본 연구에서는 쥐참외뿌리 추출물의 항산화 활성 및 미백, 항염증 활성에 대한 생리활성 효과와 기능성 소재로써의 활용 가능성을 확인해 보고자 하였다. 쥐참외뿌리 추출물의 DPPH 라디칼 소거 활성을 통한 항산화 활성, 멜라닌 세포인 B16F10 melanoma 세포에 대한 멜라닌 생성 억제능을 통한 미백 활성 효과, 대식 세포인 RAW 264.7 세포에 대한 NO 생성 억제능을 통한 항염증 활성 효과를 확인해 보고자 하였다. 연구결과, 쥐참외뿌리 추출물은 농도 의존적으로 DPPH 라디칼 소거활성이 확인되었으며, 양성 대 조군인 Ascorbic acid와 비슷한 DPPH 라디컬 소거활성이 확인되었다. 100 nM α-MSH로 유도된 멜라닌 생성 억제 활성과 LPS 1 ㎍/mL로 유도된 NO 생성 억제능을 유의하게 억제 하는 것을 확인되었다. 이에 따라 쥐참외뿌리 추출물은 항산화 및 미백, 항염증 효과를 가진 기능성 소재로써의 활용 가능성이 있음이 사료되어 진다.

Aralia elata, Chaenomeles sinensis fruit, and Glycyrrhizae radix have been widely used as oriental medicinal plants in Korea, China and Japan and found to possess anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities. The current study was conducted to investigate the neuroprotective effect of an ethanol extract of a mixture of A. elata, C. sinensis fruit, and Glycyrrhizae radix (ACG) against ischemia-induced brain injury in rats and excitotoxic and oxidative neuronal death in primarily cultured rat cortical neurons. Transient focal cerebral ischemia was induced by 2 h middle cerebral artery occlusion followed by 24 h reperfusion (MCAO/R) in rats. Oral administration of ACG (10, 25, and 50 mg/kg) 30 min before MCAO, after 1 h of MCAO, and after 1 h of reperfusion reduced MCAO/R-induced brain infarct and edema formation. ACG also inhibited development of behavioral disabilities in MCAO/R-treated rats. Exposure of cultured cortical neurons to 500 μM glutamate for 12 h resulted in neuronal cell death. ACG (1, 10, and 50 μg/mL) inhibited glutamate-induced neuronal death. Furthermore, ACG inhibited 100 μM hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)- and hypoxia-induced neuronal death. These results suggest that the neuroprotective effect of ACG against ischemia-induced brain damage might be associated with its anti-excitotoxic and anti-oxidative activity and that ACG may have a therapeutic role for prevention of neurodegeneration in stroke.

쥐참외뿌리 추출물이 항산화 활성 및 피부 세포에서의 독성을 확인하여, 피부에 효과적으로 사 용할 수 있는 기능성 소재로써의 활용 가능성을 확인해 보고자 하였다. 쥐참외뿌리 추출물의 항산화 활성 의 지표가 되는 총 폴리페놀과 총 플라보노이드 함량을 확인하였고, 피부에서의 Neutral red assay를 이용 하여 세포 독성을 확인하였다. 연구 결과, 총 폴리페놀과 총 플라보노이드의 함량은 농도 의존적으로 증가 하였다. 섬유아 세포인 HDF cell에서의 높은 생존율이 확인되었으며, B16F10 melanoma cel와 RAW 264.7 cell에서는 5 μg/mL부터 세포 생존율이 유의하게 낮아지는 것이 확인되었다. 본 연구 결과는 쥐참 외뿌리 추출물의 항산화 활성 및 피부 세포에서의 기초적인 자료로 사용가능할 것으로 사료되어 진다.

The young shoots of Aralia elata, Chaenomeles sinensis fruit and Glycyrrhizae radix are edible and traditionally used as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agents. The present study was performed to investigate the protective effect of an ethanol extract mixture of these three medicinal plants (ACG) against amyloid β protein (Aβ) (25– 35)-induced memory impairment in an ICR mouse model. Memory impairment was induced by intracerebroventricular microinjection of 15 nmol Aβ (25–35) and assessed using the passive avoidance test and the Morris water maze test. The step-through latency in the passive avoidance test was decreased and the latency to reach the hidden platform in the Morris water maze test was increased in mice treated with Aβ (25–35), indicating memory impairment. This memory impairment induced by Aβ (25–35) was significantly prevented by chronic treatment with ACG (10, 25, and 50 mg/kg, p.o., 8 days). In memory impaired mice brain, cholinesterase activity and concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance, a lipid peroxidation marker, were increased and glutathione level was decreased. These biochemical changes in Aβ (25–35)-treated mice were reversed by chronic administration of ACG. The present results suggest that antioxidant and anti-cholinesterase activities of ACG might be responsible for the inhibition of Aβ (25– 35)-induced memory impairment and that ACG preparation may have a therapeutic role in preventing the progression of Alzheimer’s disease.

