Recently, ESG(Environmental, Social, Governance) has been recognized as an important factor for the sustainable growth of companies. However, only 14.5% of food manufacturing companies have adopted ESG management. In particular, small and medium-sized enterprises(SMEs) face difficulties in implementing ESG management due to a lack of specialized personnel and resource constraints. The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of ESG ratings on the management performance of 40 food manufacturing companies listed on the Korea Exchange(KRX) that have been evaluated for ESG. The one-way ANOVA was used and performed on data for 40 food manufacturing companies published by the Korea Institute of Corporate Governance and Sustainability(KCGS) in 2023. The results of the analysis showed statistically significant differences in sales (F=12.936, p<0.001) and foreign ownership (F=7.74, p<0.01) based on ESG ratings. Furthermore, Scheffe's post-hoc analysis indicated that the higher the ESG rating and individual scores, the better the overall management performance. Therefore, it is concluded that food manufacturing companies should continuously invest in and focus on ESG management to secure a competitive advantage in the market and achieve sustainable growth.

The FIFA world cup is one of the most popular and widely viewed sporting event, where millions of viewers across the globe tune in to support their country every four years for the chance to win the ultimate football tournament. According to FIFA, the FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022 recorded over 5 billion cumulative views, with the final match estimated to have been watched by more than 1.5 billion viewers live on television. In South Korea, a total of 11.14 million viewers watched the opening match against Uruguay, which was estimated to be a 97% increase in Korean viewership compared to the previous World Cup.

본 연구에서는 20대 대선 경선과정에서 양당 후보자의 지지율 변화에 대해 분석하기 위해 후보자의 경쟁력(자질, 도덕성), 각 정당의 경선제도 의 제도화 수준, 이슈 등 세 가지로 나누고 이 요인들이 후보의 지지율 등락에 어떠한 영향을 미쳤는지에 초점을 두어 분석하고자 한다. 연구의 구성은 다음과 같다. 우선 경선제도의 이론적 논의와 한국사회에서 주요 정당의 경선제도 변화를 살펴본다. 그리고 경선과정에서 후보자의 지지 율 변화를 분석하기 위해 분석모형을 제시한다. 이어 제20대 대선 후보 선출과정에서는 어떤 변화가 이루어졌는지를 검토하고 경선과정에서 후 보자가 여야 양당의 지지율 변화를 분석한다. 이어 경선과정에서 후보자 가 여야 양당의 지지율 변화에 미친 요인을 크게 세 가지로 분석했다. 첫째, 후보자들의 자질 및 도덕성이다. 둘째, 양당 경선제도의 제도화 수 준과 운용이다. 셋째, 이슈로 정책이슈와 사건이슈 이다. 마지막으로 자 료의 부족으로 말미암아 분석 과정에서 제20대 대선 경선과정에서 경선 도입과 주요 정당이 아닌 군소 정당에서의 경선 시행에 대해 다루지 못 한 점은 본 연구의 뚜렷한 한계이다. 또한 경선과정에서 나타난 후보자 의 지지율에 관한 자료는 특정 여론조사기관의 것을 한정적으로 사용할 수밖에 없었음을 밝힌다.

Since more and more consumers rely on online consumer reviews in their purchase decision making, we have observed the emergence of empirical studies on online reviews in different contexts. Such studies look at various dimensions surrounding online reviews; nevertheless, none of them actually gives a more comprehensive picture as to the rating differences across online rating platforms and/or across time, let alone explains such differences. This study aims to address these understudied but managerially relevant issues. In our empirical study, we focus on hotel ratings across platforms and across time (i.e., across identified change point in time), and explain such differences by review text associating with the ratings. We investigated San Francisco hotels that were rated on both Tripadvisor and Expedia, and utilized the General Inquirer dictionary to identify the categories of words in a review. Regressions analyses were then conducted for the explanation of rating differences. We found that rating differences, in both the cross-platform and the longitudinal cases, are substantially associated with the number of words (in a negative relationship). Furthermore, word tags identified from the review text associated with ratings also explain the rating differences. To conclude, the research reveals that for a specific service provider, online ratings may vary significantly in both the cross-platform and the longitudinal senses. It demonstrates that adopting a systematic approach and utilizing an established semantic dictionary, information extracted from review text can substantially explain such differences.

