본 연구에서는 분류학적 실체에 대해 많은 논쟁이 있어왔던 황철나무와 물황철나무의 분류학적 재검토를 통해 두 분류군의 유연관계를 밝히기 위하여 엽형질과 미세형질들을 분석하였다. 엽의 크기를 암·수 구분 없이 전체 평균 너비, 길이, 면적으로 비교한 결과 종간 및 종내 모두 1%에서 고도의 유의차가 검증되었고, 황철나무는 55.56 mm, 73.5 mm, 28.72 mm2, 물황철나무는 76.80 mm, 117.82 mm, 68.61 mm2로 측정되어 황철나무의 엽 생장은 물황철나무에 비해 작은 것으로 나타났다. 황철나무의 엽병과 엽맥에는 털이 발견되지 않았지만 물황철나무의 엽병과 엽맥에는 양면 모두 털이 밀생하였다. 성숙한 황철나무의 삭과는 3개로 갈라지며 동일한 시기에 물황철나무는 4개로 갈라지는 것으로 확인되었다. 조사된 형질을 종합한 결과, 황철나무와 물황철나무의 종간 분류에 중요한 정보를 주는 요인으로는 잎의 크기와 삭과가 터지는 유형, 엽병 털의 유무 등이 있었다.

This study was conducted to screen the characteristics of external and cranial characters of Crocidura shantungensis collected from Korean Peninsula, Ulleung Island and Jeju Island. There were significant differences in head-body length (HBL), tail length (TL), ear length (EL), and hind foot length (HFL) in males and HBL, TL, and HFL in females among three populations (p<0.05). The HBL and TL in the Jeju Island population were larger (8.0 mm and 4.0 mm in lengths, respectively) than those of the Korean Peninsula population. Based on skull analysis, a total of thirteen traits showed significant differences among the three populations (p<0.05). The condylo-insicive length (CIL), maximum width of brain case (MWB), mandibular length (ML), and mandibular height (MH) in the Jeju Island population were significantly larger than those of Korean Peninsula population (p<0.05). Principle component analysis (PCA) showed that two principle components (PC) identified from the PCA affected on the body size and width of the skull, respectively. Discriminant analysis revealed that these populations could be discriminated through skull traits. These findings concluded that the Jeju Island population was greater in the size than the Korean Peninsula, suggesting that the Jeju Island shrews have successfully adapted to the island environments and they had morphologically differentiated during glacial period after natural immigration into that Island. Thus, this study supports the ‘Island Rule’, showing that the population is well adapted to the island environments. This may provide important information for biogeographical and ecological studies on insular animals.

벼의 형태적·생태적 특성을 나타내는 주두색, 망색, 영색,종피색, 입장 및 입폭과 생태적 특성을 나타내는 종실의 탈립성, 배유형, 원산지 및 종실 건조특성이 4oC 저장고에 보존된벼 3,066점의 종자수명에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위하여 그들의 상관관계를 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다.1. 벼 종자의 탈립성과 저장력과의 관계는 고도로 유의한(p<0.0001)정의 상관관계를 보였다. 탈립성이 강한 벼 종자일수록 종자수명이 길게 나타났다.2. 벼 종자의 입장이 길고, 입폭이 좁은 것일수록 종자수명이 길었다. 입장이 길고 입폭인 좁은 종자의 건조 특성은 같은 상대습도 조건에서 건조될 때 종자의 평형수분함량이 낮게나타났다. 3. 망색과 종자 저장력의 관계에 있어서 자주색 망을 가진자원이 종자수명이 긴 것으로 조사되었다.4. 종자 저장력에 영향을 끼치는 벼의 형태적·생태적 특성의 상대적 중요도는 탈립성이 50.2로 가장 컸고, 이어서 입장과 망색이 각각 21.9와 7.7로 분석되었다.

