Benzoylphenylurea계 살충제(BPUs)는 많은 종의 곤충에 불임을 유발하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 이전의 실험결과 집파리의 불임에 효과적인 것으로 밝혀진 4가지 BPUs의 발육단계가 다른 집파리 성충에 대한 불임효과를 실험하였다. 수컷 성충 및 우화 후 교미하기 전의 암컷(우화 1일 후)과 교미 후 난소가 충분히 발육한 상태의 암컷(우화 5일 후)을 300 ppm의 약제에 24시간 동안 접촉시킨 후 1~2일 간격으로 채란하여 부화율을 조사하였다. Flufenoxuron과 teflubenzuron에 처리된 5일 암컷이 처리 1일 후 산란한 알은 전혀 부화하지 못하였고, triflumuron과 diflubenzuron에 처리한 5일 암컷이 산란한 알의 부화율을 23%로 크게 감소하였다. Flufenoxuron에 처리된 1일 파리가 처음 산란한 알은 es지 1%의 부화율을 보였다. 따라서 본 실험에서 사용한 4가지 BPUs계 살충제는 집파리 성충의 연령에 관계없이 산란된 알의 부화를 억제할 수 있었으며, 부화한 유충의 일부는 번데기까지 자라지 못하고 사망하였다. 실험에 사용한 4약제 중에서 flufenoxuron의 부화억제 효과가 가장 우수하였으며, 약효가 5일간 지속되었다.

The effect of natural foods, utilizing the extracts or juices of teas(Green tea; Camellia sinesis, Du'chung; Eucommia ulmoides Oliver), medicinal plants(Eu sung cho; Houttuynia cordata Thunb, Sam back cho; Saurus Chinensis, Baek hwa sa seal cho; Oldenladia diffusa Roxb.) seaweeds(Laver; Porphyra tenera, Sea mustard; Undaria pinnatifida, Sea staghorn; Condium fragile) and vegetables(Sweet pepper; Capsicum annuum var. angulosum, Kale; Brassier oleracea var. acephala, Cucumber; Cucumis satiaus, Onion; Album cepa) and fruits(Tomato; Lycopericon esculentum, Maesil; Prunus mume, Plum; Prunus salicina and Grape; Vitis sppJon the inhibition of N-Nitrosodimethylamine(NDMA) formation was investigated from the various conditions. The inhibition effect was observed in vitro using the reaction fluids of pH 1.2, 4.2 and 6.0. From the teas and medicinal plants, there was a positive response of NDMA formation; however, from the seaweed extracts, there was a negative response of the inhibition effect of NDMA formation, and as the pH of reaction fluids and the amount of materials increase, the inhibition of NDMA formation was strengthened. The inhibition ratios by the level of pH are as follows: under pH 1.2 vegetable juice were 57.6∼99.7%; and fruits were 35.9∼99.7%; under pH 4.2 vegetable juice were 55.0∼97.5% and fruits were 21.3∼96.8%. All of the materials observed has been proved and shown the inhibition effect of NDMA formation.

