This study aimed to obtain basic information on the indoor environmental hygiene of non-disinfected libraries used for paper records preservation in the Nara Repository of National Archives, Korea. Microorganisms were investigated in dust samples collected from bookshelves of five libraries using the swab method. Bacterial concentration ranged from 6 CFU/m2 up to 1,730 CFU/m2 . A total of 11 bacterial species belonging to five genera were identified, with Bacillus being the predominant genus. Some bacterial species forming colonies with pigmentation on TSA media were also present. No bacterial species capable of producing cellulases were found. However, one species that could have harmful effects on human health was discovered. For fungi, concentration ranged between 6 CFU/m2 to 1,660 CFU/m2, and a total of six fungal species belonging to five genera were found. Some fungal species forming pigmented colonies on PDA media were also present. Additionally, three species that could have harmful effects on human health were identified. This study’s data suggests that microbial contamination in the dust is relatively low, but the dust in the bookshelves of non-disinfected libraries at the Nara Repository requires management. This is the first report conducted on microorganisms in the dust of bookshelves at the National Archives in Korea.

기후위기, 전지구적 팬데믹의 시대에 세계와 인간의 관계가 생태적으 로 재구성되어야 한다는 사회‧문화적 요구와 학문적 필요성이 제기됨에 따라 본 논문은 인간을 둘러싼 자연과 생태 환경을 성찰하고 개항기 한 국 생태문화의 특성을 고찰하였다. 개항을 전후해서 한국에 대한 자연탐 사가 증가한 가운데 개항기 한국의 정치, 문화, 역사 전반을 소개했던 『코리안 리포지터리』(1892-1898)는 한국의 자연기행, 지역탐사, 생태 환 경, 역사 및 인문지리에 대한 다층적인 학술기사를 소개함으로써 개항기 한국의 자연과 지역을 생태적 관점에서 검토할 수 있는 귀중한 자료를 제공했다. 본 논문은 『코리안 리포지터리』의 기사 가운데 개항기 한국의 자연과 생태관련 기사를 전수조사하고 목록화한 후, 개항기 근대적 관점 에서 한국의 자연과 생태 환경이 다루어지는 양상을 조망했다. 또한 『코 리안 리포지터리』가 국제적 차원에서 한국의 자연과 지역 정보를 생산, 유통하고 자연과 그를 둘러싼 생태 환경 담론을 형성하는데 기여했음을 진단하였다.

본 논문은 『차이니스 레포지터리』의 ｢잡록｣과 ｢사건일지｣란의 소개 내용을 중심으 로, 19세기 초 신교 선교사들의 눈에 비친 중국 사회의 부조리, 자연 재해, 국가 기 능, 지역 소식, 인물들에 대한 정보들을 살펴보았다. 이 두 항목에서 주로 그려진 서사는 당시 중국에 와 있는 선교사들이 직접 문화접촉의 현장에서 마주했었던 문화적 차이를 드러내 주면서, 동시에 해당 지역에 거주하고 있는 중국인들 삶의 현장성을 그대로 반영해 준다고 파악된다. 본 논문은 중국의 내부와 외부가 만나는 경계 지역에서 형성되는 현장성을 미세서사의 형식으로 재현하고 있는 『차이니스 레포지터리』 의 서사에 주목하면서, 그 안에 가로질러 있는 신교 선교사들의 근대적 열망을 추출 해 보았다. 필자 또한 이들의 이 같은 서사가 단순히 물리적 혹은 계량적 묘사에만 그치는 것이 아니라, 그 안에 당대의 사회 모순과 다양한 층위에서 살고 있는 약자들의 삶이 녹아 있다고 판단한다. 본고는 이 같은 외연에서의 미세서사와 그 내면을 채우는 이데올로기 사이에서 만들어지는 긴장을 어떻게 읽고 해석해야 하는가 하는 문제에 대해 근본적인 질문을 던져보고자 하였다.

