The objective of this study was to compare the feeding effects of imported timothy hay, domestic Italian ryegrass silage (IRGS) and IRG dried by hot-air dry system (IRGHDS) under basic total mixed ration (bTMR) on rumination activity, milk production, and milk composition in lactating dairy cows. Eighteen Holstein dairy cows were divided into three groups: control (bTMR + imported timothy hay), treatment 1 (bTMR + IRGS) and treatment 2 (TMR + IRGHDS) groups. The study was conducted over a total period of 24 days, including a 10 days adaptation period and a 14 days main experimental period. The results indicate body weight was not significantly different between the three groups (p>0.05), and rumination time was significantly higher in the treatment 1 group compared with the control group (p<0.001). Milk fat, protein, and lactose were not significantly different between the three groups (p>0.05), however, somatic cell counts were significantly lower in the treatment 1 group compared with the control group (p<0.001). As a result of the economic feasibility analysis, it is expected that feeding TMR using IRGS and IRGHDS will increase profit by 402.8 won/day and 331.4 won/day per cow compared to imported timothy hay. Therefore, IRGS and IRGHDS can be used as substitutes for imported timothy hay in feeding lactating dairy cows.

본 연구는 이탈리안 라이그라스 원형베일 사일리지 조제에 있어서 원료작물의 수분함량과 베일러 챔버의 압력에 따른 사일리지의 사료가치와 발효품질의 변화를 구명하기 위하여 수행되었다. 수확 후 1일(고수분), 2일(중수분) 및 4일간(저수분) 각각 예건하여 서로 다른 수분함량의 이탈리안 라이그라스를 베일러 챔버 압력이 115, 130 및 145 bar로 설정된 베일러로 원형베일 사일리지를 조제하여 60일간 저장하였다. 베일 사일리지의 무게는 고수분 처리구에서 높게 나타났고, 건물중은 저수분 처리구가 유의적으로 높게 나타났다. 베일러 압력에 따른 사일리지의 무게는 유의적인 차이는 없었으나, 압력이 증가할수록 건물중은 증가하였다. 수분함량과 베일러 압력에 따른 사일리지의 NDF, ADF, CP 및 CF는 처리 간에 유의적인 차이가 없었으며, RFV (relative feed value)는 고수분 저압력 처리구에서 가장 높게 나타났다. Lactic acid는 고수분-고압력 처리구가 가장 높았으며, 저수분-중압력 처리구에서 가장 낮게 나타내었다. Butyric acid는 베일러 압력에 따른 유의적인 차이는 없었으나, 예건기간이 길어질수록 감소하였다. 사일리지 pH는 고수분 처리구가 중수분과 저수분 처리구에 비해 낮게 나타났으나, 베일러 압력에 따른 차이는 없었다. 이러한 결과는 이탈리안 라이그라스 원형베일 사일리지 조제 시 조사료의 수분함량과 베일러 챔버의 압력이 사일리지의 발효품질에 영향을 미치는 중요한 요인임을 나타내는 것이다.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculation to domestically-cultivated Italian ryegrass (IRG) on silage fermentation and in vitro ruminal fermentation. There were six treatments based on the LAB inoculants: 1) no addition of LAB (negative control: NC), additions of 2) commercially-available LAB (positive control: PC), 3) Lactobacillus plantarum (LPL), 4) L. paracasei (LPA), 5) L. acidophilus (LA), and 6) L. pentosus (LPT). All treatments were inoculated at a concentration of 106 CFU/g and ensiled for 3, 7, 21, and 42 days in triplicate and analyzed for nutritive values when ensiling was terminated. Day 42 silage from all treatments were also examined for in vitro ruminal fermentation. After 42 days, LAB-inoculated silages had higher (P<0.05) lactic acid concentration compared to the NC. In terms of nutritive values, the silages treated with LPA, LA, and LPT showed higher (P<0.05) crude protein and lower (P<0.05) neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber content compared to the rest of the treatment. In vitro ruminal dry matter degradability was not affected by LAB addition. However, LAB-treated IRG had shown higher (P<0.05) ammonia-N compared with that of the NC. LPA had shown the highest (P<0.05) volatile fatty acid concentration among the LAB examined. In conclusion, the addition of a single strain of LAB appeared to produce a quality IRG silage compared with the NC and the PC. Among the strains examined, LPA seemed to be superior to the others.

