In this study, non-destructive technologies that can be applied to evaluate the integrity of valve materials, safety against internal pressure caused by corrosion, and the blocking function of large-diameter water valves during operation without requiring specimen collection or manpower entering the inside of the valve were tested to assess the reliability of the technologies and their suitability for field application. The results showed that the condition of the graphite structure inside the valve body can be evaluated directly through the optical microscope in the field without specimen collection for large-diameter water butterfly valves, and the depth of corrosion inside the valve body can be determined by array ultrasound and the tensile strength can be measured by instrumented indentation test. The reliability of each of these non-destructive techniques is high, and they can be widely used to evaluate the condition of steel or cast iron pipes that are significantly smaller in thickness than valves. Evaluation of blocking function of the valves with mixed gas showed that it can be detected even when a very low flow rate of mixed gas passes through the disk along with the water flow. Finally, as a result of evaluating the field applicability of non-destructive technologies for three old butterfly valves installed in the US industrial water pipeline, it was found that it is possible to check the material and determine the suitability of large-diameter water valves without taking samples, and to determine the corrosion state and mechanical strength. In addition, it was possible to evaluate safety through the measurement results, and it is judged that the evaluation of the blocking function using mixed gas will help strengthen preventive response in the event of an accident.

In this study, the physical properties and fracture characteristics according to the tensile load are evaluated on the materials of the polymeric filler and carbon fiber-based composite sleeve technique. The polymeric filler and the composite sleeve technique are applied to areas where the pipe body thickness is reduced due to corrosion in large-diameter water pipes. First, the tensile strength of the polymeric filler was 161.48~240.43 kgf/cm2, and the tensile strength of the polyurea polymeric filler was relatively higher than that of the epoxy. However, the tensile strength of the polymeric filler is relatively very low compared to ductile cast iron pipes(4,300 kgf/cm2<) or steel pipes(4,100 kgf/cm2). Second, the tensile strength of glass fiber, which is mainly used in composite sleeves, is 3,887.0 kgf/cm2, and that of carbon fiber is up to 5,922.5 kgf/cm2. The tensile strengths of glass and carbon fiber are higher than ductile cast iron pipe or steel pipe. Third, when reinforcing the hemispherical simulated corrosion shape of the ductile cast iron pipe and the steel pipe with a polymeric filler, there was an effect of increasing the ultimate tensile load by 1.04 to 1.06 times, but the ultimate load was 37.7 to 53.7% compared to the ductile cast iron or steel specimen without corrosion damage. It was found that the effect on the reinforcement of the corrosion damaged part was insignificant. Fourth, the composite sleeve using carbon fiber showed an ultimate load of 1.10(0.61T, 1,821.0 kgf) and 1.02(0.60T, 2,290.7 kgf) times higher than the ductile cast iron pipe(1,657.83 kgf) and steel pipe(2,236.8 kgf), respectively. When using a composite sleeve such as fiber, the corrosion damage part of large-diameter water pipes can be reinforced with same level as the original pipe, and the supply stability can be secured through accident prevention.

