2016년 중국은 2,800만 대가 넘는 자동차를 생산하고 판매하였다. 중국은 8년째 세계 제1의 자동차 생산 및 판매대국이 되었다. 지난 30년간 중국 자동차산업의 급성장은 중국정부가 추진한 합자기업 정책의 성과이다. 중국정부는 1994년에 제정된 <자동차공업 산업정책>에서 합자기업의 외자측 지분은 50%를 넘을 수 없다고 규정하였다. 이 합자지분 제한 규정은 현 재까지 중국 자동차산업의 구조와 기업간 경쟁 구도를 형성한 가장 중요한 정책 조건으로 작용해 왔다. 그런데 2013년 이후 정부의 고위관리가 여러 차례 자동차 합자지분 제한을 해제 하겠다는 발언을 하였다. 이를 둘러싸고 국유, 민영, 외국 자동차기업 등 이해당사자와 많은 전문가들이 치열한 찬반 논쟁을 벌였다. 본 논문은 이러한 중국 자동차 합자기업의 지분제한 해제 논의를 고찰하고 전망을 제시한 것이다. 이를 위해 자동차 합자기업의 지분제한 제도가 만들어진 유래, 지분제한 해제 논의의 경과와 배경, 찬반 양측의 주장과 평가, 지분제한 해제 가 미칠 영향 등을 분석하고, 전망과 시사점을 제시하였다.

러그는 선박 및 해양구조물의 블록을 이동하거나 반전에 많이 사용되는 부품이다. 선박이나 해양구조물의 제작기술이 발전함에 따라 블록이 점차 대형화되고 있어, 생산성 향상을 위해 블록을 보다 효율적으로 다루는 기술에 대한 중요성이 대두되고 있다. 러그 구조의 안전하고 경제적인 설계를 위하여 비선형 구조해석 결과를 토대로 도출한 최종강도를 기준으로 한보다 합리적인 설계과정이 필요하다. 본 연구는 조선소에서 자주 사용하는 T형 러그의 최적 구조설계를 다루고 있다. 본 연구에서의 T형 러그에 대한 최적 구조설계 결과는 충분한 구조적 안전성이 보장될 것으로 판단되고, 러그 용량별 최적 구조설계 결과의 중량 감소량에 어떤 규칙성을 발견할 수 없었는데, 이는, 현재의 설계과정에 대한 검토가 필요한 것으로 생각된다. 여기에서 제시한 비선형 구조해석에 기초한 최적 구조설계 과정은 향후 보다 다양한 경우의 러그 설계에 적용될 수 있을 것이다.

The aging of Korea is rapidly advancing in an unprecedented rate in the world. Indoor and outdoor safety accidents involving the elderly frequently occur, with elderly population increasing. Because the physical strength of elderly is decreased, it is necessary to develop devices that aid the everyday life of the elderly to prevent safety accidents. Among many activities, the motions of standing from and sitting on a chair require much physical strength from particular body parts, which causes an overload for particular body parts. To the elderly the repeating motion of standing from and sitting down on a chair is burdensome, because they do not have enough physical strength compare to young persons . As a result the elderly could be injured or falling during standing or sitting. Therefore, the development of a lift chair that considers the problems mentioned above is necessary to prevent the safety accidents of the elderly. The study designed a non-motorized lift chair that comfortably aids the standing and sitting down motion for the use of the elderly by reflecting the anthropometric data of the Korean elderly over 65 years old. Also the design was implemented to smoothly aid the standing motion by considering the knee angle of the elderly when standing. Because the regained strength to stand from a chair is depend on the knee angle. Unlike existing lift devices, this device utilizes a tilting mechanism that does not use electric power so that the product could be composed inexpensively than existing chairs released in the market.