본 연구는 고삼 물추출물과 주 성분인 마트린의 유전 독성 유발능을 마우스 간세포 및 혈구세포에서 체내 단세포전기영동 시험법을 사용하여 평가하였다. OECD TG 489 에서 정하고 있는 체내 알카리코멧 시험법(in vivo alkanine Comet assay)을 수컷 마우스를 사용하여 수행하였다. 고삼 물추출물의 투여 용량은 한계 용량을 포함하도록 체중 대비 1,000와 2,000 mg/kg으로 하였다. 마트린의 세 투여용량은 50, 100, 200 mg/kg으로 정하였고, 최고 투여용량은 용량 설정시험을 통하여 설정하였다. 음성대조물질과 시험물질은 경구로 3회 투여하였고, 양성대조물질(ethyl methanesulfonate, EMS)은 2회 투여하였다. 마지막 투여 후 3-4시간 내에 간 조직과 혈액을 채취하였고 단세포전기영동을 알카리 조건에서 수행하였다. 코멧 시험 결과, 고삼 물추출물과 마트 린에 의한 체중의 변화가 관찰되지 않았으며, 간세포와 혈구세포에서 통계적으로 유의성 있는 유전자 손상을 유발 하지 않았다. 따라서, 본 연구조건에서 고삼 물추출물과 마트린은 유전독성 유발능이 없는 것으로 사료된다.

Big data analysis methods are useful tools for sorting valuable data and products. Achyranthes Radix root extract (AR) is a well-known herbal medicine in East Asia due to its anti-osteoarthritis, pro-circulatory, and anti-osteoporosis effects. In this stud y, we investigated the liver- and kidney-protective effects of AR by applying big data analysis to traditional medicine. CDDP (cis-diamminedichloridoplatinum) is an effective cancer cell anti-proliferative agent used in the treatment of diverse types of tumors. However, it is clinically limited due to liver and kidney toxicity. The current study was designed to assess the potential protective effects of AR against CDDP-induced hepato-renal toxicity. For this purpose, male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were assigned to four groups, each consisting of four animals. Intravenous injection or oral administration of either saline or AR was performed daily for 14 days, whereas CDDP was injected intraperitoneally on day 3 following AR treatment. Serum biochemistry results revealed that CDDP induced clear hepatic and renal damage while the AR treatment groups showed less damage relative to controls. Next, we tested the pharmacokinetics of AR using 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-HE), which is the most abundant component of AR extract. After intravenous administration of AR, the plasma concentration of 20-HE rapidly declined with a terminal half-life (t1/2) of 0.99±0.47 h. The area under the plasma concentration vs. time curve was 24.96±3.5 h*ng/mL. The present study provides valuable tools for further verification studies of the classical herbal literature and its scientific relevance.

This study investigated the antioxidant properties of the Radix isatidis extract and the effect of substituting it with sodium nitrite (SN) in a pork patty. The antioxidant activity of the Radix isatidis water extract (RIWE) was compared to those of the methanol and chloroform extracts (RIME and RICE, respectively). Patties were prepared with five different treatments: (1) a control with no RIWE and SN, (2) T1 with 150 ppm SN, (3) T2 with 100 ppm SN + 0.1% RIWE, (4) T3 with 50 ppm SN + 0.3% RIWE, and (5) T4 with 0.5% RIWE. They were used to compare the oxidation stability for 12 days at 4℃. The extraction yield of RIWE was 3.2 and 18.7 times higher (p<0.05) than those of RIME and RICE, respectively, but RIWE had the lowest (p<0.05) 1,1`-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity, superoxide dismutase-like activity, and total reducing ability. Patties with RIWE and SN exhibited lower (p<0.05) pH values after 12 days, compared to the control. After 4 days, the 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances content was lower (p<0.05) in T1, T2, T3, and T4 than in the control. The oxidation-reduction potential value was the lowest (p<0.05) in T3 and T4 after 4 days (p<0.05). T1, T2, T3, and T4 had a lower (p<0.05) volatile basic nitrogen content after 12 days, compared to the control. These findings suggest that RIWE has an antioxidant effect similar to that of SN, but further research on its antimicrobial effect may be required to determine if it is a good substitute for SN.

