본 연구에서는 외부 주요주주가 기업의 연구개발투자에 미친 영향을 실증분석을 통해 검증하였다. 외부 주요주 주를 동질적인 하나의 그룹으로 인식했던 선행연구와 달리, 본 연구에서는 외부 주요주주를 구성하고 있는 주체 별로 이해관계가 다를 수 있다는 가정에서 출발하였다. 기업에서 5% 이상의 지분을 보유하고 있는 외부 주요주 주를 국민연금, 국민연금을 제외한 국내 기관투자자, 외국인투자자 등 3개 그룹으로 구분한 후, 그룹별로 연구개 발투자에 미치는 영향을 검증하였다. 2013～2020년 동안 KOSPI 시장에 상장된 468개 제조기업을 대상으로 패널 분석을 수행한 결과, 외부 주요주주 중 국민연금과 외국인투자자는 기업의 연구개발투자에 유의한 정(+)의 영향을 미친 반면, 국민연금을 제외한 국내 기관투자자는 연구개발투자에 유의한 부(-)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 국민연금과 외국인투자자는 경영자에 대한 적극적인 감시활동을 통해 연구개발투자를 통한 중장기적인 기업가치 제고를 추구하는 반면, 국민연금을 제외한 국내 기관투자자는 단기 이익 극대화를 추 구하여 불확실성이 높고 회임 기간이 긴 연구개발투자를 기피함을 의미한다. 연구결과는 외부 주요주주가 기업경 영에 미치는 영향력을 정확히 파악하기 위해서는 다양한 이해관계를 가진 외부 주요주주를 유형별로 세분화해서 접근해야 함을 시사한다.

본 연구는 국내 및 외국인 기관투자자의 투자 기간이 기업의 배당정책과 어떠한 관계가 있는지를 분석하며, 특히 Yan and Zhang(2009)의 투자자 포트폴리오회전율 계산법을 사용하여 장기 및 단기 투자자를 구분한다. 주요 분석 결과들은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 기관투자자 전체 지분율 또는 국내 및 외국인 기관투자자 지분율은 배당성향 및 배당수익률과 유의한 관계가 나타나지 않았다. 둘째, 기관투자자의 투자 기간에 따라 장기 기관투자자 지분 율은 배당성향과 유의한 양(+)의 관계가 나타났다. 반면, 단기 기관투자자 지분율은 배당성향 및 배당수익률과 유의한 관계가 나타나지 않았다. 셋째, 장기 국내 기관투자자 지분율은 배당성향과 유의한 양(+)의 관계가 나타난 반면, 단기 외국인 기관투자자 지분율은 배당성향과 유의한 음(-)의 관계가 나타났다. 이에 따라 장기 국내 기관투자자는 경영자 모니터링 역할을 수행하면서 배당 수익을 투자 목표로 추구하지만, 단기 외국인 기관투자자는 주식의 단기적인 매매를 통한 자본이득을 추구한다고 해석할 수 있다. 넷째, 장기 국내 기관투자자와 기업지 배구조의 상호작용 변수는 유의한 음(-)의 관계가 나타났다. 이에 따라 지배구조가 양호한 기업은 경영자 모니터링이 효과적으로 이루어지므로, 장기 국내 기관투자자는 배당 수익 보다는 장기적인 기업가치의 증가에 초점을 맞추는 것으로 해석된다. 다섯째, 기업지배구조가 양호할수록 경영자 모니터링이 효과적이고 대리인비용이 낮은 가운데, 배당성향이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 수익성 및 영업 현금흐름 비율이 높을수록 여유 현금흐름으로 인해 배당성향이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 이와 대조적으로 기업의 자기자본수익률이 높을수록 배당성향은 낮아지는데, 수익성이 높은 경우 재투자에 현금흐름을 사용함에 따라 배당 지급은 줄어드는 것으로 해석된다. 또한, 기업 규모가 클수록 낮은 배당성향을 나타내서 규모가 큰 기업일수록 여유 현금을 배당 지급보다는 투자에 지출하는 경향이 있다고 볼 수 있다. 이러한 분석 결과들은 한국기업들이 장기 투자 기간을 가진 국내 및 외국인 기관투자 자를 주주로서 우대할 필요가 있음을 시사한다. 이를 위해 한국 기업들은 주주들의 주요 수익원으로 배당을 중요시하면서 배당성향과 배당수익률을 높이는 재무정책을 추구할 필요가 있다. 또한 기업지배구조를 개선하는 노력과 함께 자본적 지출, R&D 지출 등을 확대하면서 장기적인 기업가치를 증대시킬 수 있을 것이다.