Relationship with fungi is one of the habitat adaptation of Sciaridae. While the earlier studies suggested that many fungus gnats are playing as the important vectors of various fungus diseases on plants and mushrooms, evidences have not been well reported. Based on a multi-gene phylogeny, by the Bayesian framework, we propose the correlation of four morphological characters of adults and habitat adaptation from saproxylic to phytophagous in the Sciaridae. Our results suggest that the evolution of habitat transition from dead plant litter to the live plant is related to habitat adaptation to the phytophagy and the morphological characters of fore tibia apex is also related to the functional linkage between these traits. We performed Bayes factor-based tests, referred with evolutionary pathway test (EPT), to decide the correlated traits gained the during evolutionary processes. The EPTs strongly suggest that fore tibia structures appeared first and followed by plant-feeding adaptation. The divergence time estimations of Sciaridae are also largely congruent with the fossil records. The members of subfamily Megalosphyinae have radiated explosively and contemporaneously since the Oligocene, with the expansion of modern grasslands and the increase of herbivores. Consequently, we suggest that the evolutionary benefit of tibial structure may be closely related with the fungal carrying in Sciaridae.

Macrosiphini is the most largest group in aphids, comprising near half of the described aphid species. The existence of Macrosiphini could be related to host alternation and various life cycle. Since the phylogenetic relationship of the tribe Macrosiphini has been still controversial, we analyzed Bayesian phylogeny (BP) and Maximum-likelihood (ML) based on molecular data (cytochrome oxidase I, tRNA-leucine+cytochrome oxidase II, 16S ribosomal RNA and elongation factor-1 alpha gene), and compared with the Shaposhnikov (1998) 's subtribal division: Macrosiphina, Myzian, Anuraphidina and Liosomatinae. Analyses for host range association with the morphological characters (e.g. Siphunculus and antennal tubercle on head) correspond to the tendency of host range radiation in the tribe Macrosiphini.

Acquisition of a reference Tetranychusstrains that are completely susceptible to acaricides and retain identical genetic backgrounds to acaricide-resistant strains is an essential step in elucidating mechanisms of resistance. To establish both completely susceptible and acaricide-resistant strains for this purpose, I collected Tetranychus mite populations from various regions in South Korea including both heavily cultivated and remote regions. Suitability as a susceptible or resistant reference strain was tested by determining species identity as Tetranychus urticae along with baseline susceptibility to common acaricides. The majority of mite populations collected from cultivated areas belonged to a monophyletic group of the previously reported green-type T. urticae as determined by mtCOI- and ITS2-based phylogenetic analysis. These strains showed relatively reduced levels of susceptibility to the acaricides tested, suggestive of the development of resistance. Among them, the AbaR strain was classified as a minor group in the T. urticae complex. The UD strain, originally collected from a remote island region, was found to be susceptible to the acaricides tested and generated an independent phylogenetic branch. The UD strain was also considered a minor group in the T. urticae complex. Phenotypic analysis based on morphological characters confirmed that both the AbaR and UD strains were statistically undistinguishable from the major green-type T. urticae. Taken together, I propose that the UD strain be used as a susceptible reference strain as it provides baseline susceptibility to acaricides and a wild-type genetic background for the resistance studies.

Several benefits provided by white clover (Tnifoliurn repens L.) can be elevated as relationship between its morphological and physiological characteristics is clarified. The experiment was done to analyze the relationship between them in the clover with

둥근대이끼(P. platyphyllum)는 산주목이끼과 산주목이끼 속에 속하는 선류 식물이다. 중국, 일본, 유럽, 북한에 분포하고 있다. 특히, 북한 지역에는 관모봉, 금강산, 묘향산, 차일봉에 분포하는 것으로 알려져 있었으나, 남한 지역에는 2017년 전라북도 완주군 운주면 산북리 대둔산 수락계곡에 자생하고 있음이 처음 확인되었다. 식물체의 색깔은 녹색에서 암녹색이고 윤기가 난다. 줄기에는 중심속이 발달해 있다. 가지는 불규칙하고, 가지잎은 편평하게 붙는다. 잎은 난상 피침형으로 2.0∼2.5 × 1.0∼1.4 ㎜이며, 비대칭하는 것이 특징이다. 잎 중앙세포는 80∼127 × 10∼16 ㎛로서 형태는 장사방형이다. 본 연구에서 둥근대이끼의 형태학적 기재와 동정을 위한 주요 형태 형질의 사진, 도해 및 검색표를 제시하였다.