This study was conducted to investigate the possibility of replacing imported Timothy hay (TH) with domestic Italian ryegrass silage (IRGS) as a horse feed considering feed quality, nutrient digestibility and feed price. Two experimental diets (TH and IRGS) were fed to six-headed Thoroughbred (body weight, 475.7±33.3kg) of the Korea Racing Authority of Wondang Stud Farm. The 3 head animals were assigned to Control group (TH) and Treatment group (IRGS), respectively. The nutrient digestibility was determined by the total collection method. IRGS is enough for using as a horse feed because its Relative feed value(RFV) was higher than TH and its fermentation quality is suitable for horses. Although no difference was observed in nutrient digestibility, Total digestible nutrients(TDN), and Digestible energy(DE) between Control and Treatment group (p>0.05), the fact that price of IRGS was much lower (53.7~62.4%) than that of TH indicates IRGS has competitive advantage over TH as a horse forage feed. The present study indicates that IRGS can be fully replaced with TH due to its superior economic value even though the similarity of its nutrient digestibility, TDN, and DE to TH.

본 연구는 이형발효 유산균을 첨가한 이탈리안 라이그라스 및 총체보리 사일리지의 저장 기간 동안의 변화에 따른 반추위 발효 효과를 규명하고자 수행하였다. 사일리지의 접종 균주는 이형발효 유산균으로 Lactobacillus casei KACC 12413 및 Lactobacillus reuteri KCTC 3594 및 Lactobacillus casei + Lactobacillus reuteri로 하였다. In vitro 실험의 pH 변화는 LCR 처리구가 높은 경향이었으며, 작물 간의 차이는 WCB사일리지 보다 IRG 사일리지의 pH가 높았다. 총 가스 생산량은 대조구에 비해 유산균 첨가구가 낮았고, WCB 보다 IRG 사일리지가 높은 수준이었다. 암모니아태 질소 농도는 유산균 첨가구 보다 대조구가 높은 경향이었고, 30일 보다 60일 사일리지가 낮았다. 총 휘발성지방산 생성량은 30일 및 60일 WCB 사일리지의 LC 처리구가 높았다. In situ 실험에서 건물 소화율은 48시간 발효 했을 때 LCR 처리구가 높았고 대조구가 가장 낮았다. 작물 간에 차이는 WCB에 비해 IRG가 8∼10% 더 높았다. NDF 소화율은 LC 처리구 및 LCR 처리구가 높은 경향이었고(p<0.05), ADF 소화율은 LC 처리구 및 LCR처리구가 높았다. 본 연구의 결과로 미루어 보아 propionate를 생성하는 이형 발효 유산균이 접종된 사일리지는 반추위 내 발효조건을 개선하고 가축의 사일리지 소화율을 증진 시킬 것으로 보이며, 가축의 생산성 및 사료가치가 향상 될 것으로 여겨진다.

The effects of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) mixtures on low moisture Italian ryegrass (IRG) silage fermentation was evaluated in field conditions. The experiment was categorized into two groups: Un-inoculated (Control) and Inoculated with LAB mixture for four storage periods (45, 90, 180, and 365 days, respectively). Silage inoculated with the LAB mixture had the lowest pH with highest lactic acid production than the control from beginning at 45-365 days at all moistures. Higher LAB counts were observed in inoculated silages than the control silages at whole experimental periods. It is a key reason for the rapid acidification and higher lactic acid production in silages during the storage periods. Overall results suggest that an adding of LAB mixture had positive effects on the increasing aerobic stability of silage and preserved its quality for an extended duration.