In this study, as the proportion of aged pipelines increases rapidly, in the event of an accident caused by corrosion and structural deterioration of metal pipes, appropriate overlay welding is applied in the field to partially repair it. The size of the base steel plate and the selection of a stable welding method were evaluated, and possible problems caused by the overlay welding were identified, and improvement measures were proposed. For the test, a new steel pipe coated with epoxy lining on the inner surface and polyethylene on the outer surface was subjected to a tensile test by processing the repaired specimen through overlay welding with a steel plate after artificial cracking, and structural safety was evaluated after repair. Furthermore, the influences of the size of the throat and the size of the steel plate were analyzed. As a result of the tensile test by dividing the repaired steel plate overlay into a constraint and non-constraint conditions, the tensile load was concentrated in the welded part and damage occurred in the welded part. It was found that the maximum load leading to breakage increases as the size of the welding throat increases. In addition, it was found that the resistance to load increased slightly as the size of the overlaid steel plate increased, but the effect was not significant, confirming the need for repair in consideration of the site conditions. As a result of evaluating the damage to the coating material on the back side of the welding, it was confirmed that the coating material on the opposite side of the welding burned black(epoxy) or was greatly deformed by heat(polyethylene). Therefore, it is necessary to secure structural stability through repainting, etc. in order to prevent damage to the coating material on the opposite side during overlay welding.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the corrosion damage of large diameter metallic pipes buried in reclaimed land due to the corrosion effect by soil, and to propose a method of installing metal pipes in the reclaimed land. The results are as follow. First, the soil of the reclaimed land was gray clay, the soil specific resistance indicating soil corrosiveness was at least 120 Ω-cm, the pH was weakly acidic(5.04 to 5.60), the redox potential was at least 62 mV, the moisture content was at most 48.8%, and chlorine ions and sulfate ions were up to 4,706.1 mg/kg and 420 mg/kg. Therefore, the overall soil corrosivity score was up to 19, and the external corrosion effect seems to be very large. Second, the condition of straight part of pipes was in good condition, but most of KP joints were affected by corrosion at a severe level. The reason for this seems to be that KP joints accelerated corrosion due to stress and crevice corrosion in addition to galvanic corrosion in the same environment. Third, as a result of evaluating correlations of each item that affects the corrosion on the external part, the lower the soil resistivity and redox potential, the greater the effect on the KP joints corrosion, and the moisture content, chloride ion, and sulfate ion, the higher the value, the greater the effect on the corrosion of KP joints. In addition, among soil corrosion items, the coefficient of determination of soil resistivity with corrosion of KP joints was the highest with 0.6439~0.7672. Fourth, when installing metal pipes or other accessories because the soil of the reclaimed land is highly corrosive, it is necessary to apply a corrosion preventive method to extend the life of pipes and prevent leakage accidents caused by corrosion damage to the joint.

In order to commercialize large diameter PP pipes, the cutting work was attempted with the cutting machine (∅18″and AL120 cutter, 2100 r.p.m) used for the conventional PE or PVC pipe(∅1200 mm, t 70), but the cutting work was failed because the material of “PP pipe” melted and sticked to the surface of the wheel-cutter. In order to find the optimal structure and number of blades for wheel-cutters, an experimental investigation the temperature measurement of specimen and wheel-cutter and the visualization of cutted specimen surface and chip shape were carried out during and after experiment. In addition, modelings for cutting and heat transfer mechanisms have been developed for theoretical analysis. The theoretical and experimental results were in good agreement. The results show that the appropriate structure and the rotational speed of wheel-cutter are W60 and 650 rpm for the large diameter PP pipe cutting machine.

Due to the sewer induced ground subsidence, there is an increasing demand for the advanced visual inspection technique for the existing sewer pipe structures. This study aim to develop a new condition assessment method using visual inspection device with automatic crack extracting and real-time gas monitoring systems for large diameter glass-fiber reinforced plastic sewer pipes. In this paper, a high-precision image capturing system that automatically extracts cracks in the large-diameter sewer pipes and sewage culverts with a diameter of 1,000 mm or more, and a real-time gas detection sensor for investigator safety were considered. By analyzing the module technology of the visual inspection device, the test device and their software for system integration were developed. It is expected that the developed technique inspecting conditions of the GFRP sewer pipes using the proposed visual inspection device in this study can be effectively used for various types of underground structures in the future.

This study develops a model to estimate the economic life of the large-diameter water supply pipeline in Korea by supplementing existing methods used to perform similar calculations. To evaluate the developed methodology, the model was applied to the actual target area with the conveyance pipe in P waterworks. The application yielded an economic life computation of 39.7 years, considering the cost of damages, maintenance, and renewal of the pipeline. Based on a sensitivity analysis of the derived results, the most important factor influencing the economic life expectancy was the predicted failure rate. The methodology for estimating the economic life of the water supply pipeline proposed in this study is one of the core processes of basic waterworks facility management planning. Therefore, the methods and results proposed in this study may be applied to asset management planning for water service providers.