In the last few years, the attention on false and misleading communications regarding company’s commitment towards the environment – a practice known as greenwashing – has drastically increased. Greenwashing has several consequences for companies: it deteriorates brand reputation and trust (Duan and Jie, 2013), increases consumer skepticism (Delmas and Burbano, 2011), reduces purchase intentions (Murray and Vogel 1997; Swaen and Vanhamme 2004, 2005), and erodes investor’s confidence in environmentally friendly firms (Delmas and Burbano, 2011). Indeed, private investors are interested in CSR and look for information about it (Cellier et al., 2016; Nath, et al., 2013) but little is known about the consequences of greenwashing on private investments. Moreover, greenwashing often happens because of the bad management of the supply chain and various company’s faults are related to the difficulty to manage it (Crane et al., 2014). The aim of this research is to investigate how greenwashing affects intention to invest depending on the involvement of the supply chain. In two experiments we compared three types of greenwashing, which vary according to the supply chain role in the misconduct and the declared CSR commitment of the company. We call indirect greenwashing when a company that declares to be CSR committed is accused of greenwashing because it purchases raw materials or services from a supplier that does not meet sustainability standards (e.g. child labor, environmental damages). Conversely, a company that does not follow its CSR talk because of its own production procedures is an example of direct greenwashing. We also propose a third category of greenwashing, which we called vicarious greenwashing: when the misconduct and the relative accusation regard a company’s supplier, but the company does not claim to be sustainable (so it’s vicariously affected). A scenario-based experimental design (n =107) asked participants to indicate the intention to invest on a company accused of direct greenwashing (vs. indirect vs. vicarious). Results showed that direct greenwashing is particularly detrimental on investment intentions, especially compared to vicarious greenwashing, but not compared to indirect greenwashing (even if the means were lower). This result suggests that greenwashing is detrimental for investments even when the company does not perform the misconduct. A second experiment (n = 202) investigated whether the declared control on the supply chain affects intention to invest when the company is involved in greenwashing. Direct greenwashing was the more detrimental for investments, but, when companies declared high control on the supply chain, greenwashing significantly decreased intention to invest, so that in high control condition direct greenwashing did not differ from vicarious and indirect greenwashing. These results show how the involvement in greenwashing affects investment intentions of private investors and expand our knowledge on the consequences of greenwashing, so far mostly investigated from the consumer side. We show that greenwashing has potential disruptive consequences from a broader perspective, because it reduces stakeholders’ willingness to invest, even when the misconduct is attributable to a supplier.

China’s foreign investment has been growing rapidly since 1990s. In this course, the first investor-state arbitration case raised by a mainland Chinese investor, Ping An v. Belgium, drew attention to an important issue – jurisdiction ratione temporis in successive international investment agreements. It is controversial in theory and practice as to whether the basic principle of non-retroactivity should apply to the dispute settlement clause in a successive agreement. This is especially true when tribunals are interpreting different kinds of jurisdictional clauses. This paper will take the Ping An Case as an opportunity to thoroughly analyze the issue of temporal jurisdiction in successive international investment agreements. Based on such analysis, this paper will also do reflection on relevant articles in China’s existing investment agreements, providing suggestions to China regarding the issue of jurisdiction ratione temporis, in an effort to make arbitration more certain and avoid possible dismissal, as occurred in the Ping An Case.

