Background: Due to the variety of etiological factors in chronic low back pain (CLBP), there is significant variability in functional measurements. Objects: This study aimed to determine if using metrics in addition to inferential statistics could change how the impact of poor prognosis risk for pain among volunteers with CLBP is interpreted. Methods: In this cross-sectional observational study, 74 adult volunteers were allocated to four groups: a pain-free control group (CG) and three CLBP groups stratified by the STarT Back Screening Tool into low (LR), medium (MR) and high risk (HR). Spatiotemporal gait parameters outcomes were self-selected walking speed (SWS), optimum walking speed (OWS) and the locomotor rehabilitation index (LRI). Data were analyzed using a generalized estimating equation model. Reproducibility, responsiveness (minimum detectable change [MDC]) and effect sizes were also computed. Results: No differences were found for OWS. SWS and LRI were significantly higher in CG than in all CLBP groups, but observed differences did not exceed MDC, indicating they are likely to reflect measurement error. Nevertheless, large effect sizes suggest these reductions in SWS and LRI are clinically meaningful. Comparisons among the LR, MR, and HR groups revealed no significant differences or meaningful effect sizes. Conclusion: Combining complementary metrics with inferential statistics confirms that individuals with CLBP walk more slowly and exhibit lower LRI than pain-free controls, while prognostic risk strata do not influence these spatiotemporal gait parameters.

Diabetes mellitus is a highly prevalent chronic metabolic disorder associated with an elevated risk of diabeticinduced neuropathic pain and affective disturbances. However, animal models that recapitulate events of peripheral neuropathic pain and emotional alterations remain insufficiently characterized. This study aimed to investigate the association between hindpaw mechanical allodynia and distinct affective behavioral changes in a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mouse model. Adult male C57BL/6 mice received a single intraperitoneal STZ injection (150 mg/kg), and body weight and blood glucose levels were monitored weekly for two weeks. Mechanical sensitivity was evaluated using von Frey filaments at baseline and at one and two weeks post-injection. Affective behaviors were assessed through the elevated plus maze (EPM), open field test (OFT), tail suspension test (TST), and marble burying test (MBT). STZ-treated mice developed sustained hyperglycemia and progressive weight loss. Furthermore, they displayed hindpaw mechanical allodynia since 1st week after injection. Although anxiety-like behavioral changes in the EPM were not prominent, STZ-treated mice exhibited reduced center-zone duration and locomotion in the OFT, along with fewer buried marbles in the MBT. Conversely, immobility time in the TST remained unchanged. These findings indicate that STZ-induced diabetic mice exhibit both peripheral mechanical hypersensitivity and selective depression-like behavioral alterations that differ across test paradigms, underscoring the need for diverse behavioral assessments when investigating diabetes-related pain-depression comorbidity.

본 연구는 도구요가와 소매틱이 만성통증질환에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였 다. 도구요가와 소매틱을 활용한 융합적 접근으로 만성통증질환을 다스린다면 좀 더 체계적이고 효과적으로 치유가 일어난다고 보는 것이 연구의 필요성이다. 본 연구 목적은 도구요가와 소매틱의 융합적 접근으로 만성통증 질환을 가진 사람들에게 도 움이 되는 기초자료가 되고자 한다. 연구 방법에서 본 연구는 IRB승인을 받고, 2025 년 6월 1일부터 2025년 11월 17일까지 진행되었다. 연구참여자는 통증 질환을 가지 고 있는 사람으로 총 8명이다. 측정도구는 우울 검사와 스트레스, 신체·호흡·마음에 대한 변화 정도는 요가 효과 검사지, 통증의 정도를 알아보는 측정지를 사용하였다. 자료분석은 수집된 자료는 SPSS 29.0으로 분석하였다. 신체·호흡·마음의 변화는 빈도 분석으로 사전검사와 사후검사 간의 효과는 종속표본을 t 검정(Paired Sample T-test)을 통하여 알아보았다. 연구 결과, 첫째, 우울은 사후에 많은 감소를 보였고, 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있었다. 둘째, 일상적 스트레스는 감소하였으며, 통계적으 로 유의한 차이가 있었다. 셋째, 신체·호흡·마음 변화 정도는 증가하였으며, 통계적으 로 유의한 차이가 있었다. 넷째, 통증의 정도는 감소하였으며, 통계적으로 유의한 차 이가 있었다. 결론적으로, 본 연구에서 도구요가와 소매틱 융합 중재는 우울과 스트 레스 감소, 신체·호흡·마음 변화 증가, 통증 감소에 모두 긍정적인 영향을 미쳤다. 즉, 도구요가와 소매틱은 만성통증질환에 큰 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다.