Streptozotocin(STZ)을 45mg/kg.b.w의 용량으로 흰쥐의 미정맥에 투여 한 후 당뇨병이 유발된 당뇨 흰쥐에게 1일 1회 7일간 1,000mg/kg의 용량으로 황기에탄올 추출물을 투여 후 glucose함량 과 당대사에 관여하는 효소인 glucose-6-phosphatase(G-6-Pase), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH, glucokinase(GK)활성과 glycogen 함량, triglyceride(TG), total cholesterol등의 지질대사에 관여하는 물질들을 측정한 결과 황기 에탄올 추출물 투여군이 glucose, TG, total cholesterol등의 함량과 G-6-Pase 활성의 유의적인 감소를 나타내었으며 glycogen 함량과 G-6-PDH, GK의 활성이 유의적인 증가를 나타내었다. 이와 같이 황기 에탄올 추출물이 항당뇨 개선효과를 갖는 유효성분을 함유하고 있음을 알 수 있었다.

Osteoporosis is a major worldwide public health problem that poses a great economic burden to society. Puerariae Radix, the dried root of Pueraria lobata (Wild.) Ohwi, has been widely used in Asia. This study investigated the effects of Puerariae Radix (PR) on bone loss in ovariectomized (OVX) mice. C3H/HeN mice (10 weeks old) were divided into sham and OVX groups. The OVX mice were treated with vehicle, 17β-estradiol (E2), PR (oral administration, 250 mg/ kg/day) or PR (intraperitoneal administration, 50 mg/ kg/every other day) for 6 weeks. Grip strength, uterus weight, serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), estradiol concentration and osteoclast surface levels were measured. Tibiae were analyzed using microcomputed tomography. There were no significant differences in the degree of grip strength, body weight and uterine weight between OVX group and PR-treated group. As compared with the OVX group, the serum estradiol levels were significantly increased in the PR-treated group. PR (i.p.) significantly preserved trabecular bone volume, trabecular bone number, structure model index and bone mineral density of proximal tibiae metaphysic. The administration of PR lowered serum ALP and osteoclast surface levels in OVX mice, suggesting that PR can reduce the bone turnover rate in mice. The results indicate that the supply of PR can prevent OVX-induced bone loss in mice.

Dawley 계 숫컷 흰쥐(200∼210g)를 정상군, CCl4-대조군, CCl4-실험군으로 나누어 실험군은 갈근 에탄올 추출물을 1,000mg/kg,b.w의 용량으로 1일1회7일간 경구 투여 후 사염화탄소를 0.6mg/kg,b.w의 용량으로 복강내 주사 후 다음날 개복하여 혈청내의 Alanine aminotransferase(ALT), Aspartate aminotransferase(AST), Alkaline phosphatase(ALP), Glutamyltranspeptidase(γ-GT), Lactate dehydro-genase(LDH)의 활성도와 중성지방, 콜레스테롤 함량을 측정한 결과 갈근 추출물 투여 군에서 CCl4-대조군과 비교하여 유의적인 감소(p<0.05)를 나타내었으며, HDL-콜레스테롤은 유의적인 증가(P0.05)를 나타내었다. 간조직중의 지질과산화 함량과 Catalase(CAT),Glutathione peroxiddase (GSH-Px)의 항산화 효소 활성은 유의적인 감소를 나타내었다. 반면에 간 조직중의 glutathione 함량은 유의적인 증가를 나타내었다. 이 실험 결과 갈근 에탄올 추출물은 사염화탄소 투여에 의한 간 손상을 억제하는 보호물질과 항산화 물질을 함유하고 있음을 알 수 있었다.