The study was conducted to evaluate the effects of microbial culture supplements on ruminal fermentation and fermentative quality of Italian ryegrass silage (IRGS) both in vitro and in situ. Three species of microbes (Lactobacillus casei (LC), Bacillus subtilis (BS), and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC)) were used in this study. They were applied to IRGS at 30 days after silage manufacture. Various items were measured using in vitro and in situ incubation technique after each microbial supplement was inoculated into IRGS at 0.5×104 CFU/g. In the first experiment, in vitro ruminal fermentation characteristics of IRGS were evaluated at 0, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours after microbes were inoculated into IRGS. In the second experiment, in situ fermentation characteristics were investigated at 0, 1, 3, and 5 days after the inoculation of each microbial supplement. In vitro ruminal NH3-N content was significantly (p<0.05) increased in LC-, BS-, and SC-IRGS at 12 hrs post incubation compared to that in control IRGS. In vitro ruminal total VFA concentration and dry matter digestibility (DMD) of IRGS were not significantly difference among LC-, BS-, and SC-IRGS, although they were numerically increased in LC-IRGS than those of the other IRGS. In addition, this study evaluated the fermentation characteristics and in situ DMD of IRGS with the lapse of incubation time up to 5 days. Throughout the incubation times from 1 day to 5 days, the pH value was significantly (p<0.05) lower in BS-, LC-, and SC-IRGS than that in control IRGS. Lactate was significantly (p<0.05) higher, and significantly (p<0.05) butyrate was lower in LC-IRGS than that in other treatments at 0 day. It was higher (p<0.05) in control IRGS than that of BS-, LC-, and SC-IRGS at 1-5 days. In situ DMD tended to increase in BS-, LC-, and SC-IRGS compared to that in control IRGS. Especially, DMD was higher in SC-IRGS than that in other treatments at 0 day. It tended to be higher in LC-IRGS at all incubation time. Taken together, these results suggest that it might be useful to select a microorganism by considering the feeding time of IRGS to ruminants because organic acids and DMD of IRGS were affected by the incubation time of each microorganism with IRG silage, especially for L. casei decreased the content of acetate and butyrate in IRGS.

An investigation was carried out to evaluate the potential role of Lactobacillus Plantarum KCC-10 and KCC-19 on the quality and fermentation characterization of Italian ryegrass (IRG) silages. The physiochemical properties of IRG silage such as crude protein content, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, total digestible nutrient and in vitro dry matter digestibility were not affected by KCC-10 and KCC-19. The pH of IRG silage in KCC-10 and KCC-19 treatments decreased compared to the control (p<0.05), while the lactic acid content in KCC-10 and KCC-19 treatments increased compared to the control (p<0.05). In addition, the number of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in the KCC-10 treatment increased compared to the control (p<0.05). The number of lactic acid bacteria in KCC-19 increased, but there was no significant difference in all treatments. Therefore, we recommend L. plantarum KCC-10 and KCC-19 as potential additive candidates in IRG silage with lots of advantages.

본 연구에서는 hetero 발효유산균 첨가가 이탈리안 라이그라스 및 총체보리 사일리지의 사료가치 및 발효품질에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 사일리지 접종균주를 선발하기 위해 유산균 6종(L. plantarum IMAU 70164, L. acidophilus KACC 12419, L. casei KACC 12413, L. reuteri KCTC 3594, L. buchneri KACC 12416 and L. diolivorans KACC 12385)을 이용하였으며, 젖산 함량이 높은 L. casei KACC 12416와 프로피온산 함량이 높은 L. reuteri KCTC 3594을 최종 선택하여 사일리지를 제조하였다. 처리구는 대조구, L. casei 첨가구, L. reuteri 첨가구 및 L. casei, L. reuteri 혼합첨가구로 하여 30일, 45일 및 60일간 저장하였다. pH는 IRG 사일리지의 경우 유산균 첨가구가 대조구에 비해 낮았으며(p<0.05), 수분함량, 젖산 및 초산함량 또한 유산균을 첨가한 처리구에서 낮은 것으로 나타났다(p<0.05). 수용성 탄수화물의 함량은 L. casei KACC 12416와 L. reuteri KCTC 3594를 혼합배양한 처리구에서 가장 낮았다(p<0.05). 프로피온산은 유산균을 접종한 총체보리에서 전 기간동안 높게 나타났으며, 반면에 사일리지 품질을 저해시키는 butyrate는 발효 60일의 대조구에서 측정되었다. 사일리지의 미생물 측정결과 IRG 사일리지 배양 60일에 유산균 첨가구에서 곰팡이가 억제되었으며, WCB 사일리지는 유산균을 첨가한 처리구에서 곰팡이가 검출되지 않았다. 이상의 연구 결과들로 볼 때, 단일 균주를 접종한 사일리지에 비해 co-culture (L. casei + L. reuteri)로 접종했을 때 사일리지 저장품질 개선에 보다 효과적이었으며, 혼합배양한 처리구가 청보리 사일리지내 높은 프로피온산을 생성하며 이는 사일리지의 품질개선에 도움을 주는 것으로 조사되었다.