본 논문은 19세기 초 수술의 발흥과 통증 완화에 대한 낙관 속에서, 의사이 자 시인인 존 키이츠(John Keats)가 고통을 어떻게 시적으로 형상화하고 그 해 소를 모색했는지를 고찰한다. 키이츠는 로버트 버턴(Robert Burton)의 􋺷우울의 해부􋺸에 깊은 영향을 받았으며, 우울을 통해 인간의 고통과 존재의 조건을 이해 했다. 무자비한 미녀 는 사랑의 황홀 이후 찾아오는 무기력한 소진을 통해 고 통을 잊게 하는 감각의 마비가 존재의 쇠퇴와 직결됨을 보여준다. 라미아 는 고통을 통해 획득한 존재의 변화와 감각적 사랑, 그리고 뒤잇는 환상의 붕괴와 파국적 소멸을 통해, 감각의 극한에 따른 파멸과 죽음을 그려낸다. 이 두 시 모 두에서 키이츠는 연인과의 사랑에서 오는 환희가 로더넘이 제공하는 진통 및 진정과 마찬가지로 인간의 고통에 대한 일시적 대응일 뿐 궁극적 해법은 될 수 없음을 보여준다. 그는 감각적 사랑에 대한 절대화나 과도한 의학적 낙관론의 한계를 인식하고, 고통과 우울, 그리고 죽음을 인간 존재의 필연적 조건으로 수 용하며 하나님의 사랑에 의지함으로써 기독교적 초월의 경지에 이른다.

본 논문은 정신분석의 관점에서 기독교와 고통의 윤리를 논의하였다. 특히 영화 <안티크라이스트>, <패션 오브 크라이스>, <막달라 마리아>를 통해 인간 의 고통을 초자아와 증상의 차원에서 다루었다. 정신분석에서 고통은 향락과 관 계한다. 영화 <안티크라이스트>와 <패션 오브 크라이스트>는 고통을 향유하는 도착적인 초자아를 대변한다. <안티크라이스트>는 초자아의 향락을 위해 고통 의 기원인 근본 환상을 반복해야 하는 존재의 비극성을 드러낸다. 또 <패션 오 브 크라이스트>는 세속적 종교가 표방하는 구원의 논리가 얼마나 도착적일 수 있는지 보여준다. 반면 영화 <막달라 마리아>는 고통이 증상의 차원으로 전환 되었을 때 일어날 수 있는 역능을 보여준다. 막달라 마리아는 ‘증상적 고통이 바로 나 자신’이라는 발견을 통해 기독교와 고통에 대해 근본적인 새로운 질문 을 던지고 있다.