Background: Functional capacity evaluations (FCEs) are designed to systematically assess the capacity to perform work-related tasks and to determine worker’s ability to return to the previous job following work-related injuries. These evaluations may be rated either by clinician or worker. There has been a lack of consensus between the two scoring methods. Objects: This study aimed: 1) to confirm if the data are fit to the Rasch rating scale model and 2) to investigate the item-level concordance rate between the ratings of clinician and injured worker of the FCE. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample (n=124) of a rehabilitation program with the Occupational Rehabilitation Data Base for workers with low back pain. The functional capacity evaluation at admission and discharge was administered to clinicians and workers. The data were analyzed using both classical test theory-based Pearson’s r and intra-class coefficient followed by item-level analysis with Rasch rating scale model. Results: All items of the FCE, except sitting items rated by clinician at admission and handling items rated by both clinician and worker throughout admission and discharge, were acceptable fit statistics with minor out of ranges for a misfit criterion. This may indicate that the items of the FCE overall fit to the Rasch rating scale model. Few problematic items responding differently to clinician and worker both at admission and discharge were detected with the differential item functioning analysis despite the excellent concordance rate using the two conventional statistics-sitting and handling items at admission and handling item at discharge. Conclusion: The item-level speculations using Rasch analysis of the FCE demonstrate that the ratings of clinician and self ratings of worker were psychometrically acceptable though there was an apparent discrepancy between the raters both at admission and discharge.

목적 : 본 연구는 클라이언트중심의 작업치료 적용이 치매특별등급 대상자의 활동참여에 미치는 영향을 알 아보고 치매특별등급 대상자를 위한 활동 중심형 프로그램의 모델을 제공하고자 한다. 연구방법 : 치매특별등급을 받은 3명을 대상으로 수정된 바델 지수(Modified Barthel Index; MBI), 한국 형 도구적 일상생활활동측정(Korean Instrumental Activities of Daily Living; K-IADL), 한국형 활 동분류카드(Korean Activity Card Sort; K-ACS)를 사용하여 일상생활 및 활동수준을 파악하였으며, 캐나다 작업수행측정(Canadian Occupational Performance Measure; COPM)을 통해 활동 및 중재 목 표를 설정하였다. 중재로 선택한 활동을 관찰 후 20단계로 단계화하고 대상자가 단계를 따라 수행하도 록 중재 프로그램을 구성하였다. 자료 분석은 중재 전･후의 대상자의 활동참여 수준, 중재 목표의 수행 도와 만족도를 비교하였으며 중재 기간 동안 활동 수행률의 변화는 그래프를 통한 시각적 분석을 통해 제시하였다. 결과 : 대상자의 활동 수준 점수가 증가되었으며 중재 활동의 과제수행률과 수행도 및 만족도가 향상되었다. 결론 : 본 연구에서 제시한 클라이언트 중심 작업치료를 적용한 활동 중심 프로그램은 치매 특별등급 대상 자를 위한 작업치료의 실제적 모델을 제공하여 치매서비스 영역에서 작업치료 분야의 전문성 확보에 기 여할 수 있다.

본 연구에서 연구자들은 온·오프라인 PR 커뮤니케이션 활동이 지난 2014년 소치 동계올림픽 생중계 방송시청률에 어떠한 영향을 미쳤는지 살펴봤다. 이를 위해 연구자들은 소치 동계 올림픽 스포츠 경기를 생중계했던 방송사들 중 별도의 온·오프라인 커뮤니케이션 활동을 추진한 방송사의 생중계 방송 시청률과 그렇지 않은 방송사의 시청률을 비교·분석했다. 조직(방송사)-공중(시청자) 간의 온·오프라인 PR 커뮤니케이션 활동을 공중관계성 이론을 중심으로 연구한 결과 조직(방송사)-공중(시청자) 간의 공중관계성 형성을 위한 PR 커뮤니케이션 활동을 한 방송사의 생중계 방송 시청률이 그렇지 않은 방송사의 시청률에 비해 높게 나타났다. 이와 관련해 연구자들은 한국 경기에 대한 시청자 응원 확대와 PR 커뮤니케이션 활동이 트위터 버즈량(트위터 등 SNS를 통해 확산된 특정 메시지 전달 빈도의 통계적 산술값)의 변화와 이 버즈량의 변화가 시청률 경쟁 상황에서 형성한 공중관계성의 의미·가치 등에 대해 논의했다.