The objectives of this study were to evaluate total phenolic content (TPC) and individual phenolic compounds in leaves of perilla genetic resources, assess whether they could be used as distinguishing factor among germplasms, and evaluate their relationship with some quantitative and qualitative morphological characters. TPC and individual phenolic compounds were determined using Folin-Ciocalteu method and UPLC-PDA system, respectively. Wide variations in TPC (7.99 to 133.70 ㎎GAE/g DE), rosmarinic acid (ND to 21.05 ㎎/g DE), caffeic acid (ND to 1.17 ㎎/g DE), apigenin- 7-O-diglucuronide (ND to 2.21 ㎎ luteolin equivalent (㎎LUE)/g DE), scutellarein-7-O-glucuronide (ND to 5.25 ㎎ LUE/g DE), and apigenin-7-O-glucuronide (ND to 2.81 ㎎ LUE/g DE) were observed. Intensities of green pigment at abaxial and adaxial leaf surfaces were positively correlated with phenolic compounds whereas leaf length and width had negative correlation. Purple pigmented accessions were shorter in leaf length and width but exhibited higher amount of phenolic compounds compared to green pigmented accessions in most cases. Leaf shape was not related with content of phenolic compounds, color of leaves, and length/width of leaves. TPC and individual phenolic compounds along with morphological characters could be useful distinguishing factors for perilla genetic resources.

한국산 족도리풀속(Asarum L.) 7종의 44개 질적형질 및 28개 양적형질을 분류학적으로 재검토하였다. 질적형질 중, 27개 형질은 본 속의 모든 종에서 나타나는 공통형질이었으며, 28개 양적형질 중 단일형질은 인편엽의 수(2-4장), 잎의 수(2장), 악편의 수(3장), 수술의 수(12개) 및 암술의 수(6개) 등 5개였다. 잎 표면의 흰색 얼룩무늬는 개족도리풀과 무늬족도리풀을 다른 종들과 구분하는 유용한 형질이었으며, 금오족도리풀과 털족도리풀의 잎 이면에는 긴 연모가 다수 분포함으로써 짧은 털이 분포하는 다른 종들과 차별화되었다. 악통 내부 표면의 선모는 종에 따라 자루가 없는 선모(개족도리풀, 족도리풀, 자주족도리풀)와 자루가 있는 선모(금오족도리풀, 무늬족도리풀, 털족도리풀, 각시족도리풀)의 2가지 유형이 구분됨으로써 이들의 유연관계를 잘 반영해 주었다. 악편의 길이, 형태, 색 및 반곡 정도, 악통 입구(통인)의 직경 및 색 또한 유용한 분류형질로 확인 되었다. 악편 표면에 발달하는 선모의 밀도는 드물게 분포하는 금오족도리풀과 밀생하는 자주족도리풀을, 중간 정도의 밀도를 보이는 다른 종들과 뚜렷하게 구분시켜주었다. 한편, 금오족도리풀의 화주돌기 길이는 나머지 종들의 그것과 뚜렷하게 차이가 났다. 연변족도리풀과 녹연변족도리풀의 실체에 대해서는 재검토가 요구된다.