최근 산업의 발달로 인한 식품의 안전성에 대한 국민의 우려가 증가되고 있으며 특히 식품을 미생물의 증식으로부터 안전하게 보존하기 위한 천연식품보존제의 개발이 요구되고 있다. 지구상에 풍부한 천연자원인 키토산과 합성화학보존제인 소르빈산을 사용하여 그람음성 병원성 식중독 원인균인 E. coli O157:H7과 대표적 그람양성 식중독 원인균인 Staph. aureus에 대해 실험한 결과는 다음과 같았다. 5. coli O157:H7에 대한 키토산의 최소발육억제농도는 pH 5.0에서 500 ppm, pH 5.5에서 250 ppm, pH 6.0에서 500 ppm, 그리고 pH 6.5에서 2000 ppm이었으며, Staph. aureus에 대한 키토산의 최소발육억제농도는 pH 5.0에서 31.3 ppm이었으며 , pH 5.5 이상에서는 62.5 ppm이었다. 소르빈산의 최소발육억제농도는 pH 5.0에서 500 ppm, pH 5.5에서 1500 ppm, 그리고 PH 6.0 이상에서는 2000ppm이상이었다. Staph. aureus에 대한 소르빈산의 최소발육억제농도는 pH 5.0에서 1500ppm이었으며, pH 5.5 이상에서는 2000 ppm 이상이었다. E. coli O157:H7에 대한 키토산과 소르빈산의 병 용처리효과는 pH에 크게 영향을 받아 pH 6.5에서는 키토산농도 500 ppm과 소르빈산 500 ppm농도에 발육이 억제되었으나 pH 5.0에서는 키토산농도 250 ppm과 소르빈산 31.3 ppm에 억제되었다. 한편, Staph. aureus에서는 pH에 대한 영향이 별로 없었으며, 키토산의 영향을 크게 받으나 소르빈산의 영향은 거의 없었다. pH 6.5, 37℃의 조건하에서 E. coli O137:H7은 키토산 500 ppm 및 소르빈산 500 ppm 처리와 키토산 250 ppm 및 소르빈산 250 ppm 병용처리군에서 모두 증식이 억제되었으나 키토산과 소르빈산 단독처리군에서는 배양시간이 증가함에 따라 균의 증식이 계속되었다. Staph. aureus는 소르빈산에 영향을 받지않았으며 병용효과보다는 키토산에 대한 영향이 컸다. pH 5.5, 37℃의 조건하에서 E. coli O157:H7은 키토산 500 ppm, 250 ppm 단독첨가시와 병용처리시 모두 3시간 이내에 균증식이 억제되었다. Staph. aureus의 경우는 키토산 50 ppm 단독처리군과 키토산 25 ppm과 소르빈산 2000 ppm 병용처리군에서 균증식이 사면되었다. E. coli O157:H7에 대한 키토산과 소르빈산병용처리시 MIC와의 상관관계는 pH 6.5에서 R=0.95(p<0.01), pH 6.0에서 R=0.99(p<0.01), pH 5.5에서 R=0.97(p<0.01), 그리고 pH 5.0에서 R=0.99(p.0.01)로 높은 상관관계를 나타내었다. Staph. aureus에 대해서는 소르빈산의 병용처리에 의한 효과는 거의 없었다. 이상의 결과로 종합하면 pH변화에 따른 키토산과 소르빈산 단독 및 병용처리로 인한 상승효과를 확인할 수 있었으며 이 결과 천연식품인 키토산을 병용함으로써 인체에 영향이 있는 합성화학보존제인 소르빈산의 양을 감소시킬 수 있었으며, 또한 식품의 보존성을 더 증가 또는 유지시킬수 있을 것으로 기대되었다.

The growth inhibition effect of orally administrated yogurt ACE and Metchnikoff upon E. coli O157:H7 and S. typhimurium inoculated into gastric lumen of rabbits was investigated. The rabbits challenged with each 1 ml of suspension containing 10^8 CFU/ml of the pathogens were divided into 4 groups by the interval of yogurt administration: A group; preadministrated 7 days before inoculation of the pathogens and fed daily; B group; administrated daily after inoculation of the pathogens, C group; administrated every 3 days after inoculation of the pathogens; Control group, not fed after inoculation of the pathogens. Each 3 ml of yogurt containing 10^9 CFU/ml was orally administrated into rabbits. All yogurt administrated groups (A, B, C) showed growth inhibition effect on E. coli O157:H7 in one day after inoculation of the pathogen by the level of 0.8-1.0 log CFU/g, compared with the result differences between the control group and the yogurt administrated groups. In the control group after 5 days of inoculation, the number of colonized pathogens was 10^5-10^6 CFU/g, whereas 10³-10⁴ CFU/g was detected in the yogurt administrated groups. After 10 days of inoculation, the viable pathogen number per gram (g) of the rabbit feces was 10³ CFU/g in the control group, whereas the number below 10¹ CFU/g was detected in the group A, and 10² CFU/g in the group B and C. The growth inhibition effect of yogurt administration on E. coli O157:H7 was highly increased in the order of A, B, and C group. The same effect on S. typhimurium was observed at the level of 2 log CFU/g in the Metchnikoff yogurt administrated groups, compared with the control group result in one day after inoculation of the pathogen. In 7 days after inoculation of the pathogen, the viable number was increasingly decreased, and finally after 15 days no viable cell of S. typhimurium was discharged into the fecal samples in the group A, and the mean level of 10¹ CFU/g was detected in the group B, but there was no growth inhibition effect in the group C. The growth inhibition effect on S. typhimurium was observed at the same level of viable cell number between the yogurt ACE administrated groups and the control group in 5 days after inoculation. But, after 10 days of inoculation the viable cell number was started to decrease, and the viable cell of S. typhimurium was not discharged from rabbit intestinal contents after 15 days of inoculation in the yogurt ACE administrated groups. In such a case that yogurt was administrated in order to prevent the pathogens, pre-administration on a daily basis one week before inoculation of the pathogens exerted considerable effect in growth inhibition. In comparison with two kinds of yogurt tested in this study, the growth inhibition effect on two kinds of pathogens was observed more highly in the Metchnikoff administrated group than the ACE administrated group.