The authors of this research show that gender plays a role in whether public star ratings of branded content films (e.g., ratings on Rotten Tomatoes) and increased awareness of surroundings differentially affect movie viewers’ willingness to spread word-of-mouth about films. For men, no matter whether they have high or low awareness of surroundings, a higher versus lower star rating uniformly enhances the likelihood they will recommend the film to others. In contrast, for women, momentarily heightened awareness of their surroundings enhances (diminishes) the likelihood of recommending the higher (lower) star-rated film. If women have low awareness of their surroundings, however, the differences do not emerge.

이 연구는 노인장기요양보험제도가 인정조사자들의 인정조사와 등급판정위원들의 등급판정 심의를 통해 직접적인 서비스가 시작되고 있다는 점에서 인정조사자의 인정조사 편차율과 등급판정위원들의 심의의 중요성에 대한 인식을 부각시키기 위함이다. 서비스에 직접적인 영향을 미치는 등급판정위원들 중에서 경기도와 인천지역의 등급판정위원들을 중심으로 설문하였으며, 심의수준을 측정하기 위한 변수로 직업별, 연령별 등으로 나누어 각 이해도 변수별 등급판정의 방향성을 비교 분석하였다. 그 결과 현행 노인장기요양보험제도가 시행된지 6년이 지난 지금의 현실에서 등급판정위원들의 역할이 노인장기요양보험제도 서비스 정착에 중요한 역할을 하고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 다음번 연구에는 인정조사들의 인정조사시 편차율에 대한 연구가 필요하리라 본다.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the correlation between the stature and the muscle performance ratings and the subjective discomfort rations at performing lower arm's pronation and supination according to change sin the height of working table for more efficient performance at designing a working table and performing a work. For the purpose, this study conducted an experiment targeting 40 people in their 20s, who were classified into 4 groups each group composing 10 people at intervals of 5cm from the standard stature of 166.5cm. The experiment measured the maximum isometric pronation and the supination muscular power, and at measuring the factors, the heights of working tables were set as 800mm, 850mm, and 900mm. From the measurement results, it was found that the stature and the maximum muscular power was correlated. That is, as the experiment groups's average stature is higher, the maximum muscular power was higher. For the correlation between the motion patterns(pronation and supination) and the maximum muscular power, it was seen that the maximum muscular power was higher at performing the pronation than the supination. In the correlation between motion patterns and the subjective discomfort ratings, it was seen that the subjective discomfort rating was higher at performing the supination than the pronation. For the correlation between height adjustment and the subjective discomfort ratings, as the height of working table was lower, the subject discomfort rating was lower. Therefore there was no difference in the maximum muscular power according to the height changes of working table, but it was found that as the working table was higher, the user felt more comfortable.

When two raters assign discrepant ratings in writing assessments, a method of resolving the differences should be applied to improve the accuracy of scores reported to examinees (operational scores). The present study, in an attempt to locate the most effective resolution method for the current context where not only experienced but also novice raters participate in assessment, examined tertium quid method as compared to averaged original scores of experienced and novice raters. The results of paired t-tests and interrater reliability estimates for seven pairs of raters showed that the ratings of experienced and novice raters were significantly different from each other. To investigate the accuracy of averaged and tertium quid scores, Pearson correlation was conducted by correlating the two resolved scores with criterion score (standard for decision making). Tertium quid scores correlated much higher with the criterion than the averaged scores across seven sets of scores for all six categories (Content, Organization, Style and Quality of Expression, Language Use, Mechanics, and Fluency), thereby providing a positive evidence for tertium quid method as score resolution. The study suggests for future research that it is not sufficient enough to test the efficacy of resolution methods without considering sources of rater variability.

This study has been conducted on the subjects of eight undergradu˗ ate students with abdominal obesity and eight undergraduate stu˗ dents with normal weight to find out correlation between substantial fatigue and Ratings of perceived exertion through analysis of their blood components when they took exercises to strengthen their abdominal muscular power. Comparatively analyzing HDL-C, LDL-C and lactic acid before and after they took sit-up at level of RPE 19-20, no statistically significant differences in HDL, LDL, lactic acid meas˗ ures were observed between groups, but a significant difference in RPE was noted between groups(p<0.05) Our findings suggest that control group showed no significant differ˗ ence in increase of fatigue material whereas the obese group showed a lower frequency of sit-up, though both groups took the same abdominal exercise. Additionally, the lower frequency of sit-up in obese group results from relatively higher Ratings of perceived exer˗ tion rather than increase of substantial fatigue material. This study invites future research that examines the effect of a comprehensive obesity exercise program combined with dietetic