본 연구는 황련으로부터 분리된 fraction의 항균효능과 항산화 효과를 평가하고 그것의 화장 품 소재로서의 가능성을 확인하였다. 황련으로부터 분리된 fraction의 항균활성은 Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans 균주로 disc diffusion 방법을 통해 생육저해환(clear zone)을 측정하였다. 그 결과 Fr. 1을 제외한 모든 시료에서 S. aureus와 candida. A 에서 항균활성을 나타내는 것으로 확인 하였다. 항산화 평가를 위해 황련 fraction의 농도 (50, 125, 250) μg/mL 에 따라 처리하여 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) 라디칼 소거능과 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) 양이온 라디칼 소거능을 확인하였다. 그 결과 Fr. 1, 2, 3, 4의 250 μg/mL 농도에서 DPPH 라디칼 소거능 활성이 각 11.4%, 30.3%, 42.0%, 53.1% 로 ABTS+ 라디칼 소거능 활성은 동일농도에서 각 28.6%, 96.2%, 98.6%, 97.1%로 나타났다. Fr. 3, 4는 동일농도의 대조군 BHT 활성의 86.5%보다 높은 활성산소 저해능을 보였다. 황련의 세포독성을 측정한 WST assay 결과에서 Fr. 4를 제외하고는 Fr. 1, 2, 3은 독성을 나타내지 않았다. 이러한 결과로 황련으로부터 분리된 fraction은 항균능과 항산화 능을 가지는 화장품 소재로서의 가치를 가진다 고 볼 수 있다.

Vitis amurensis, Aralia cordata, and Glycyrrhizae radix have been widely used in Korea, China, and Japan because of their anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities. The present study investigated the anti-nociceptive and antiinflammatory properties of an ethanol extract (SSB) of a mixture of three medicinal plants of Vitis amurensis (stem and leaf), Aralia cordata (stem and leaf), and Glycyrrhizae radix. Anti-nociceptive activity was determined using chemical (acetic acid and formalin) and thermal (hot plate) stimuli-induced algesia tests. Formalin-induced paw edema was evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity. SSB (25–100 mg/kg, p.o.) and ibuprofen (100 mg/kg, p.o.), a positive nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), significantly inhibited the acetic acid-induced writhing response caused by peripherally mediated algesia, but failed to protect thermal nociception in the hot plate test that was employed for centrally mediated analgesic activity. However, morphine (5 mg/kg, s.c.) used as a positive opioid control alleviated the acetic acid-induced writhing response and thermal nociception in the hot plate test. In the formalin test, SSB (50 and 100 mg/kg, p.o.) inhibited the second phase response (peripheral inflammatory algesia), but not the first phase response (central algesia), whereas morphine inhibited both phases of the pain response. Both SSB (25-100 mg/kg, p.o.) and ibuprofen (200 mg/kg) caused significant reduction of the formalin-induced increase of paw thickness, which was the index of inflammation. These results suggest that SSB has a significant anti-nociceptive activity that seems to be peripheral, but not central. SSB also displays antiinflammatory activity in an acute inflammatory model. The present study supports a possible use of SSB to treat pain and inflammation.

Vitis amurensis, Aralia cordata, and Glycyrrhizae radix have been widely used as oriental medicinal plants in Korea, China and Japan and found to possess anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities. A previous study demonstrated a protection of an ethanol extract (SSB) of a mixture of three medicinal plants of Vitis amurensis, Aralia cordata, and Glycyrrhizae radix against β amyloid protein-induced memory impairment. The current study was conducted to investigate the neuroprotective effect of SSB against ischemiainduced brain injury. Transient focal cerebral ischemia was induced by 2 hr middle cerebral artery occlusion followed by 24 hr reperfusion (MCAO/reperfusion) in rats. Oral administration of SSB (5, 10 and 25 mg/kg) 30 min before and 1 h after MCAO, and 1 h after reperfusion reduced MCAO/ reperfusion-induced brain infarct and edema formation. SSB also inhibited development of behavioral disabilities in MCAO/reperfusion-treated rats. Exposure of cultured cortical neurons to 500 μM glutamate for 12 hr resulted in neuronal cell death. SSB (1-10 μg/mL) inhibited glutamateinduced neuronal death, elevation of intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i), and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These results suggest that the neuroprotective effect of SSB against ischemia-induced brain damage might be associated with its anti-excitotoxic activity and that SSB may have a therapeutic role for prevention of neurodegeneration in stroke.

An analysis of changes in herbal tea composition according to the difference in processing conditions showed slightly reduced crude protein content and increased, moisture, crude fat and solid elution rate after treatment using the ash puffing process compared to roasting. Benzopyrene content was significantly reduced to 0.18 ppb from 0.51 ppb. This result indicated that, the B(α)P content differed depending on the processing condition and raw materials. Generation of food B(α)P is mainly include the thermal decomposition of food cooking, when the processing which is a main component of food carbohydrate, protein, fat reason despite severe heat treatment as a whole is to be detected even though the B(α)P in this way is considered to be. The taste, aroma and color did not show a large difference, but the strong bitters taste decreased.