In this study, the inhibition of ammonia on anaerobic digestion of butyric acid was evaluated and the potential alleviating effects of such ammonia inhibition by the addition of magnetite particles were investigated. Independent anaerobic batch tests fed with butyric acid as a sole organic source were conducted in twenty 60-mL glass bottles with 10 different treatment conditions, comprising ammonia: 0.5, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, and 7.0 g total ammonia nitrogen (TAN)/L and magnetite particles: 0 mM and 20 mM. The increase in ammonia concentration did not cause significant inhibition on methane yield; however, a significant inhibition on lag time and specific methane production rate was observed. The IC50 in the control treatments (without magnetite addition) was estimated as 6.2654 g TAN/L. A similar inhibition trend was observed in magnetite-added treatments; however, the inhibition effect by ammonia was significantly alleviated in lag time and specific methane production rate when compared to those in the control treatments. The lag time was shortened by 1.6–46.3%, specific methane production rate was improved by 6.0–69.0%. In the magnetite-added treatments, IC50 was estimated as 8.5361 g TAN/L. This study successfully demonstrated the potential of magnetite particles as an enhancer in anaerobic digestion of butyric acid under conditions of ammonia stress.

In this study, we investigated the effects of indole on biofilm formation inhibition in Pantoea agglomerans (P. agglomerans). In the biofilm growth assay, indole inhibited biofilm formation across all the growth time. Depending on biofilm growth stage, indole exhibited biofilm inhibition and anti-bacterial effects on planktonic cells. Through the analysis of the proportion rate between biofilm and Colony Forming Units (CFU) and inhibition rate of indole, we confirmed that depending on the biofilm stage of P. agglomerans, indole treatment timing was more important than the treatment duration. By comparing gene expression rates through rt-qPCR P.agglomerans affected by indole was found to significantly change quorum sensing (pagI/R) and indole transportation (bssS) gene expressions. Throughout all, indole exhibited both antimicrobial and anti-biofilm effects on P. agglomerans. In addition, we confirmed the anti-biofilm effects of indole on mature biofilm. In conclusion, indole as a signal molecule, can exhibit anti-biofilm effects through bacterial quorum sensing inhibition and indole affects. Therefore, indole can regulate biofilm bacteria especially gram-negative opportunistic pathogens.

Aralia cordata (A. cordata), which belongs to Araliaceae, is a perennial herb widely distributed in East Asia. We evaluated the anti-inflammatory effect of stems (AC-S), roots (AC-R) and leaves (AC-L) extracted with 100% methanol of A. cordata and elucidated the potential signaling pathway in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. The AC-L showed a strong anti-inflammatory activity through inhibition of NO production. AC-L dose-dependently inhibited NO production by suppressing iNOS, COX-2 and IL-β expression in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. AC-L inhibited the degradation and phosphorylation of IκB-α, which donated to the inhibition of p65 nuclear accumulation and NF-κB activation. Furthermore, AC-L suppressed the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38. These results suggested that AC-L may utilize anti-inflammatory activity by blocking NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathway and indicated that the AC-L can be used as a natural anti-inflammatory drugs.

Background : Ginseng is perennial, frequently damaged by various diseases and insect pests, due to this, quantity and quality decreases. Particularly, Alternaria blight greatly damages the stem in its germination and the leaves after leafing. Here, this research conducted a test by investigating the control effect of lime-sulfur mixture in the market on 5 ginseng Alternaria blight, in order to utilize it as the disease control measure for disease and pest for eco-friendly cultivation of ginseng. Methods and Results : This research investigated the control effect of 5 types of lime-sulfur mixture in market on ginseng spotting disease by distributing the solvents to 5-years ginseng by 100 times and 200 times on April 29, May 15, and May 27. Also, this research investigated spore germination inhibition effect on Alternaria panax, Colletotrichum sp. and Botrytis cineria spore germination inhibition effect was investigated with spore germination inhibition ratio by manufacturing 100 times’ culture and 200 times’ culture per lime-sulfur mixture medium. There were two materials among 5 lime-sulfur mixture products to control over Alternaria blight using eco-friendly ginseng material, which didn’t damage during the leafing period of ginseng, and this research selected Sulfur 153, effective for Alternaria blight. Sulfur 153 was effective for Alternaria blight control due to its 82.2% control effect when treating by 200 times. Sulfur 153 was effective for spore germination inhibition of Alternaria panax, Colletotrichum sp. and Botrytis cineria and the rates of spore germination inhibition were 71.5, 100, 19.5% respectively. Conclusion : There were 2 materials among 5 lime-sulfur mixture products to control over Alternaria blight using eco-friendly ginseng material, which did not damage leafing period, and sulfur 153 was selected as the material effective for Alternaria blight. Sulfur 153 appeared to suppress germination of spore of Alternaria panax and Colletotrichum sp.