Even though performance-based language tests are often multivariate by design, previous validation studies have analyzed the dependability of ratings of such tests within univariate analytic frameworks. In an attempt to address this limitation, the present study investigated the dependability of judgements made based on ratings of a German speaking test using a multivariate generalizabilitiy theory (MGT) analysis. Data obtained from 88 students were analyzed in G- and D-studies of a two-facet crossed design. A D-study with two raters and two tasks supported the high dependability of the ratings and the placement decisions made at the pre-determined cut scores. An optimization analysis of the measurement procedure suggested that the desired level of dependability of ratings has already been achieved by the use of two raters and two tasks. The MGT analysis also generated other useful information about the convergent/ discriminant validity of the five subscales. Specifically, the universe score variance-covariance matrix obtained from the D-study showed that the underlying subscales were interrelated but distinct. Furthermore, the analysis of effective weights of the scales revealed that the Grammar subscale played the dominant role in the composite universe score variance.

Objectives: The objectives of this study were to demonstrate daily occupations and their self-perceived quality in persons with disability. Methods: Twenty five participants responded to a questionnaire, The Occupation Schedule (modified from an Activity Configuration Log). The subjects were asked to categorize their daily activities such as sleep, self-maintenance, work, rest, leisure and to rate their self-perceived quality. Results: The subjects had a high rate of unemployment (64%) and 12 subjects did not classify any occupation as work. The same occupation was classified into several different categories. The quality of occupation was rated at the satisfaction, importance, stress, and time adequacy. Conclusions: The results suggest that the subjects’ classification of occupations and their meanings are important sources of information for the science of occupation and the occupational therapy practice. Occupational therapists need to explore the alternative satisfying occupations to replace the category of work.

Purpose - It is a very important issue for the Korean tourism industry to increase tourism revenue by attracting foreign tourists. Although Japanese tourists have been an important part of the Korean tourism industry for a long time, the level of tourist satisfaction including accommodation has been at the worst compared to other foreign visitors, which strongly requires concrete solutions. Therefore, this study focuses on improving the satisfaction level of Japanese visitors in the use of accommodation, and find out the influence of the managerial response. Research design, data, and methodology - In this study, customer review and managerial response of hotels in Seoul were collected from "Rakuten Travel" which is the most representative online travel agency in Japan. As a result of collecting data from 2016 to 2018, 6,190 customer reviews and 1,241 managerial responses from 120 hotels were used for analysis. In addition, information on the properties of 120 hotels, such as the number of rooms, classification, types of hotel facilities, types of room facilities, accessibility and prices, were collected. To test the hypotheses, moderated multiple regression analysis was conducted with SPSS 22.0. Results - It was found that only 25 sites, 20.8% of the total 120 sites, were implementing managerial response and average response rate was 66.42% among them. As a result of examining the main effects of the hotel attributes on the ratings, accessibility and price are confirmed as effective variables. We also found that the response rate has a significant moderate effect in both the accessibility and price. In other words, there was a significant difference in the influence of accessibility and price on the ratings depending on the response rate. Also, it was confirmed that the response rate is not a pure moderator variable but a quasi moderator variable. Overall, the evidences partially supported the hypothesis. Conclusion - It was possible to provide important suggestions to the hotel managers who were concerned about managing tourist satisfaction with accessibility problems. It was found that the accessibility problem could be overcome by increasing the response rate. It was also confirmed that high ratings can be more effectively achieved for high priced hotels by increasing the response rate.

This study examines whether Korean rating agencies such as Korea Investors Service (KIS), National Information & Credit Evaluation (NICE), and Korea Ratings Corporation (KR), incorporate corporate governance into their corporate bond ratings in Korea. We find that the Korean rating agencies assign higher ratings to the bonds issued by Chaebol (Korean business group) affiliated firms. Our results also indicate that those rating agencies give higher ratings to the bonds with greater foreign investor share ownership. Moreover, if the rating agencies value corporate governance, higher rated firms should issue bonds at lower yield to maturity. We discover that Chaebol affiliation is counted favorably by the rating agencies. We find that investors are willing to pay lower risk premium for bonds with higher institutional ownership, but higher risk premium to bonds with greater equity ownership in the form of depository receipts. Therefore, even if the rating agencies and investors in Korea consider corporate governance (Chaebol affiliation and ownership structure) an important determinant in bond ratings and the yields to maturity, they have opposite views on institutional ownership and share ownership in the form of depository receipts