1998년에 국내 주식시장이 전면 개방됨에 따라, 외국인자본이 국내 주식시장에 거대한 투자주체로 등 장하게 되었다. 일반적으로 외국인투자자는 정보비대칭으로 말미암아 국내 주식시장에 대한 투자에 있어 서 열위를 가질 수 있는 동시에, 반대로, 선진화된 분석기법과 투자기법으로 투자수익에 있어서 우위를 보일 수 있다고 연구되고 있다. 본 연구는 국내 주식시장이 전면 개방된 초기의 시점에서 외국인투자자들 은 어떤 투자행태를 보였고, 그들이 보인 투자행태가 국내 기관투자자 및 개인투자자들의 투자행태와 차이점을 보이는지에 대해 고찰하고 있다. 또한, 투자성과에 있어서 우위를 보인다고 연구된 외국인투자자 들의 투자행태를 국내 기관투자자들이 추종했을 것인지에 대해 탐색적 접근을 시도하였다. 이를 위해 주식시장 전면개방의 초기단계로서 1999년의 자료와 일정시간이 흐른 단계로서 2003년의 자료를 통해 투자주체별로 각각 실증하였다. 실증결과에 따르면, 1999년 외국인투자자는 자산규모, 평균 주가와 정(+)의 관계를 나타냈다. 기관투자자는 기업규모, 총자본순이익률과 정(+)의 관계를 보였고, 주당 순이익과는 부(-)의 관계를 보였다. 개인투자자의 경우, 주당순이익과 정(+)의 관계, 기업규모와 총자산순 이익률 및 평균주가와 부(-)의 관계를 보였다. 예상한 바와 같이, 전면개방 초기단계에서 외국인투자자와 기관투자자, 개인투자자는 선호하는 주식의 특성에 있어서 차이점을 드러내었다. 2003년 외국인투자자는 기업규모와 부채비율 및 PBR값과 정(+)의 관계를 나타내었다. 기관투자자의 경우, 기업규모, 평균주가, 배당률, PBR값, 수출비중과 정(+)의 관계, 부채비율, 주당순이익, PER값과는 부(-)의 관계를 보였다. 개인투자자는 기업규모와 PBR값과 부(-)의 관계를 확인하였다. 이를 통해, 일정 시간이 흐른 단계에서 기관투자자가 외국인투자자의 투자행태를 추종하였다고 판단하기는 어려웠고, 따 라서, 개인투자자와 달리 기관투자자들은 외국인투자자의 투자행태를 추종할 것이라 기대한 가설은 지지 되지 않았다.

본 논문은 경제정책에 대한 불확실성이 미국 국채 수요에 미치는 영향을 투자자들의 유형에 따라 분석한다. 본 연구를 통해 새로이 드러난 주요 결과는, 정책불확실성이 미국 국채 수요를 설명하는 결정적인 변수들 중 하나라 는 사실이다. 구체적인 결과는 다음과 같다: 첫째, 정책불확실성 상승에 대응해 투자자들은 미국 국채 수요를 늘 리는 경향이 있다. 둘째, 정책불확실성의 이러한 영향은 정부퇴직연금, 연기금, 보험회사, 투자신탁 등 장기 투자 행위를 하는 기관투자자들에게서 통계적으로 더욱 유의하게 나타난다. 셋째, 이들 투자자들은 동일한 크기의 정 책불확실성 변화에 대해 이미 정책불확실성이 상당히 높은 국면에서는 낮은 국면에서 보다 대략 1.3-3.5배 더 크게 반응한다. 이상의 결과들은 모두 여타 주요변수들을 통제한 후에도 일관되게 관찰된다. 이는 정부 정책 등 의 외부 환경 변화에서 비롯된 불확실성을 회피하려는 투자자 성향이 이미 높은 불확실성 국면 하에 있을수록, 그리고 장기투자자들일수록 더욱 커짐을 의미한다.

한국 주식시장은 외국인 투자자들이 매수하면 주가가 오르고 그들이 매도하면 주가가 하락하는 현상이 가장 큰 특징 중의 하나가 되었다. 본 논문은 한국 주식시장의 주도세력이면서 가장 높은 수익률을 창출하는 외국인 투자자의 매매동향을 검토하고 그들의 매매패턴을 이용해 리스크를 회피하며 손실을 최소화하는 방안을 검토해 이를 실제적으로 주식시장에 실증적으로 적용한 연구이다. 본 논문은 코스닥 시장을 기준으로, 월간 기준 수십억 수백억으로 매수해 들어오는 외국인의 매매동향 데이터에 대한 실증적인 분석을 통해 리스크 회피 프로세스를 정립하고자 하였다. 구체적으로는 1)외국인의 순매수대금이 20억 이상인 종목 가운데 2)외국인의 지분증가가 크고 3)순매수율이 높을수록 리스크 발생 가능성이 현저하게 줄어듦을 확인하고 동시에 안정적인 수익을 낼 수 있는 실제적인 가능성이 매우 높게 나타남을 확인할 수 있었다. 이 논문의 의의는 개인투자자들도 외국인의 매매동향을 잘 분석하고 이용하면 리스크 발생을 최소화하면서 동시에 그들보다 안정적인 투자가 가능하다는 것을 보여줬다는데 있다.