There was researches on methodologies that provides procedures of developing corporate models and patterns of step, tasks, tactics and technologies in Information Strategy Planning(ISP). However these could not provide data input and output relations in ISP procedures, effective data and knowledge management tactics which enhance knowledge reusability. Therefore, this study aims at developing Repository model supporting Information Strategic Planning process and showing its usage and effectiveness.

For global electronic market, several market place standards are developing now. Though, a standard is different from others they are pursuing the same purpose of uniworld market. In this study, two standards(ebXML and UDDI) which are most strong enough to urge field engineers to consider the standards in making their products were focused. Additionally, the development priorities of ebXML which were viewed from field engineers were summarized. Finally, government actions required by field engineers to promote the development of global market place were summarized.

Deep geological repositories (DGR) count amongst the world largest environmental protection projects. They are the internationally advocated reference solution for the long-term management of high-level radioactive waste (HLW) and spent nuclear fuel (SNF). Many countries have engaged in programs to develop their own DGR. In Europe, four countries have passed the important milestone of choosing or announcing the appropriate site for the location of their HLW disposal facilities. Finland has almost finished the commissioning of its DGR and should start industrial disposal operations in 2025. Sweden has authorized the construction of its DGR and is finalizing the licensing document to start construction. France is reviewing the construction license application of its DGR. Switzerland has proposed the location of its DGR and is carrying out the production of the documentation for the license application. These four countries took decades to choose the location for their DGR. The length of this process is explained by 1) the amount of technical investigations and studies that were carried out to first identify, select and then fully characterize the suitable site and 2) the progressive decision-making process defined by their respective legal frameworks, including the participation and engagement of communities and stakeholders.

KORAD (Korea Radioactive Waste Agency, http://www.korad.or.kr) has stored slightly contaminated ascon (asphalt coated concrete mixture) that was introduced to Gyeongju repository about a decade ago waiting for a final disposal. It is believed to be mainly contaminated by radioisotope 137Cs due to impurities introduced from the outside during the ascon manufacturing process. We studied characteristics of the radioactive waste to see whether this material would be proper enough to be disposed in Gyeongju LILW repository or be other ways to reduce the disposal volume including self-disposal before its final disposal otherwise. KORAD looked into the properness of characteristics of ascon in terms of WAC (Waste Acceptance Criteria) documented by KORAD that includes general chemical and physical properties of asphalt, density, size of grains, content of organic material and possibility of existence of chelate materials that qualitatively limited to be disposed by the criteria. And other associated characteristics such as gas generation and bio degradation were also investigated. Based on the data obtained from the study, we proposed various plausible solutions in associated with operational and disposal safety and economic view points. This study will be used for KORAD’s decision on how to control and safely dispose the spent ascon within a reasonable time period. And also those experiences may be applied for other LILW issues that require treatment or conditioning of radioactive wastes in the future.

The deep geological repository for high-level radioactive waste requires careful consideration due to its exceptionally long-term implications, making long-term impact assessments essential. However, evaluating the long-term effects of deep geological repositories using performance assessment models is accompanied by various sources of uncertainty, including uncertainties about the future, model uncertainties, and uncertainties associated with input data. These multifaceted uncertainties arise from factors such as a lack of current knowledge, contributing to a complex web of unpredictability. Managing, mitigating, and ultimately eliminating these uncertainties is crucial for ensuring the performance and safety of deep geological repositories. Currently, the Korea Radioactive Waste Agency (KORAD) is developing a complex behavior model that incorporates Thermal-Hydraulic-Mechanical-Chemical (THMC) phenomena within the disposal system using PFLOTRAN. To address model uncertainties and furthermore input data uncertainties for this intricate model, an automated sensitivity analysis system has been developed. This automated system operates without human intervention, facilitating tasks such as automatic parameter adjustments and the quantification of uncertainties. Furthermore, this system aids in identifying key factors characterized by substantial uncertainties. Through this system, it is possible to examine concentration distributions in each components of the deep disposal facility in response to changes in input data and to identify factors with significant uncertainties. The sensitivity results and key uncertainty factors obtained through this system are intended to be used for optimizing uncertainties in future research and development.