Morphological variation between cultivated and weedy types of Perilla frutescens var. frutescens and P. frutescens var. crispa were studied in 327 germplasm by examining 17 morphological characters. The germplasm between the two varieties were varied for their qualitative and quantitative characters. The seed coat color of cultivated P. frutescens var. frutescens is commonly light brown and brown while deep brown color was observed in the weedy type P. frutescens var. frutescens and P. frutescens var. crispa. The leaf size, cluster length, plant height, flower number per cluster and seed weight in cultivated P. frutescens var. frutescens were significantly (P<0.05) different from weedy type P. frutescens var. frutescens and P. frutescens var. crispa. The cultivated P. frutescens var. frutescens exhibited significantly higher plant height (158.6 ㎝) compared to the weedy P. frutescens var. crispa (133.8 ㎝). Likewise, seed weight was significantly higher in cultivated (1.9 g) than in the weedy type of P. frutescens var. frutescens (1.6 g) and P. frutescens var. crispa (1.4 g). Principal component analysis (PCA) result showed that the first and second principal component cumulatively explained 86.6% of the total variation. The cultivated type P. frutescens var. frutescens and its weedy accessions were not clearly separated with P. frutescens var. crispa by PCA. Hence it requires the use of molecular markers for better understanding of their genetic diversity.

These studies were conducted to discriminate Cynanchum wilfordii, C. auriculatum, Metaplexis japonica, andPolygonum multiflorum by morphological characters. Cynanchum wilfordii, C. auriculatum, and Metaplexis japonica(Ascle-piadaceae) were easily distinguished from Polygonum multiflorum by twining stem to the left, producing opposite leaves,having laticiferous stems and leaves at cutting cross-sectionally, and lacking lignification of the stem. Four species had differ-ent morphological characters of flower. Comparing four species to fruit type, three species of Asclepiadaceae had follicle,while Polygonum multiflorum had achene with three wings. Follicle shape was lanceolate, narrowly lanceolate, and widelylanceolate in C. wilfordii, C. auriculatum, and Metaplexis japonica, respectively. Whereas seed color of four species was darkbrown similarly, seed shape and 1,000 seed weight were useful characters to discrimate between three species ofAsclepiadaceae and Polygonum multiflorum. Shape and color of root were thickened and yellowish brown in C. wilfordii andC. auriculatum. They were thin and long and white in Metaplexis japonica, and fusiform and reddish brown in Polygonummultiflorum. They would be useful characters to distinguish Cynanchum spp., Metaplexis japonica, and Polygonummultiflorum, however, impossible characters to discriminate between C. wilfordii and C. auriculatum.

식별형질이 적거나 명확하지 않아서 동정하는데 어려움이 있었던 한국산 현삼속 식물의 형태학적 형질을 재검토 하였다. 이에 근거하여 각 분류군의 변이의 한계와 식별형질을 파악하였다. 생육지, 뿌리의 형태, 엽질, 줄기와 잎에 분포하는 선모의 유무, 개화기, 꽃받침의 형태, 화관의 색, 화관 하부열편의 길이, 화반의 유무 등은 열을 구분하는 형질로 매우 유용하였다. 이번 연구에서 1) 개현삼열에 속한 개현삼과 섬현삼은 줄기 능각의 길이, 엽병의 너비, 화관 측열편과 상부열편의 중첩 정도, 화관 상부열편의 함입 정도 등에 의해 명확히 구분할 수 있었다. 큰개현삼열에 속한 2) 현삼은 수상형의 화서 형태, 길이가 매우 짧은 화경과 소화경, 연녹색의 화관 등이 중요한 식별형질로 확인되었고, 3) 토현삼은 피침형의 엽신과 꽃받침, 엽액형의 화서 형태 등이 좋은 식별형질이었다. 4) 좀현삼은 매우 작은 잎의 길이와 너비에 의해 큰개현삼과 구분되었으며, 5) 몽울토현삼은 줄기에 3~6개의 마디를 가지고, 엽신의 형태는 광난형~아원형이며, 매우 이른 개화기를 가지고, 화서는 정단에만 짧게 발달하는 특징 등을 가짐으로써 근연분류군과 뚜렷이 구분되었다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 한국산 현삼속을 2열 6종 1변종, 총 7분류군으로 정리하였고, 이들에 대한 검색표를 제시하였다.