Due to the sewer induced ground subsidence, there is an increasing demand for the advanced visual inspection technique for the existing sewer pipe structures. This study aim to develop a visual inspection device and real-time transmission system of inspection data with precisely evaluated structural and operational conditions of underground sewer pipe structures. In this paper, a high-precision image capturing system that automatically extracts cracks in the large-diameter sewer pipes and sewage culverts with a diameter of 1,000 mm or more, a real-time gas detection sensor for investigator safety were studied. By analyzing the module technology of the visual inspection device, the concept design for system integration was derived, and the real time transmission system of the inspection result was developed to establish the technical basis for the commercialized device. Also the crack detection test using crack calibration was carried out for the proposed image capturing camera system, and the position accuracy using L1 grade GPS module was tested in this study. The inspection technique of the existing structure condition using the visual inspection device in this study can be effectively used for various structures types and advanced composite structures in the future.

HCFFT (Hybrid Concrete Filled FRP Tube) is consisted of pultruded FRP unit module, filament winding FRP which is in the outside of mandrel composed of circular shaped assembly of pultruded FRP unit modules, and concrete which is casted inside of the circular tube shaped hybrid FRP pile. The pultruded FRP can increase the flexural load carrying capacity and the filament winding FRP can provide the confinement for the concrete filled inside. The axial and flexural load carrying capacities of small diameter HCFFT piles were evaluated through the experimental and theoretical studies. In this study, we suggest the cross-section and manufacturing process of large diameter HCFFT pile which is expected to improve the quality and productibility of large diameter HCFFP pile.

원자력 발전소에는 No.36(D36)이상의 대구경 철근이 사용되는데 이러한 대구경 철근으로 갈고리 정착을 할 경우, 기준에서 요구 하는 구부림 및 갈고리 길이로 인해 설계 및 배근에 있어 큰 어려움을 겪을 수 있다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위한 방안으로 확대머리 철근을 사용할 수 있다. 2008년 개정된 ACI 318에서는 확대머리철근의 정착길이식을 도입하였으며, 제정 배경 연구를 근거로 하여 횡보강근의 영향력 을 무시하고 있다. 그러나 확대머리 철근이 겹침이음이나 컷오프 구간에서 사용될 경우, 인장재에 의해 피복 콘크리트를 밀어내는 힘이 발생하여 횡보강근에 작용하는 인장력이 크게 증가한다. 본 연구의 목적은 휨을 받는 부재 내에 정착된 확대머리 철근의 정착성능에 대한 횡보강근의 영향력을 평가하는 것으로, 이를 위해 횡보강근의 간격을 변수로 한 대구경 확대머리 철근의 정착실험을 수행하였다. 실험방법으로는 컷오프 구간을 모사한 실험을 수행하였으며, 확대머리 철근으로는 D43의 대구경 철근을 사용하였다. 실험 결과, 횡보강근이 없는 실험체의 경우 정착 구간의 쪼갬파괴에 이어 단부의 하중이 확대머리 부근의 콘크리트에 직접적으로 작용하면서 상부 피복 콘크리트가 부재에서 탈락하는 취성적 인 파괴형태가 나타났다. 또한 확대머리 철근의 발현강도가 항복강도의 절반밖에 못 미치는 매우 낮은 내력을 보였다. 이에 반해 횡보강근이 배근된 실험체의 경우 경우 횡보강근이 실험체 단부의 하중에 직접적으로 저항함에 따라 실험체 내력이 큰 폭으로 상승하였다.