Properties of bentonite, mainly used as buffer and/or backfill materials, will evolve with time due to thermo-hydro-mechanical-chemical (THMC) processes, which could deteriorate the long-term integrity of the engineered barrier system. In particular, degradation of the backfill in the evolution processes makes it impossible to sufficiently perform the safety functions assigned to prevent groundwater infiltration and retard radionuclide transport. To phenomenologically understand the performance degradation to be caused by evolution, it is essential to conduct the demonstration test for backfill material under the deep geological disposal environment. Accordingly, in this paper, we suggest types of tests and items to be measured for identifying the performance evolution of backfill for the Deep Geological Repository (DGR) in Korea, based on the review results on the performance assessment methodology conducted for the operating license application in Finland. Some of insights derived from reviewing the Finnish case are as follows: 1) The THMC evolution characteristics of backfill material are mainly originated from hydro-mechanical and/or hydrochemical processes driven by the groundwater behavior. 2) These evolutions could occur immediately upon installation of backfill materials and vary depending on characteristics of backfill and groundwater. 3) Through the demonstration experiments with various scales, the hydro-mechanical evolution (e.g. advection and mechanical erosion) of the backfill due to changes in hydraulic behavior could be identified. 4) The hydro-chemical evolution (e.g. alteration and microbial activity) could be identified by analyzing the fully-saturated backfill after completing the experiment. Given the findings, it is judged that the following studies should be first conducted for the candidate backfill materials of the domestic DGR. a) Lab-scale experiment: Measurement for dry density and swelling pressure due to saturation of various backfill materials, time required to reach full saturation, and change in hydraulic conductivity with injection pressure. b) Pilot-scale experiment: Measurement for the mass loss due to erosion; Investigation on the fracture (piping channel) forming and resealing in the saturation process; Identification of the hydro-mechanical evolution with the test scale. c) Post-experiment dismantling analysis for saturated backfill: Measurement of dry density, and contents of organic and harmful substances; Investigation of water content distribution and homogenization of density differences; Identification of the hydro-chemical evolution with groundwater conditions. The results of this study could be directly used to establishing the experimental plan for verifying performance of backfill materials of DGR in Korea, provided that the domestic data such as facility design and site characteristics (including information on groundwater) are acquired.

Bentonite, primarily composed of montmorillonite, plays a crucial role as one of the engineering barrier materials in a deep geological repository (DGR). The advantageous properties of montmorillonite, such as its swelling capacity, low permeability, and low thermal conductivity, make it a key component as a buffer material for isolating high-level radioactive waste from the surrounding natural environment. It has been known that the stability of montmorillonite is influenced by a wide range of pressure-temperature-composition (P-T-X) conditions relevant to the DGR environment. When considering potential geological events, of notable concerns are its interactions with groundwater or seawater at elevated temperatures, leading to safety hazards within the system. In this study, therefore, we investigated the hydration and dehydration reactions of Ca-montmorillonite with saline fluids such as NaCl and KCl solutions at elevated pressures and temperatures by conducting in-situ X-ray diffraction experiments using both a capillary sample heating cell and a resistive-heated diamond anvil cell. As a result, we observed different hydration states of montmorillonite depending on the chemical composition of fluids, i.e., tri-hydrated layers in NaCl and bi-hydrated layers in KCl solutions, respectively. Furthermore, we identified that montmorillonite undergoes distinct stepwise dehydration with increasing temperature, and the dehydration temperature of montmorillonite significantly increases with increasing water pressure. Consequently, this study would provide insights into the stability of hydrated montmorillonite in a seawater-dominated fluid environment and its implications for the long-term safety of the disposal system.