Background: Chronic ankle instability (CAI) is a prevalent condition among Taekwondo athletes, often associated with pain, psychological factors, and impaired physical performance. However, few studies have investigated the relationship among ankle muscle strength, pain, kinesiophobia, and physical performance in Taekwondo athletes with CAI. Objects: This study aimed to examine the relationship between ankle muscle strength, pain, kinesiophobia, and physical performance in Taekwondo athletes with CAI. Methods: Forty Taekwondo athletes with CAI participated in the study. Pain was assessed using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and kinesiophobia was measured with the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia-11 (TSK-11). Physical performance was evaluated using the single-leg vertical jump (SLVJ) and single-leg hop for distance. The strength of the ankle muscles is measured using a Smart KEMA strength sensor. Pearson’s correlation coefficients were calculated to determine relationships among variables. Results: SLVJ showed a significant negative correlation with VAS (r = –0.506, p < 0.01) and a positive correlation with strength of the ankle inversion with dorsiflexion (IDF) (r = 0.356, p < 0.05). VAS was negatively correlated with strength of the ankle eversion with plantarflexion (r = –0.365, p < 0.05), IDF (r = –0.371, p < 0.05) and inversion with plantarflexion (r = –0.370, p < 0.05). No significant correlations were found between TSK-11 and physical performance, pain, or ankle muscle strength outcomes. Conclusion: Pain intensity and ankle muscle strength in specific ankle positions are associated with SLVJ in Taekwondo athletes with CAI. These findings suggest that the intensity of pain and the strength of the ankle evertor and invertor at specific ankle joint positions should be considered when evaluating Taekwondo athletes with CAI. Furthermore, managing pain and implementing strengthening exercises for the ankle evertor and invertor can be recommended to improve SLVJ.

Background: With rapid advances in digital technology, tablet PC use among university students has increased significantly. While convenient, prolonged use often causes neck and shoulder discomfort due to poor posture, such as forward head posture and rounded shoulders. Although students commonly use tablets for writing, there is limited research on head movements during these tasks. Objects: To compare frontal plane head movements and tablet tilt angles between college students with and without neck pain during tablet PC use. Methods: Participants were divided into two groups based on neck pain presence (neck pain group and no pain group). Each participant sat at a table, adjusted the tablet stand angle independently, and placed the tablet accordingly. Participants wore earphones and dictated English sentences to ensure focused handwriting and the evaluator recorded all process. These video recordings of handwriting sessions were analyzed for frontal plane head movements using Kinovea software. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was applied to reveal the group differences in tablet tilt angle, total head movement (THM), horizontal head movement (HHM), and vertical head movement (VHM). Results: There were no significant differences between the neck pain and no neck pain groups in tablet tilt angle or HHM (p > 0.05). In contrast, the neck pain group exhibited significantly greater THM (p < 0.001) and VHM (p < 0.01). Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate no significant relationship between neck pain and tablet tilt angle or HHM, but a significant association with increased VHM and THM. These findings provide basic knowledge for understanding movement patterns in individuals with neck pain.

Background: Chronic nonspecific low back pain (CNLBP) is a common musculoskeletal condition among middle-aged adults, often causing physical limitations and reduced quality of life. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is a widely used non-pharmacological method for pain relief and muscle modulation. Objectives: To compare the effects of two high-frequency, high-intensity TENS protocols on pain, muscle tone, and stiffness in individuals with CNLBP. Design: Single-blinded, randomized controlled trial. Methods: Twenty-eight individuals with CNLBP were randomly assigned to an experimental group (EG) or control group (CG). Both received 60 Hz, highintensity TENS twice weekly for four weeks. Pain equivalent current (PEC), visual analogue scale (VAS), pain degree (PD), muscle tone (Hz), and stiffness (N/m) were measured pre- and post-intervention by a blinded assessor. Results: The EG showed significant improvements in all outcomes (P<.05), while the CG showed significant change only in VAS scores. Between-group analysis showed greater reductions in pain and muscle-related variables in the EG. Conclusion: The EG protocol, with individualized intensity adjustments and targeted stimulation sites, was more effective than the CG protocol in improving pain, muscle tone, and stiffness in adults with CNLBP.