일반적으로, 원전구조물은 다량의 철근이 사용되어 시공과정에서 여러 잠재적 문제점이 발생한다. 특히, 구조부재의 연결부위는 수많은 갈고리철근, 매입철물과 주변 철근 등에 의해 심각한 과밀현상이 발생하므로 여타 다른 부위보다 콘크리트 타설에 더 큰 어려움이 야기 된다. 원전구조물에 사용되는 일반강도(ASTM A615 Gr.60)의 대구경(43 mm & 57 mm) 표준갈고리 철근을 대신하여 고강도(ASTM A615 Gr.80)의 대구경(43 mm & 57 mm) 확대머리 철근을 사용할 수 있도록 관련 기술기준을 개정하여 철근 과밀배근 문제를 해결하는 데 본 연구의 목적이 있다. 확대머리 철근을 원전구조물에 효과적으로 사용하기 위해서는 기존의 정착성능을 그대로 유지하거나 그 이상으로 증가시키면서 사용 제한요건을 완화는 방안을 찾아야 하므로 철근직경, 철근 항복강도, 측면피복 두께와 같이 확대머리 철근의 사용을 제한하는 변수 영향을 검토할 수 있는 실험결과를 분석하여 정착성능을 평가하였다.

Recently, the demand for large diameter piles has been rapidly increased in order to secure the allowable bearing capacity of pile foundation due to the increase of large structures such as high rise buildings. In this study, to improve the shear capacity of a conventional PHC pile, a large diameter composite PHC pile strengthened by in-filled concrete and shear reinforcement was manufactured. All the piles were tested according to the shear strength test method of Korean Standard. As a result of the shear test, the F-type piles which are produced without shear reinforcement occurred abrupt horizontal cracks after flexural and inclined shear cracks occurred. On the contrary, the FT-type piles which are produced with shear reinforcement exhibited stable flexural and inclined shear cracks uniformly over the entire pile without abrupt horizontal cracks. Furthermore, the maximum load of the large diameter composite PHC pile improved to 2.9 times in the F series, and more than 3.3 times in the FT series compared to the conventional PHC pile. This result indicated that FT-type piles had excellent composite behavior due to the shear reinforcement and effectively prevented the unstable growth of inclined shear cracks.

최근 구조물의 대형화에 따른 큰 지지력의 말뚝에 대한 수요가 증가하는 추세이다. 이에 따라 기성 PHC말뚝의 경우에도 700~1,200 mm 범위의 대구경 말뚝에 대한 활용이 증가하고 있고 최근 국내 현장에 적용되고 있다. 이 연구에서는 대구경 PHC말뚝의 휨성능을 향상시키기 위 해 철근과 콘크리트로 보강하여 합성 PHC말뚝을 제작하였다. 휨강도 평가는 4등분점 제하실험을 통해 변위제어 방법으로 수행되었다. 휨실 험을 통해 LICPT 실험체 횡방향 철근의 변형률 분포를 분석한 결과 횡방향 철근의 배근은 전단균열의 진전과 균열폭 제어에 효과적인 것으로 나타났고, 복부전단균열 발생을 억제할 수 있었다. LICPT 실험체는 LICP 실험체 보다 휨강도가 약 1.08배, 중앙부 변위가 약 1.19배 증가하였 고, 횡방향 철근의 배근은 말뚝의 연성적인 휨거동 확보에 유리한 것으로 나타났다. 말뚝 제작시 사용되는 각각의 재료가 휨강도에 기여하는 수준을 층상화 단면 해석으로 계산된 축강도-휨모멘트 상관도를 통해 평가하였다. 기성 PHC말뚝과 LICP 실험체의 실제 휨강도를 1.13배, 1.16 배의 안전율로 예측할 수 있었다.

This study was performed to analyze the flexural performance of large diameter PHC Pile reinforced with transveres and longitudinal rebar and in-filled concrete. From the flexural test result, it was found that the initial cracking strength and maximum flexural strength of composite PHC pile were approximately 400% and 345% higher than that of the conventional PHC pile.