The study offers the first large scale product-level study of the factors which influence Japanese manufacturing firm`s order of U.S. market entry. Our results support market rivalry rather than firm-specific advantages arguments. Japanese first-investors do not have as strong a research concentration as second-investors and late-investors. Japanese firms with medium market shares have a greater tendency to be first-investors. Japanese firms belonging to enterprise groups tend to be first-investors due to stiff competition across enterprise groups. In addition, Japanese firms with previous experience in the U. S. market tend to be first-investors in another product market. On the other hand, Japanese firms` advertising intensity and their membership in a keiretsu group do not affect its order of U.S. market entry.

As a basic element for sustainable development, the residential housing industry is vital and fundamental for every country in the world. Therefore, this study examines the impacts of financial considerations on house purchase decisions by housing investors in Auckland, New Zealand. 110 completed questionnaires were statistically analyzed. For testing the proposed hypotheses, Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) was used. The results show that house prices, income, and credit accessibility significantly influence housing investors’ purchase decisions in a positive direction. It appears that more expensive houses offer more promising returns such that housing investors having higher levels of income and access to loans are brave enough to invest in such houses. This study aims to present the key factors influencing house purchase decisions from the viewpoint of housing investors as fundamental groups of stakeholders in the property market, which is rarely examined in previous studies. The implication of this study is to provide guidelines for housing regulators in New Zealand to develop affordable housing prices through the availability of land banks. This study also offers practical contributions to housing investors, particularly by providing key guidelines to make effective investment decisions.

This empirical research is aimed at testing the relationship of the big five personality traits namely openness to experience, extraversion, consciousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, and risk aversion with the investment intention of individual investors belonging to Balochistan, Pakistan. The primary data is collected through a self-administered questionnaire (a structured form that consists of a series of closed-ended and open-ended questions) from a sample of 397 active individual investors belonging to different districts of the province. The data is empirically analyzed by applying the Partial Least Square (PLS) path modeling technique by using the estimation package available in Smart-PLS. The findings of this study suggest that all the variables are statistically significant with investors’ investment intention with risk aversion as the strongest predictor. Moreover, openness to experience, extraversion, consciousness, agreeableness, and risk are significantly and positively related to an investor’s investment intention, whereas neuroticism is negatively related to an investor’s investment intention. The results extended by this study can be used by financial planners and investment bankers to channelize the available financial resources in diversified portfolios. The results will help financial planners to make available diverse investment alternatives for investors in Balochistan, thus catering to their unique needs. Academia must offer courses on contemporary finance paradigm based on behavioral finance to enable future business graduates to make wise financial decisions.

Investing in the tax-benefit funds is the best way for the inexperienced investors who do not have knowledge, expertise, and the time to research the information by themselves. This study describes the benefits of tax-benefit funds in Thailand. The tax-benefit funds consist of retirement mutual funds (RMFs) and super saving funds (SSFs). There are many kinds of funds investment policies on offer. The tax-benefit funds provide the opportunity to investors, which they are able to invest a small amount and draw more benefits. They hire fund managers to manage their money. These funds are able to help investors to meet their goals. The RMFs are suitable for investors who want to have money for retirement, investing every year, and getting tax exemption. The investors who invest in RMFs are able to deduct the tax income by including other retirement funds not exceeding THB500,000.00 per year. The SSFs match for the investors who need to obtain the tax exemption and long-term investment for at least ten years. The SSFs provide the benefit to investors that they are able to deduct taxable income not more than THB200,000.00 per year. Finally, these funds are tax-except and promoted for retirement savings.

Selecting an investment location is one of the most crucial decisions of investors as it has a great influence on the operation and development of the business in the future. At the same time, the attraction of localities will bring advantages for socio-economic development for the localities invested. Investors are interested in localities that have the potential to invest. The study focused on analyzing and testing the influence of place brand equity on the choice of investment locations of domestic investors through a regression analysis using 425 survey samples of investors in Phu Tho province, one of the northern industrial zones in Vietnam. Research results showed that 56.5% of investment decisions depended on factors from place brands. In addition, in the decision-making process for choosing investment locations, brand awareness factor had the greatest impact on investor’s decisions, followed by brand image and brand personality, and finally brand confidence had the smallest impact. Therefore, in the coming time, in order to retain and attract domestic investors to choose Phu Tho as an investment and business destination, it is necessary to increase the value of place brand equity and implement solutions to promote place brands to investors.