With the increase in elderly population rate, interest in development of equipment to aid for the elderly activities has been increased. Since the physical features of repetitive behavior of elderly people standing and sitting can cause the stress on certain parts of the body, The necessity of developing Lift Chair concerning the foregoing problem has been to the fore. In this study, we set the average body size of the elderly aiming to develop non-motorized Lift Chair, developed Non-motorized tilting mechanism based on the Muscle strength change at knee angle, and did a study relatively inexpensive Lift Chair considering esthetic and practicality.

The purpose of this study was the analytical safety evaluation on the super-structure of precast modular bridge using standardized modular members and robotic construction during the transportation routing and lifting conditions. In order to evaluate the safety performance of the bridge system, 3-D full scale Finite Element (FE) of 40 m standardized modular block was developed in ABAQUS, followed by the analytical study to classify the structural system according to steel girder structures: 1) modular bridge block lifting method including the steel girder system; 2) modular bridge block lifting method without the steel girder system. The results from the analytical study revealed that the maximum stress of each modular member was within the maximum allowable stresses during lifting condition. However, the stress concentration at the connected area was more critical in comparison to the behavior of 40 m combined modular blocks during lifting time

This study presented the analytical safety evaluation of precast modular bridge super-structure, using standardized modular members and robotic construction during the transportation routing and lifting conditions. In order to evaluate the safety performance of the bridge system, linear and nonlinear 3D full scale Finite Element (FE) for 12 m and 16 m standardized modular blocks was developed in ABAQUS and then analytical study was classified into two different structural systems according to steel girder structures: 1) modular bridge block lifting method including the steel girder system; 2) modular bridge block lifting method without the steel girder system. As a result, in analytical study, the results revealed that the maximum stress of each modular member was in maximum allowable stresses, during lifting condition. However, the stress concentration at the connected area was more critical in comparison to the behavior of entire modular blocks both 12 m and 16m, during lifting time.

Even though two-hands lifting/lowering activity of manual materials handling tasks are prevalent at the industrial site, many manual materials handling tasks which require the worker to perform one-hand lifting/lowering are also very common at the industrial site, forestry, farming, and daily life. The objective of this study was to compare one-hand lowering activity to lifting activity in terms of biomechanical stress for the range of lowering heights from knuckle height to 10cm above floor level with two workload 7.5kg and 15.0kg. Eight male subjects with LMM were asked to perform lifting/lowering tasks using both a one-handed (left-hand and right-hand) as well as a two-handed technique. Spinal loading was estimated through an EMG-assisted free-dynamic biomechanical model. The biomechanical stress of one-hand lowering activity was shown to be 43% lower than that of one-hand lifting activity. It was claimed that the biomechanical stress for one-hand lifting/lowering activity is almost twice (194%) of the one for two-hands lifting/lowering activity. It was also found that biomechanical stress by one-hand lowering/lifting activity with the half workload of two-hands lowering/lifting activity was greater than that of the two-hands lowering/lifting activity. Therefore, it might be a risk to consider the RWL of one-hand lowering/lifting activity to simply be a half of the RWL of two-hands lowering/lifting activity recommended by NIOSH.

인양장비는 원자력발전소에서 발생하는 사용후핵연료를 운반하는 운반용기를 인양하기 위해 사용된다. 본 연구는 원자력 안전위원회고시 제2013-27호와 미국 10CFR Part 71 §71.45에서 규정하는 기술수준에 따라 이론적인 방법과 유한요소방법 으로 인양장비의 구조적안전성을 평가하였다. 이론적으로 평가한 결과 모든 구성 요소에서의 응력이 응력제한치 내에 있어 운영상 발생하는 구조적 안전성을 확보하고 있는 것으로 판단하였다. 또한 유한요소해석을 통한 평가결과, 항복과 극한조건 모두에서 설계기준을 만족하는 것으로 평가되었다. 모든 구성요소에서 충분한 안전여유도(항복조건에서 3 이상의 안전율, 극한조건에서 5 이상의 안전율)를 갖는 것으로 나타나 구조적으로 안전하다고 판단하였다.