일반적으로 철근콘크리트 구조물에서는 철근의 정착을 위하여 갈고리 철근을 주로 사용하고 있다. 원전 구조물과 같은 특수 구조물에 갈고리 철근을 사용할 경우, 배근되는 철근간의 간섭이 심해져 배근이 어려워지며, 조밀한 배근 간격으로 인하여 콘크리트 타설이 어려지는 문제점을 가지고 있다. 이러한 문제점을 해결하기 위하여 원전 구조물에 대한 확대머리철근의 적용이 필요하다. 현행 구조설계기준에서는 철근의 직경, 항복강도 등에 대하여 확대머리철근의 적용범위에 제한을 두고 있다. 현행 기준으로는 대구경 확대머리철근에 대한 적용이 사실 상 어렵다. 이에 따라 본 연구에서는 대구경 확대머리철근의 정착 성능 평가 및 원전구조물에 대한 적용성 평가를 위하여, 대구경 확대머리철근을 적용한 외부 보-기둥접합부 실험을 수행하였다. 실험체는 확대머리철근의 정착길이, 측면피복두께, 횡보강근 및 파괴유형을 실험변수 설정하여 설계하였으며, 반복하중을 가력하여 외부 보-기둥접합부의 성능평가를 수행하였다. 성능평가 결과, 정착성능에 큰 영향을 미치는 요인은 측면피복두께 및 횡보강근 지수임을 확인할 수 있었으며, 외부 보-기둥접합부에서 대구경 확대머리철근은 충분한 정착성능을 보여줌을 확인할 수 있었다.

근래 들어 구조물이 대형화 및 장대화되고, 건축물의 고층화와 기둥식 구조의 증가로 인해 기초는 과거보다 상대적으로 큰 연직지지력 또는 수평지지력이 요구되고 있으며 말뚝 시공 장비의 발달과 대형화로 중,대구경 말뚝의 수요가 급격하게 증가하고 있다. 그 중에서도 PHC PILE은 국내에 도입된 이후 기존 PC PILE을 급속하게 대체하여 왔으며, 초창기에 중구경을 많이 사용하여 왔으나 차츰 대형화되어 현재는 Ø700∼1,200까지 사용하고 있는 상황이다. 본 연구과제는 실제 현장에서 적용한 대구경 PHC PILE을 시공한 사례를 중심으로 공법 특징, 장단점, 시공성 및 경제성등에 대해 연구한 내용이다.

This large diameter cable NDE technique was based on the direct current (DC) magnetization technique and a search coil-based magnetic flux measurement. A total flux sensor head was fabricated that was consisted by a magnetization part to magnetize the specimen and a sensing part to measure the total magnetic flux. The magnetization part was consisted by an electro-magnet yoke that fabricated by winding a coil. The magnetic field for magnetizing the main cable was generated by applying the low frequency DC voltage to the winded coil. The sensing part was configured by two semi-circular search coils, and it measures the electromotive force that pass through the search coil by using the faraday’s law of induction. Total flux was calculated by integrating the measured magnetic flux. Then, B-H curve was extracted using the total flux, and cross-sectional loss can be detected using variation of features from the B-H curve.

This large diameter cable NDE technique was based on the direct current (DC) magnetization technique and a search coil-based magnetic flux measurement. A total flux sensor head was fabricated that was consisted by a magnetization part to magnetize the specimen and a sensing part to measure the total magnetic flux. The magnetization part was consisted by an electro-magnet yoke that fabricated by winding a coil. The magnetic field for magnetizing the main cable was generated by applying the low frequency DC voltage to the winded coil. The sensing part was configured by two semi-circular search coils, and it measures the electromotive force that pass through the search coil by using the faraday’s law of induction. Total flux was calculated by integrating the measured magnetic flux. Then, B-H curve was extracted using the total flux, and cross-sectional loss can be detected using variation of features from the B-H curve.

최근 대구경철근에 적용할 수 있는 기계적 철근이음장치에 대한 연구가 진행되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 대구경 기계적 철근이음재에 대한 구조적 성능평가에 대하여 연구가 수행되었다. 원자력발전소에 대구경의 기계적 철근이음장치를 적용하기 위해서2가지 형태의 철근이음장치에 대한 실험이 수행되었으며, 원자력발전소에 적용되는 11번과 14번 및 18번에 대한 대구경 철근이음 장치가 조립되어 정적 및 동적실험이 수행되었다. 실험은 ASME SEC III DIV.2 CC-4330에 따라 이루어졌다.