최근 우리나라 서･남해안에 대량 유입되고 있는 괭생이모자반은 매년 그 양이 증가하고 있으며, 항해 및 양식시설 등에 피해를 주고 있다. 또한 막대한 비용 및 인력을 동원하여 수거한 후에도 그 처리에 어려움을 겪고있다. 우리나라 해안에 유입되는 양이 매년 증가하고 있어 괭생이모자반에 대한 적절한 처리방안 대책이 시급한 실정이다. 해조류는 바이오에너지 회수를 위한 바이오매스로 주목을 받아, 에너지 전환 공정에 대한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 괭생이모자반은 해조류 중 갈조류에 속하며 바이오매스로서의 잠재성이 높을 것으로 판단된다. 그러나 바다에서 수거/수확된 해조류에는 해수 속 염분이 일부 묻어 있을 것으로 사료되며, 이 단계에서 해조류 관리와 후속 공정과의 연구는 현재 미미하다. 이에 본 연구에서는 바다에서 수거된 괭생이모자반을 대상으로 수거직후 관리(세척여부)에 따라 바이오에너지 전환 공정 중 당 가수분해에 미치는 영향에 대하여 검토하였다. 세척시료와 미세척시료를 대상으로 강열감량 후 회분의 전기전도도 값을 측정한 결과, 미세척시료가 2.28 mS/cm로 세척시료보다 1.64배 높았으며, 이때 회분의 약 73%가 염분으로 나타났다. 세척과정을 반복적으로 실시하여 배출된 세척수의 전기전도도를 측정한 결과, 3회 세척 후 세척수 전기전도도는 1회 세척 후 결과 값의 88%가 감소하여, 해조류 표면에 묻은 염분은 반복되는 세척과정에서 상당부분 제거됨을 확인하였다. 세척여부는 당 가수분해 공정에도 영향을 미쳤으며, 특히 효소를 이용한 생물학적 가수분해 공정에 저해효과가 큰 것으로 나타났다.

Background : Replant failure of ginseng is caused by soil-born pathogens causing root rot such as Cylindrocarpon destructans and Fusarium solani. Dazomet are widely used as soil fumigant to solve soilborne problems, and the degradation intermediates are toxic to nematodes, fungi, bacteria, insects and weeds. Methods and Results : The effects of cultivation of green manure crop, maize before and after soil fumigation on the control of ginseng root rot disease were compared using soil of field where 6-years-old ginseng was harvested. Fumigant (dazomet) were used for soil fumigation in May and September, respectively. Maize was grown for soil management before and after soil fumigation. Maize cultivation after May fumigation was delayed the sowing day by 15 days, and the fresh and dry weight decreased significantly. Maize cultivation after May fumigation increased pH but decreased EC, NO3, P2O5, and K significantly. Maize cultivation after May fumigation decreased fungi population and ratio of fungi and bacteria. Growth of 2-years-old ginseng was improved and the incidence of ginseng root rot was significantly decreased by maize cultivation after May fumigation. After harvesting 2-years-old ginseng, the population of Cylindrocarpon destructans was not different among treatments, but Fusarium solani showed a significant increase in September fumigation after maize cultivation. Conclusion : Maize cultivation after soil fumigation was effective in inhibiting ginseng root rot by improvement of mineral composition and microorganism in soils.

In this study, we investigated the inhibition effect of various herbs on the rancidity of soybean oil. The antioxidant activity of herb-infused oils was evaluated by examining their total phenolic contents and DPPH radical scavenging abilities. The total phenolic contents were found to increase with addition of herbs to the soybean oil. Rosemary-infused oil (RO) exhibited the highest total phenolic contents (77.28 μg GE/mL), followed by the lemon-balm-infused oil (LO), green-tea-infused oil (GO), and soybean oil (SO) alone (36.82, 36.66, and 21.24 μg GE/mL, respectively). Similary, the DPPH radical scavenging activity of the herb infused oil also increased. Moreover, measurements on the total polar compound (TPC) contents, acid value, and p-anisidine value were carried out in order to confirm the changes in the rancidity of the oils during frying. The time for the TPC content to reach 25% was confirmed to be delayed from 62 h for SO to 68 h, 74 h, and 80 h for GO, RO, LO, respectively. Even though there were some differences between the p-anisidine and acid values, it was confirmed that the addition of herbs inhibited the rancidity of soybean oil. Therefore, the results in this study show that adding herbs to soybean oil could positively contribute to the inhibition of oxidation and rancidity.