Construction of the external wall framing using construction Gang-Form withstand the load of a full lift safety is very important in lifting rings can be a lot of Gang-Form is now fixed in the manner that you are welding and applied, but this study is based on the safety of the lifting ring to seek improvements were bolt type fixing method applied to the bonding type were part of the lifting ring in a manner fixed to the concrete surface and was applied in consideration of safety.

We propose a method using QFD for design the hierarchical structure of AHP. This method provides definition for each area of House of Quality and design the hierarchical structure of the bottom-up QFD/AHP in which the upper hierarchy is designed through the classification of common characteristics with a focus on the lower hierarchy. Finally, we apply it to the development of an evaluation index for selecting heavy lifting service providers. This study has significance as the first instance of designing the archical structure of AHP after objectively verifying whether MECE condition, the basic requirement for AHP design, is satisfied.

The purpose of this study was to provide a practical guide to the proper way of lifting a patient using various types of stretcher that rescue crews use by analyzing the load on the lumbar region. The experiment was conducted with working male and female rescue crews. Having mixed groups of gender complete tasks such as lifting, moving, and unloading a patient using four different types of stretcher, we recorded variations of the lumbar bending angle and calculated the load on the lumbar region using 3D SSPP. The data showed, in terms of the lumbar bending angle, it was greater when only females were involved in the work, and there were very significant differences in the angle depending on the types of stretcher used and body sizes of each subject. In the analysis of the load on the lumbar based on the bending angle, NIOSH was over the recommended limit in certain groups. Utilizing the analysis, it is recommended, in the medium and long term, to improve equipments for rescue personnel and to guide them to the proper way of working.

Excavator working in the quarry and junkyard, is very difficult to move the things in the truck, because the position of the cab is low, eyesight is not visible. The cab visibility, safety and ease of operation is obtained by the development of the cab lifting system moving the position. To apply cab lifting system on the existing excavator, development of new sub-frame is positively necessary. In this study, the sub-frame, which is suitable for its main function, is manufactured and is verified through hardness test, finite element analysis and endurance test.

The purpose of this paper is to suggest the strategical lifting postures able to alleviate imbalanced EMG amplitude leading to an increase in low back muscle fatigue while lifting asymmetric load dynamically. Eleven male subjects are required to lift symm

This study was performed to compare the muscle activity of lumbar stabilizers between stoop and semi-squat lifting techniques at different lifting loads. Twenty healthy subjects (9 males, 11 females) were recruited for this study. Muscle activity of external obliques (EO), internal obliques (IO) and lumbar multifidus (LM) muscle was measured by surface electromyography during stoop and semi-squat lifting at different lifting loads (10%, 20%, and 30% of the subject's body weight). A one-way repeated measure ANOVA was applied. The results showed that EMG activity of EO was significantly increased with a load of 30% of body weight compared to 10% and 20% of body weight in both lifting techniques (p<.05). Muscle activity of LM was significantly increased in 20% compared to 10% and 30% compared to 10% of subject's body weight in stoop lifting and the muscle activity of LM was significantly increased in 20% compared to 10%, 30% compared to 20%, and 30% compared to 10% of the subject's body weight in semi-squat lifting (p<.05). However, there was no significant difference in activity of IO according to lifting loads in both lifting techniques. There were no significant differences in muscle activity of EO, IO, and LM between stoop and semi-squat technique (p>.05). Therefore, the results of this study suggested that the EO can contribute to increase the lumbar stability during stoop and semi-squat lifting at 30% of body weight rather than at lower loads, and the LM seems to act as counteractor to imposed loads during stoop and semi-squat lifting with increasing loads.