한국 무속 연구에서 무당으로 입무 전 반드시 겪는 고통, 즉 신병에 대한 연구는 다양한 사례로 조사되어 있다. 현재 입무 전 겪는 병고에 대한 명칭은 신병으로 통일된 지 오래다. 하지만 무병이란 말은 사라지고 신병으로만 부르 는 데서 오는 부작용은 만만찮다. 연구자들이 무병과 신병을 구분해 줘야 무 속현장에서 겪는 많은 시행착오를 시정할 수 있다. 즉 무분별한 내림굿으로 물의를 초래하는 사회적 갈등을 잠재우고 무당에 대한 신뢰를 높여주는 것 역시 연구자들의 역할이라 생각한다. 이런 문제의식으로 무병과 신병을 반드시 구분하여야 하며, 무병의 고통 은 보통 사람에서 신령을 주재하는 무당으로 거듭나기 위한 학습 과정이며, 이를 통해서 병자를 고칠 수 있고, 저승과 이승을 넘나들 수 있는 특수한 힘 을 부여받는 것이라 할 수 있다. 즉 무병은 무당이 되기 위한 전조현상이다. 하지만 신병은 빙의된 귀신을 보내고 다시 일상으로 돌아갈 수 있는 단순한 귀신병이다. 또 무당의 접신 양상을 보통 퍼제션(possession), 엑스터시(ecstasy), 트랜스 (trans) 현상으로 구분한다. 그러나 학계는 한국 무당의 접신 양상에 대한 합의에 이루지 못하였다. 한국 무당의 접신 양상은 신들림, 즉 퍼제션(possession) 현 상이 대표적이며, 간혹 신을 처음 접할 때 엑스터시(ecstasy) 현상을 경험한다 는 것을 알 수 있다. 트랜스(trans) 현상은 신들림과 탈혼 현상으로 가기 위한 과정이라고 밝힌다. 물론 기존 주장과 달리 새로운 의견을 제시하면서 무당의 접신현상을 밝혀보려고 한다. 마지막으로 내림굿 전에 하는 걸립에 대한 의견을 제시한다. 학계의 통설은 내림 전 걸립은 쇠걸립으로 놋쇠를 얻어 무구를 만들기 위한 행위라고 알려져 있다. 하지만 쇠걸립을 했다는 기록은 제주도 심방의 ‘쇠동녕’으로, 명두를 만들 기 위한 쇠걸립 외 강신무들은 쇠걸립을 했다는 기록을 찾을 수 없다. 강신무의 걸립은 새 무당이 탄생한다는 의미를 가지고 마을을 다니면서 영 험한 공수를 내려 쌀이나 돈을 시주받았다고 한다. 이때 받은 쌀이나 금전은 내림굿에 사용할 떡을 하고 돈은 내림굿 경비를 충당하는 것으로 이야기한다. 단지 김금화만 쇠걸립 후 쌀걸립을 다시 다녔다고 말한다. 하지만 강신무의 걸립은 쌀과 금전을 시주받는 것 외, 여러 가지 목적을 가지고 있었다는 것을 분석한다. 이 글은 무당이 되기 전 겪는 무병에 대한 정의를 정리하고, 무당의 접신 양상에 대한 의견을 제시하였다. 또 내림굿 전 다니는 걸립의 형태와 양상을 근거로 걸립에 대한 다른 의견을 제시하는 것으로, 무병의 의미와 접신의 양 상 그리고 걸립에 대한 새로운 이해를 시도했다.

이 논문은 전체주의의 재현을 방지하고 새로운 윤리 공동체의 가능성 을 모색하기 위해 함석헌과 한나 아렌트의 철학 사상을 비교 탐구한다. 두 사상가는 역사적 고통, 기억, 침묵, 말하기, 무책임, 응답성 속에서 인 간 존재의 조건을 깊이 성찰하며, 정치적 자유와 윤리적 책임 사이의 연 결을 개인적이고 실천적인 사유를 통해 밝힌다. 이들은 인간을 새로운 시작을 열 수 있는 ‘탄생성의 존재’로 이해하면서, 세계를 형성하는 언어 와 행위의 힘을 강조한다. 이러한 사유를 바탕으로 이 논문은 한국 사회 가 직면한 역사 왜곡, 혐오 정치, 집단적 망각의 위기에 대응하기 위한 다섯 가지 윤리적 실천을 제안한다. 첫째 고통의 역사를 직면하는 시민 교육의 강화, 둘째 공적 영역에서의 말하기와 경청의 윤리 회복, 셋째 타 자의 고통에 응답하는 연대의 정치화, 넷째 권위주의와 극우 담론에 대 한 지속적 비판, 다섯째 기억과 행위에 근거한 윤리적 시민성의 회복이 그것이다. 이렇게 본 논문은 함석헌의 종교적 휴머니즘과 아렌트의 정치 적 실존주의를 연결하며 민주사회에서 역사적 고통과 윤리적 응답의 조 건을 정치철학적으로 비교 성찰한다.