한방차의 roasting 온도를 80∼140℃ 범위로 하여 성분 변화를 분석한 결과, 온도의 상승에 따라 수분함량이 감소하고 일부 탄화가 발생하며 조 회분 함량이 소폭 상승하였고, 조 지방 및 조단백질 함량은 소폭 감소하였다. 한방차의 고형분 용출율은 0.15~0.32%(w/w)를 나타내었는데, roasting 온도가 상승할수록 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 처리온도가 80∼110℃구간에서는 큰 변화를 나타내지 않은 반면 110∼140℃구간에서는 고형분 용출율이 급격히 감소하였다. 온도가 상승할수록 용출율이 감소하는 것은 내부 조직이 치밀하여 상대적으로 용출이 어렵기 때문이다. 벤조피렌 함량은 0.29~0.51ppb으로 온도가 높을수록 B(α)P함량이 증가하였다. 처리온도와 원재료에 따라 B(α)P 함량에 차이가 발생하며, 내부온도는 약 200℃정도지만 roaster 표면의 실제 온도는 약 2000℃에 이르는데 표면과 접촉한 부분에서 B(α)P가 생성된다. B(α)P는 주로 음식을 조리, 가공할 때 식품의 주성분인 탄수화물, 단백질, 지방 등이 열분해 되어 생성되는 것으로 생각된다.

This paper presents a parallel kd-tree traversal algorithm based on the parallel binary radix tree construction scheme proposed by Tero Karras in 2012. In his paper, Tero Karras proposed parallel tree construction algorithm which can maximize the utilization of GPU threads, but implementation and analysis of kd-tree are not fully discussed. This paper aims to fill the gap for the specific kd-tree cases. As an application for the kd-tree traversal method proposed in this paper, the proposed method has been implemented with NVIDIA’s CUDA framework and tested on NVIDIA’s realtime raytracing library, OptiX. As a result, the proposed method can construct tree structures within the requirement for realtime process, but still needs specialized spatial caching data structure like the “primitive tree” for highly detailed meshes to handle spatial queries as fast as to visualize implicit surfaces under OptiX framework. However, the proposed method can be applied to dynamic collision detection and manage scene and object information for game applications thanks to its fast tree construction process. Also, realtime raytracing can be applied to game applications based on this study.

본 연구는 하수오 가루를 첨가한 과자류 개발을 위해 회전중심 합성계획법에 따라 하수오 가루, 버터, 설탕의 양을 독립변수로 하여 쿠키를 제조하고, 품질 특성을 조사하였으며, 반응표면분석법을 이용하여 최적배합비를 구하였다. 이화학적 특성과 물성 중 L값(명도), b값(황색도), 경도는 quadratic 모델이 채택되었고, a값(적색도), 퍼짐성은 Linear 모델이 채택되었다. 관능적 특성인 색, 외관, 조직감, 풍미, 맛, 전체적 기호도는 quadratic 모델이 채택되었다. 관능특성 검사 결과, 하수오 가루 첨가량의 증가에 따라 색, 외관, 맛, 전체적 기호도는 감소하였고, 조직감에는 거의 영향이 없었으며, 풍미는 중심점(4 g)까지 증가하다가 감소하였다. 버터 첨가량의 증가에 따라 색의 기호도는 감소하였고, 다른 기호도(외관, 조직감, 풍미, 맛, 전체적 기호도)는 중심점(60 g)까지 급격히 증가하다가 점차 감소하는 경향이었다. 설탕 첨가량의 증가에 따라 풍미, 맛은 중심점까지 급격히 증가하다가 중심점 이후부터는 증가폭이 적었으며, 다른 기호도(색, 외관, 조직감, 전체적 기호도)는 중심점(40 g)까지 증가하다가 감소하는 경향이었다. 또한 색, 풍미, 맛, 전체적 기호도에 대한 기호도는 하수오 가루 첨가량이 버터나 설탕 첨가량의 영향보다 컸으며, 외관은 설탕의 첨가량이 하수오 가루나 버터 첨가량보다, 조직감에는 버터 첨가량이 하수오 가루나 설탕 첨가량의 영향보다 컸다. 관능특성 검사 결과 중 유의성이 있었던 모든 항목의 최대값 목표범위를 충족시키는 최적의 배합량은 하수오 가루 4.00 g, 버터 75.42 g, 설탕 45.67 g으로 산출되었다.