This study is aimed to show that an asymmetric load in the frontal plane leads to an increase in low back loading and fatigue in comparison with a symmetric load when workers lift an external weight by investigating previous studies and verifying the phen

The purpose of this study is to identify which width of the base of support(BOS) is safer and more effective in lifting by comparing muscle activations and body sways when lifting objects under the width variation of the BOS. A total of fifteen healthy adults participated in this study. For the width variation of the BOS, the participants changed the width between their feet into three different types(10cm, 32cm, 45cm) and lifted a 10kg four times in each type after going up on a force plate. In order to measure body sways according to the width variation of the BOS, a motion analysis system was used. In addition, in order to measure the muscle activations of lower extremities, including the erector spinae, gluteus maximus, rectus femoris, and tibialis anterior, an electromyogram(EMG) analysis was employed. In addition, the Borg's scale was drawn by quantifying the subjective discomfort levels felt from each width of the BOS. In conclusion, no statistically significant differences according to the width variation of the BOS were observed(p=.295, .308)(p>.05). However, a statistically significant difference was exhibited between the Borg's scale, which indicates the discomfort levels from lifting performances, and the width variation of the BOS (p=.000*).

This paper is concerned with the designing and making power lifting wheelchair. This wheelchair is studied based on the mechanical and electrical engineering concepts and theories. The statics and dynamics are studied with moving and lifting motion. The power lifting wheelchair is compared with the previous model, the power standing wheelchair, in the sense of kinematics and kinetics. The main functions of these two models are to reach to the standing height of normal person and to move by electrical power. However the lifting mechanism gives more comfortable feeling to users when the chair reaches to the high position with sitting in chair. Without stretching the user’s leg, the X-truss mechanism is applied in this wheelchair. Also the wheelchair is controlled by the joystick attached on the arm rest. The real size model is made and investigated by the test drive. Finally, this power lifting wheelchair proves the possibility of commercial production.

In this study, the effects of psychosocial stress (box color and precision demand) on muscle activity were evaluated in laboratory setting. Eight subjects performed sagittally symmetric lifting tasks. Box color (yellow, black), precision demand (yes, no), and box weight (5%MVC, 10%MVC, 15 %MVC) were varied and surface EMG signals from seven muscles(medial deltoid right, biceps brachii right, lateral triceps right, latissimus dorsi right, erector spinae right, external oblique right, internal oblique right) were recorded. EMG signals were band-pass filtered(10~400 Hz), rectified, RMS smoothed and normalized (NEMG). Analysis of variance tests were conducted on the total NEMG (TNEMG: the sum of the seven muscles' NEMGs) and on the individual muscle's NEMGs. Box color had no effect on the TNEMG and on the seven muscles activities(p〉0.05). When precision demand was required at the end point of lifts, the mean NEMG showed higher values than no precision demand conditions: TNEMG (14% increase) and medial deltoid(40% increase), biceps brachii(10% increase), lateral triceps(26% increase), latissimus dorsi(25% increase) muscles. Those increases showed more conspicuous as the box weight increased in the muscles of medial deltoid, lateral triceps, and latissimus dorsi.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a repetitive lifting task on the level of activation and median frequency of the paraspinal muscles, and to provide basic data of the maximal acceptable duration of the lifting task to avoid muscle fatigue. Ten healthy male subjects were recruited as participants and they repetitively (12 lifts/min) lifted a box (46 ㎝ × 30 ㎝ × 30 ㎝, 15 kg) for 10 minutes. Electromyographic data (muscle activation and median frequency), heart rate, and Borg CR10 score were recorded at 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 minutes after the lifting task. Electromyographic data was recorded from the elector spinalis, mutifidus, external oblique abdominis, and rectus abdominis for 1 minute. The results showed that as the repetitive lifting task progressed, the heart rate and Borg CR10 score significantly increased. In addition, activation of the muscles increased. The median frequency significantly decreased over time in the elector spinalis, mutifidus, and external oblique abdominis (right side), except for the external oblique abdominis (left side) and rectus abdominis. It is suggested that the median frequency recorded from a dynamic task is used to monitor muscle fatigue. Furthermore, the repetitive lifting task (15 kg, 12 lifts/min) should not continue for more than 3 minutes in order to avoid muscle fatigue.