Background: Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is associated with trunk and lower extremity muscle weakness. Kneeling squat (KS) is a hip-focused exercise commonly used in the activities of daily living. However, research on trunk and lower extremity muscle activity across movement phases (ascending, holding, and descending) during KS remains limited and warrants further investigation. Objects: To determine the muscle activity of transversus abdominis/internal oblique (TrA/IO), erector spinae, gluteus maximus (Gmax), gluteus medius (Gmed), rectus femoris (RF) in the contraction phases of KS in individuals with CLBP. Methods: Surface electromyography data were recorded during KS across the ascending, holding, and descending phases on the side with CLBP. A 60-bit metronome was used to control the exercise speed. Results: The muscle activity of the TrA/IO was significantly higher during the holding phase than during the ascending and descending phases. The Gmax and Gmed were significantly higher during the holding phase than during the descending phase, whereas, RF was significantly higher during the ascending phase than during the holding and descending phases. Conclusion: The holding phase of KS may be recommended as a trunk and lower extremity exercise to increase in TrA/IO, Gmax, and Gmed muscle activity. Additionally, the ascending phase activates RF muscle in individuals with CLBP.

Background: Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is a common health problem among female caregivers. In Korea, 70.4% of caregivers experience LBP after caregiving. The prevalence of LBP was higher in female caregivers of patients who required physical assistance with transfer than in those caring for patients who did not require physical assistance. Lifting movements, such as patient transfer and positioning, are associated with lumbopelvic stability (LPS) and knee muscle strength. However, no studies have investigated the differences in LPS and knee muscle strength between female caregivers with and without CLBP. Objects: This study was conducted to investigate the differences of the LPS, knee extension strength (KES) and knee flexion strength (KFS) between female caregivers with and without CLBP. Methods: Thirty-one female caregivers participated in this study. Participants were divided into two groups: (1) caregivers without CLBP (n = 13) and (2) caregivers with CLBP (n = 18). LPS, KES, and KFS levels were measured. An independent t-test was used to compare the LPS, KES, and KFS between caregivers with and without CLBP. The statistical significance was set at α of 0.05. Results: The LPS and KES scores were significantly lower in caregivers with CLBP than those without. In contrast, the KFS did not differ significantly between the groups. Conclusion: This study observed associations of both LPS and KES with CLBP among female caregivers.

Background: Aquatic exercise utilizing hot springs helps individuals with nonspecific knee pain by reducing joint stress and providing a safe environment for movement. It can improve muscle strength and balance, enhancing overall functional mobility. Objects: This study aims to examine the muscle strength of knee flexion, knee extension, dorsiflexion, and plantar flexion, as well as to investigate static and dynamic balance in middleaged females after performing hot spring aquatic exercise for 4 weeks. Methods: Twenty-two middle-aged females participated in the study. The participants performed hot spring aquatic exercise for 4 weeks. The hot spring aquatic exercise consisted of aquatic walking, aquatic stretching, aquatic side step, aquatic forward reach, aquatic squat, leg lift, and aquatic arm and leg rotation. Muscle strength was measured using microFET2, while static balance was assessed through the one-leg stance test, and dynamic balance was evaluated using the Y-balance test. This study utilized the paired t-test for statistical analysis, with a significance level set at 0.05. Results: The muscle strength of bilateral knee flexion showed a significant increase in the pre- and post-comparison (p < 0.05), and the muscle strength of bilateral knee extension also improved significantly (p < 0.05). In addition, a significant increase was observed in the muscle strength of bilateral dorsiflexion (p < 0.05). The one-leg stance test performed while supporting on the right leg showed a significant increase in the pre- and post-comparison (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the dynamic balance measurements performed while supporting on both the right and left legs demonstrated significant improvements in both legs when compared before and after the intervention (p < 0.05). Conclusion: In individuals with nonspecific knee pain, a 4-week hot spring aquatic exercise program can contribute to the improvement of lower extremity strength, as well as static and dynamic balance ability.

