차점의 적정간격을 응용하는데 그 목적이 있다. 본 연구는 다음과 같이 수행하였다. (1) 기존 분석기법의 문제점 제기, (2) 새로운 분석기법의 정립, (3) 사례지역의 적용 및 비교검정, (4) 분합류구간의 적정간격에 대한 민감도 분석을 수행한다. 연구결과, 본 연구에서 제시한 분석기법은 기존 분석기법의 모호한 부분을 명확히 하고 합리적인 결과를 추정할 수 있었다. 또한 그 분석기법을 응용하여 분합류구간에 대한 적정간격을 추정한 결과, 본선에서는 65m, 측도에서는 45m로 나타나 최소한 그 이상의 위치에 접속지점을 설치하는 것이 타당하다고 판단된다. 본 연구의 수행으로 얻어지는 가치는 다음과 같다. (1) 당해 시설에 대한 선행연구 또는 분석방법이 없었으므로 대상시설물로 인한 파급효과를 파악할 수 있다. (2) 본 연구의 분석기법은 기존 교차로의 분석방법을 차용함으로써 새로운 분석방법을 숙지하지 않아도 용이한 분석이 가능하다. (3) 본 연구에서 제시한 분석기법에 의하면 기존에 제외된 통과교통량을 포함시켜 분석할 수 있다. 이러한 방법을 통해 교차로 및 가로분석 시에 현황과 동떨어질 수 있는 결과에 대한 오류를 최소화할 수 있다. (4) 새로운 분석기법을 이용하면 신설 또는 기존 시설물에 대한 문제점을 도출하여 도로운영 및 신호운영 등의 개선방안을 제시할 수 있다.

본 연구에서는 고추재배 농가에 대한 농산물우수관리제도(Good agricultural practices, GAP) 적용을 위한 미생물학적 위해분석을 수행하였다. 경북 청송에 위치한 고추재배 농가 3곳을 선정한 후 재배환 경·도구, 작물, 작업자 및 공중낙하균에 대하여 시료를 수집하였고, 위생지표세균, 병원성 미생물 및 곰팡이를 분석하였다. 그 결과, 일반세균, 대장균군 및 곰팡이는 3 곳의 농가에서 각각 0.7~6.2, 0.2~4.7, 0.4~4.3 log CFU 수준으로 확인되었고 총 90점의 시료 중 4점의 시료(작물 잎 1점, 농업용 수 1점 및 토양 2점)에서 대장균이 검출되었다. 병원성 미생물 Staphylococcus aureus의 경우 B 농가의 작업복에서만 1.0 log CFU/100 cm2로 검출되었고, Bacillus cereus는 B와 C 농가의 재배환경·도구와 작업자에서 1.0~2.5 log CFU 수준으로 확인되었다. 그러나 다른 병원성 미생물의 경우는 모든 시료에 서 검출한계이하의 수준으로 검출되었다. 이상의 결과로 볼 때 농가에서 재배되고 있는 고추에 대한 잠 재적인 미생물학적 위해가 확인되었고, 이를 최소화할 수 있는 관리시스템, 예를 들면 GAP와 같은 관리 시스템이 미생물학적 위해로부터 고추의 안전성 확보를 위해 적용되어야 할 것으로 판단된다.

This study established hazards which may cause risk to human at farm during cultivation stage of paprika. Samples of plants (paprika, leaf, stem), cultivation environments (water, soil), personal hygiene (hand, glove,clothes), work utensils (carpet, basket, box) and airborne bacteria were collected from three paprika farms (A, B, C)located in Western Gyeongnam, Korea. The collected samples were assessed for biological (sanitary indications and major foodborne pathogens), chemical (heavy metals, pesticide residues) and physical hazards. In biological hazards,total bacteria and coliform were detected at the levels of 1.9~6.6 and 0.0~4.6 log CFU/g, leaf, mL, hand or 100 ㎠,while Escherichia coli was not detected in all samples. In major pathogens, only Bacillus cereus were detected at levels of ≤ 1.5 log CFU/g, mL, hand or 100 ㎠, while Staphylococuus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, E. coli O157and Salmonella spp. were not detected in all samples. Heavy metal and pesticide residue as chemical hazards were detected at levels below the regulation limit, physical hazard factors, such as insects, pieces of metal and glasses, were also found in paprika farms. Proper management is needed to prevent biological hazards due to cross-contamination while physical and chemical hazards were appropriate GAP criteria.

콩 GAP 모델 확립을 위해 경남 창녕에 소재한 콩 재배농가 3 곳을 선정하여 각 재배환경에 대한 물리 적, 화학적(중금속) 및 생물학적(위생지표세균, 병원성 미생물) 위해요소를 분석하였다. 재배환경에 대한 물리적 위해요소로는 토양과 농업용수에 혼입될 수 있는 이물 등으로 확인되었고, 화학적 위해요소 중 토 양과 농업용수에서의 중금속 (Cd:0.01~0.103, Cu:0.001~6.036, As:0.006~3.045, Hg:ND~0.041, Pb:0.003~3.952, Cr+6:0.007~0.496, Zn:0.001~66.500, Ni:0.003~18.010)이 모두 허용기준치 이하로 검출되었다. 생물학적 위해요소의 경우, 위생지표세균은 토양에서 일반세균과 대장균군이 6.0±0.3 및 3.6±1.6 log CFU/g, 농업용수는 3.5±0.7 및 1.9±0.7 log CFU/mL 수준으로 각각 검출되었고, E. coli 는 모든 시료에서 불검출 되었다. 그러나 농업용수에서 대장균군이 허용기준치를 초과하였고, E. coli O157도 토양 중에서 약 22%가 검출됨에 따라 분변오염 방지를 위한 적절한 방안이 필요할 것으로 판단 된다. 결론적으로 재배환경 중 물리적 및 화학적 위해요소 (중금속)의 오염수준은 허용기준에 적합했지만, 생 물학적 위해요소의 경우 농업용수에서 대장균군이 기준치를 초과함에 따라 최종산물로의 교차오염을 방지 하기 위한 체계적인 관리방안이 모색되어야 할 것으로 판단된다.