The SS (Bacillus subtilis 10%), WS (Microbial extract 70%), and DS (Sulfur 78%) agents were selected by mycelial growth inhibitory effect test against kiwifruit soft rot pathogen (B. dothidea) with 11 kinds of environment-friendly agricultural materials on PDA medium for 10 days. They showed at 94.2%, 65.2%, 58.9%, respectively. The control value of WS and SS agents were better than DS in storage experiment. It was effective SS and WS single application, DS-WS and WS-SS alternate application in the field trial.

To study the effect of crop rotation on the control of ginseng root rot, growth characteristics and root rot ratioof 2-year-old ginseng was investigated after the crops of 18 species were cultured for one year in soil contaminated by thepathogen of root rot. Fusarium solani and Cylindrocarpon destructans were detected by 53.2% and 37.7%, respectively, frominfected root of 4-year-old ginseng cultivated in soil occurring the injury by continuous cropping. Content of NO3, Na, andP2O5 were distinctly changed, while content of pH, Ca, and Mg were slightly changed when whole plant of crops cultured forone year were buried in the ground. All of EC, NO3, P2O5, and K were distinctly increased in soil cultured sudangrass, pea-nut, soybean, sunnhemp, and pepper. All of EC, NO3, P2O5, and K among inorganic component showed negative effect onthe growth of ginseng when they were excessively applied on soil. The growth of ginseng was promoted in soil cultivatedperilla, sweet potato, sudangrass, and welsh onion, while suppressed in Hwanggi (Astragalus mongholicus), Deodeok(Codonopsis lanceolata) Doraji (Platycodon grandiflorum), Gamcho (Glycyrrhiza uralensis), Soybean. All of chicory, lettuce,radish, sunnhemp, and welsh onion had effective on the inhibition of ginseng root rot, while legume such as soybean,Hwanggi, Gamcho, peanut promoted the incidence of root rot. Though there were no significant correlation, NO3 showedpositive correlation, and Na showed negative correlation with the incidence of root rot.

본 연구에서는 20종 생약 열수추출물의 AChE 활성, 산화 스트레스로 인한 지질 과산화물 생성 억제능 및 뇌신경 세포 사멸에 대한 보호효과를 비교하였다. AChE의 억제활 성은 산수유, 감초, 당귀 열수추출물에서 우수하였으며, 그 중 산수유가 가장 높은 억제율을 나타내었다. 또한 H2O2/ FeSO4로 산화 스트레스를 유발시켜 생약 열수추출물의 지 질과산화물 생성 억제 활성을 조사한 결과 소엽, 하수오, 계피 및 감초 열수추출물에서 높은 항산화 활성을 보였다. L-Glutamate에 의해 유도된 신경세포 독성에 대한 보호효 과는 감초, 계피, 길경, 박하 열수추출물의 100 μg/mL 농도 에서 관찰되었다. 본 연구를 종합적으로 살펴보았을 때, 감초 열수추출물이 치매 예방 및 개선제로써의 활용가능성 이 가장 뛰어난 것으로 판단된다. 향후 치매예방 효능을 가지는 새로운 화합물 발굴을 위한 기초자료로 활용될 것으 로 사료된다.

This study was conducted to investigate the antioxidative activity and tyrosinase inhibitory activity of 50%ethanol extract and its fractions from the branch of Rhododendron schlippenbachii. In DPPH radical scavenging ability,butanol and ethyl acetate fractions showed 59.98% and 55.17% of relative activity compared with positive control (ascorbicacid), but the 50% ethanol extract showed relatively low activity. In nitric oxide (NO) scavenging ability, the ethyl acetateand butanol fractions showed 141.80% and 131.55% relative activity compared with ascorbic acid as used for posi-tive control. On the other hand, tyrosinase inhibitory activity of the ethyl acetate and butanol fractions showed about twicehigher activity than positive control (arbutin). It means that the ethyl acetate and butanol fractions from the extract of R.schlippenbachii branch has ability for used as effective radical scavenger and tyrosinase inhibitor.

In present study, leaching alkali ions in concrete are measured to inhibition of effect to binder(OPC, GGBS, Loess) at 100 days. As a result, OPC concrete was measured the value of pH 9.15 and GGBS concrete was showed the value of pH 8.61.