본 연구는 섬유근육통(FM) 통증관리를 위한 모바일 애플리케이션을 개발하고 평가하여 실시간 통증 추적과 체계적인 임상 데이터 수집을 가능하게 한다. 연구는 세 단계로 진행되었으며, 첫째, 필수 기 능을 도출하기 위한 문헌 검토를 수행하였고, 둘째, 임상의 및 UX 디자이너를 대상으로 한 전문가 포커스 그룹 인터뷰(FGI)를 통해 기능을 정제하였으며, 셋째, 반복적인 프로토타이핑과 사용성 테스트를 거쳐 최 종 애플리케이션을 개발하였다. 결과적으로, 애플리케이션은 광범위 통증 지수(WPI), 증상 심각도 척도(SSS), 시각적 아날로그 척도(VAS)를 포함하며, 인터랙티브 통증 맵핑, 약물 추적, 증상 추세 분석 기능을 제공한다. 전문가들은 사용 편의성, 임상적 통합, 개인 맞춤형 피드백의 중요성을 강조하였다. 본 연구에서 개발한 환자 중심 애플리케이션은 자가 모니터링 및 임상적 의사 결정을 지원함으로써 FM 관리에 기여할 것으로 기대되며, 향후 장기적 효과를 평가하는 추가 연구가 필요하다.

Background: Neck discomfort and movement limitations are common musculoskeletal problems among modern people. While cervical and thoracic joint mobilization are widely used interventions for cervical dysfunction, research comparing their immediate effectiveness in adults with asymmetrical cervical rotation is limited. Objectives: To compare the immediate effects of cervical versus thoracic joint mobilization in adults with adults with asymmetrical cervical rotation and discomfort. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Methods: Thirty adults with left-right differences in cervical rotation of more than 5 degrees were randomly assigned to a cervical mobilization group (CMG, n=15) or thoracic mobilization group (TMG, n=15). Both groups received Grade III mobilization for 15 minutes. Range of motion (ROM), pain (VAS), and neck disability index (NDI) were measured before and after intervention. Results: Both groups showed significant increases in ROM after intervention (P<.001). Within-group analysis revealed that the TMG showed significant pain reduction (P<.01) and significant reduction in left-right rotation asymmetry (P<.001), while the CMG showed improvement in ROM but no significant changes in asymmetry or pain (P>.05). Neither group showed significant changes in NDI. Between-group comparisons showed no significant differences in any outcome measures. Conclusion: Both cervical and thoracic joint mobilization increased cervical range of motion in adults with asymmetrical cervical rotation discomfort. The TMG demonstrated significant within-group improvements in left-right rotation asymmetry and pain reduction, suggesting potential clinical benefits of thoracic mobilization for certain aspects of cervical dysfunction.

이 논문은 목사 소설가 백도기의 1970년대 작품을 중심으로 기독교 소설이 그리는 고통과 기독교 언어의 분열이라는 주제를 살핀다. 백도기에게 기독교 신 앙과 소설 쓰기는 소설이 고통에 대해 다룰 때 양립 가능했다. 백도기 소설 속 고통 이야기는 두 갈래의 근원에 기반한다고 볼 수 있다. 하나는 그가 속했던 한신대학교의 신학적 경향과 가르침에서 온 것이고 다른 하나는 순교자 아버지 에 대한 기억이다. 한신의 신학은 백도기가 이웃 인간을 향한 관심, 그들의 고통 과 함께하는 고통, 혹은 함께하지 못하는 데에서 오는 고뇌의 서사를 쓰게 이끌 었다면, 부친 백남용 목사의 순교는 종교적 구원에 이르는 고통과 죽음을 그리 는 순교 서사를 반복해서 쓰게 했다. 한편 이 글은 그의 대표작 청동의 뱀 을 다시 읽으면서 이 소설이 한국경제의 성장과 교회의 양적 부흥 가운데 기독교 언어가 오히려 왜소해지는 상황을 지적하고 있다고 주장한다. 목사 주인공의 무 기력과 타락한 교인들을 적나라하게 보여주는 청동의 뱀 은 영적 타락에 대한 범박한 묘사에서 나아가 기독교인들에 의해 기독교 언어가 남용되고 무용해진 현실에 애통하는 소설로 읽을 수 있다.