The present study was planned to analyze the nutritional quality, microbial counts and fermentative acids in Italian ryegrass (IRG) 80% and alfalfa 20% (IRG-HV) mediated silage inoculated with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) as a probiotic strain for 3 months. Crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF), total digestible nutrient (TDN) and In-vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), lactic acid bacteria (LAB), yeast and fungi counts and fermentation metabolites such as lactic acid, acetic acid and butyric acids were analyzed. The result shows that the nutritional quality and metabolite profiles of silage were significantly improved with LAB. For microbial counts, LAB showed dominant followed by yeast as compared with control silage. The pH of the silage also reduced significantly when silage inoculated with LAB. The result confirmed that silage preparation using different crops with L. plantarum inoculation is most beneficial for the farmers.

The aim of present study was to improve the quality of silage using lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and chlorella as a supplement. Italian ryegrass (IRG) mediated silage was prepared with lactic acid bacteria (L. plantarum) and different concentration of chlorella. We analyzed the nutritional profiles such as crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF) neutral detergent fiber (NDF), total digestible nutrient (TDN) and in-vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), microbial counts and fermentative acids such as lactic acid, acetic acid and butyric acid in the control and experimental silage after three months. It shows increased crude protein content and also maintains the rest of nutritional values as compared with control silage. LAB inoculation with chlorella as supplementation slightly reduced the pH of the silage. In addition, it increased the fermentative acids production as compared with control silage and inhibits the undesired microbial growth especially fungi in the silage. Therefore, we suggest that LAB inoculation and chlorella supplementation to the IRG mediated silage could be improved the nutritional quality of the silage which is an intrinsic feature for the application in the preparation of animal feeds and functional foods.

본 연구에서는 이탈리안 라이그라스와 헤어리 베치를 이용하여 사일리지 제조시 젖산균과 클로렐라를 처리하여 사일리지의 사료가치, 품질 및 미생물상의 변화를 조사하였다. IRG-HV 사일리지 제조시 대조구와 젖산균 단독처리구의 조단백질 함량은 비슷한 수준을 보였으나 클로렐라와 젖산균 공용처리구는 현저하게 증가하였다(p<0.05). 섬유소와 TDN 함량 그리고 in vitro 건물소화율 처리구에서는 차이를 나타나지 않았다. IRG-HV 사일리지에서 대조구는 젖산균 처리구의 pH와 비슷하였으나 클로렐라와 젖산균 공용처리구에서는 대조구에 비해 pH가 감소되었다(p<0.05). 젖산함량은 대조구에 비해 젖산균 첨가구에서 증가되었으며(p<0.05), 클로렐라와 젖산균 공용처리구에서는 대조구에 비해 젖산함량이 현저하게 증가하였다(p<0.05). IRG-HV 사일리지 젖산균 단독 처리구의 젖산균 수는 대조구에 비해 현저하게 증가하였으며(p<0.05). 또한 클로렐라와 젖산균 공용처리구도 현저하게 증가하였다.이상의 결과를 요약해 보면 IRG-HV 사일리지 제조시 젖산균과 클로렐라 처리에 의해 사일리지의 품질이 향상되었다.

본 연구에서는 IRG-Alfalfa 사일리지 제조시 젖산균과 클로렐라를 처리하여 사일리지의 사료가치, 품질 및 미생물상의 변화를 조사하였다. IRG-Alfalfa 사일리지 제조시 대조구와 클로렐라와 젖산균 공용 처리구의 조단백질 함량은 비슷한 수준을 보였으며 섬유소와 TDN 함량 그리고 in vitro 건물소화율 처리구에서는 차이를 나타나지 않았다. IRG-Alfalfa 사일리지 제조시 클로렐라와 젖산균 공용 처리시 pH가 감소되었다. 젖산함량은 대조구에 비해 젖산균 단독처리구에서 증가되었으며(p<0.05), 클로렐라와 젖산균 공용 처리구에서는 젖산함량이 현저하게 증가하였다(p<0.05). 그리고 젖산균 단독처리구의 젖산균 수는 대조구에 비해 현저하게 증가하였으며(p<0.05). 또한 클로렐라와 젖산균 공용처리구도 현저하게 증가하였다(p<0.05).이상의 결과를 요약해 보면 IRG-Alfalfa 사일리지 제조시 젖산균과 클로렐라 처리에 의해 사일리지의 품질이 향상되었다.