This study analyzes the effect of corporate social responsibility (CSR) activity on investors’ heterogeneous beliefs. The hypothesis of this study is based on the conflicting effects of CSR activities on firm value and earning’s quality. Investors’ heterogeneous beliefs used in the empirical analysis of this study are trading volume, and CSR activity is measured by the KEJI Index (Korea Economic Justice Institute Index). This study performs an empirical analysis using regression analysis including control variables. CSR activities are found to have a positive relationship with trading volume. This is consistent regardless of the low and high accounting information (earning’s quality). It can be interpreted that Korea’s CSR activity acts as an incentive to increase investors’ heterogeneous beliefs about target companies. In other words, it implies that the investor judges CSR activities negatively when evaluating firm value. This study could have a policy implication in that it analyzes how CSR activities affect investors’ decision-making. In other words, this study analyzed CSR activities from the perspective of shareholders. Therefore, this study is expected to provide useful information for policymaking by regulatory agencies. In particular, its contribution is to presents data that CSR activities can be a negative factor in evaluating firm values.

This study aims to investigate whether and why the disclosure of full financial information to estimate taxable income (TI) is incrementally useful for investors’ decision making at earnings announcements. This paper shows analytically that the information content of TI beyond book income is determined by the relative informativeness of TI exceeding that of book-tax differences (BTDs), and therefore should be affected by the earnings quality of TI relative to BTDs. This study collects data on earnings announcements from Korean listed firms and employs multiple regression tests for earnings persistence, a major indicator of earnings quality, of TI and BTDs and their information content. The empirical test results show that TI is more persistent than BTDs for the entire sample in this study. Further, the investors’ reaction to TI is greater than that to BTDs, and the market response to TI controlling for BI is positive. However, the market test results are significantly observed only in the subsample group with full disclosure of financial statements, not in the samples with disclosure of aggregated earnings only. In sum, this study provides new evidence that the TI information obtained from a detailed earnings announcement is useful for investors in addition to book income.

This study investigates the behavior of foreign investors in the Stock Exchange of Thailand (SET) in the time of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as to whether trading is abnormal, what strategy is followed, whether herd behavior is present, and whether the actions destabilize the market. Foreign investors’ trading behavior is measured by net buying volume divided by market capitalization, whereas the stock market behavior is measured by logged return on the SET index portfolio. The data are daily from Tuesday, August 28, 2018, to Monday, May 18, 2020. The study extends the conditional-regression model in an event-study framework and extracts the unobserved abnormal trading behavior using the Kalman filtering technique. It then applies vector autoregressions and impulse responses to test for the investors’ chosen strategy, herd behavior, and market destabilization. The results show that foreign investors’ abnormal trading volume is negative and significant. An analysis of the abnormal trading volume with stock returns reveals that foreign investors are not positive-feedback investors, but rather, they self-herd. Although foreign investors’ abnormal trading does not destabilize the market, it induces stock-return volatility of a similar size to normal trade. The methodology is new; the findings are useful for researchers, local authorities, and investors.

The paper examines the impact of information about cash flow from operating activities of firms listed on Vietnam’s stock market to the decision making of individual investors. Data were collected from interviews with 160 individual investors about their investment decisions based on information on profit growth and cash flow growth from operating activities. T-test was conducted to research on Vietnam’s stock market - a market considered as information that is not really public, transparent and ineffective. The research results show that: (1) investors do not care about cash flow from operating activities when making investment decisions if the company’s profits grow positively, (2) information about cash flow from operating activities only affects the decisions of individual investors once profit growth is negative, and (3) conflicting information between profit growth and cash flow growth from business activities significantly affects the confidence and comfort of investors in Vietnam’s stock market when they make investment decisions. Then, the study points out the mistake of investors when making investment decisions, and offers recommendations to investors when making investment decisions, not only concerned with profit growth, but also paying special attention to cash flow growth, especially cash flow from the company’s business operations.