Background: For patients with neck pain, a taping method has been used to promote thoracic spine extension. To induce thoracic spine extension without back pain, a neutral lumbo-pelvic position must be established. The spiral trunk taping method can induce a neutral lumbo-pelvic position and thoracic spine extension. Objectives: To determine the effectiveness of spiral trunk taping in inducing thoracic spine extension and neutral lumbo-pelvic position in patients with neck pain. Design: A randomized controlled trial. Methods: Thirty patients with neck pain were randomly assigned to groups. The experimental group received spiral trunk taping and the control group received sham taping. The resting position visual analogue scale (VAS) and VAS during painful movement were measured and compared pre and post treatment. Results: Significant within-subjects changes were resting position VAS (F=59.823, P=0.001) and VAS during painful movement (F=76.128, P=0.001). Significant between-subject changes were resting position VAS (F=10.402, P=0.003) and VAS during painful movement (F=7.657, P=0.01). Conclusion: Spiral trunk taping, which can induce thoracic spine extension and a neutral lumbo-pelvic position, was effective for neck pain. This study demonstrates the potential of a systemic taping approach in the management of neck pain, and provides important clues for future clinical applications.

Background: When shorter muscles are restored to normal, non-specific low back pain, which is the mechanism that causes pain along with muscle relaxation, disappears. Among the stretching methods, self-stretching is a good exercise method not only for treatment but also for preventive purposes. Objectives: To find out what is the most effective method of self-stretching, which is often used in treatment and preventive arbitration, which can reduce muscle activity and increase spinal flexibility in patients with non-specific back pain. Design: Randomized controlled trials. Methods: Three self-stretching exercise methods for erector spinae are randomly assigned to 13 people each, and three self-stretching exercise methods are performed for each study subject. Surface electromyography using, was performed to measure the erector spinae muscle activity. flexibility was measured through Trunk flexion test in a standing position. Muscle activity and flexibility were measured before and after stretching. Results: The difference in muscle activity and flexibility in the three groups, including cat stretching, seated stretching, and Reclining stretching, all showed statistically significant differences. There was no statistically significant difference in comparison between the three groups of stretch muscle activity. However, a statistically significant difference was shown in the comparison of the variability between the three groups of flexibility. In a post-mortem analysis comparing the amount of change in flexibility, the flexibility of the seated stretching in the chair increased significantly compared to the cat stretching group. Conclusion: It can be confirmed that the stretching method of the erector spinae, cat stretching, seated stretching, and Reclining stretching, all have positive effects on muscle activity and flexibility.

Background: In patients with low back pain (LBP), weakened core muscles and impaired proprioception contribute to decreased spinal stability and LBP recurrence. Objectives: To investigate the effects of abdominal bracing exercises (BE) and kinetic link training (BEKLT) on pain, balance, and proprioception in LBP patients. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Methods: Sixteen adults with LBP were randomly assigned to a BE group or a BEKLT group. Both groups completed a four-week intervention (three sessions per week). Pain was assessed using the visual analog scale (VAS), proprioception with the lumbar reposition sense test, and balance with the BT4 system. Results: Both groups showed significant reductions in VAS and proprioception error (P<.05), with no inter-group differences. In dynamic balance (limits of stability), the BE group improved in rearward, left, and right angles, while the BEKLT group improved in forward, rearward, and left angles (P<.05). A significant difference was observed in the forward leaning angle between groups (P<.05). For static balance, both groups showed significant reductions in trace length and C90 area (P<.05), with no inter-group differences. Conclusion: The findings suggest that both BE and BEKLT are effective interventions for reducing pain and improving proprioception and balance in LBP, with BEKLT providing additional benefits for dynamic balance.