This study was conducted to analyze the productivity and economic feasibility of truss-limited tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) grown at a high density in Cambodia during the rainy season. During the rainy season in Cambodia, due to excessive rain and very high temperature, tomatoes cannot grow well in an open field, leading to a greatly reduced yield. High density truss-limited cultivation (HDTLC) of tomatoes can shorten the growing season and increase yields. In conventional cultivation (control), tomatoes were transplanted at a spacing of 70×40 cm and harvested up to the 4th fruit cluster. In HDTLC, tomatoes were transplanted at a spacing of 20×20 cm or 25×25 cm and harvested up to the 2nd fruit cluster. Plant heights in HDTLC were higher than those in the control at 22 days after transplanting (DAT). At 39 DAT, plant heights did not differ between 25×25 cm and control. At 60 DAT, plant height, stem diameter, leaf length, and leaf width of the HDTLC were lower than those of the control. Fruit length and width were also lower in HDTLC compared to those of the control. However, sugar content was more than 19% higher in HDTLC compared to that in the control. Yield per plant of the control was the highest, but yields per ha in HDTLCs were 99% (20×20 cm) and 38% (25×25 cm) higher, respectively, compared to that of the control. No pesticides were used for disease control in this experiment. However, to ensure yield, it is recommended to observe the disease status of plants and spray pesticides at the appropriate time. The disease index (1: disease-free; 5: all leaves were disease-infected) of late blight (Phytophthora indestans) was significantly higher for 20×20 cm (4.5) and 25×25 cm (3.6) groups compared to the control (2.0). Income with 20×20 cm (5,668 thousand KRW) and 25×25 cm (1,863 thousand KRW) were 4.9 and 1.6 times higher, respectively, compared to that with the control (1,149 thousand KRW). So, we want to spread the HDTLC technology, which transplanting of tomato seedlings at 20×20 cm intervals and harvests up to 2nd fruit cluster, to Cambodian farmers.

동사리(Odontobutis platycephala)의 생태적 특징을 연구하기 위해 2022년 1월부터 2022년 12월까지 자호천에서 조사를 실시하였다. 본 종의 서식지 하상구조는 작은돌(cobble)과 조약돌(pebble)이 풍부하였다. 수심은 평균 64(22~153)㎝로 깊었으며, 유속이 0.89(0.42~1.46)m/sec로 빨랐다. 암수 성비는 1 : 1.02 이었고, 채집된 개체의 전장 범위는 38㎜에서 156㎜ 이었다. 전장빈도분포도에 따른 연령은 5월 기준 전장이 38~69㎜는 만 1년생, 70~99㎜는 만 2년생, 100~139㎜는 만 3년생, 140~156㎜는 만 4년생 이상으로 추정되었다. 2차성징으로 생식적 유두(genital papilla)는 암컷의 경우 원통형 모양이며 수컷은 끝이 뾰족하여 원뿔 모양이었다. 암컷의 경우 60~69㎜에서 일부 개체만 성적성숙을 하였고 70㎜ 이상이면 모두 성적성숙을 하였다. 수컷은 70~79㎜에 해당하는 개체 중 일부만 성적성 숙을 하였고 80㎜ 이상에서 모두 성적성숙이 이루어졌다. 산란시기는 5월부터 시작되어 7월에 끝났으며(수온 17~28℃) 산란 성기는 6월로 추정되었다(수온 24℃). 포란수는 평균 988(284~2,722)개 이었고 성숙란은 짙은 노란색 구형으로 직경이 1.46(1.19~1.71)mm 이었다. 전장-체중과의 상관관계식은 BW=0.00000006TL3.12로 상수 a는 0.00000006를, 매개변수 b는 3.12 이었다. 비만도 지수는 평균 K=1.44(0.96~2.26) 이었고 기울기(Slope)는 -0.0007로 음의 값을 나타 내었다.

A surveillance of chigger mites was performed to monitor the incidence of scrub typhus vectors at four environmental collection points in two locations (Sunchang and Haenam) in the Honam region of Korea from August to December 2023. During the surveillance period, 4,174 chigger mites were collected and the predominant species were Leptotrombidium scutellare (94.3%). The density of chigger mites had the peaked at 44 week (10.26~11.1), while the density of patients peaked at 45 week (11.2~11.8) respectively. A positive correlation (r=0.69) observed between scrub typhus patients and vectors. This result suggests that this vector surveillance method will be useful for alarm system of tsutsugamushi disease. However, the relationship between scrub typhus cases and chigger mite density will be studied through long-term periodic surveillance.

This study examined how the public perceives gendered language through conversations among women in their 20s in TV entertainment programs. Specifically, it challenged the notion that there is no distinct gendered language difference in conversations among women in their 20s as observed in the reality variety shows Bbyongbbyong Planet Arcade Season 2 on tvN and HyeMiri YECHEPA on ENA. Through a perception survey targeting 35 individuals aged 20 to 40 years, consisting of two discourse scenarios labeled Survey 1 and Survey 2, this study investigated public perceptions of conversational styles. Survey 1 presents conversations between women and men, while Survey 2 transcribes conversations between women. Consequently, while the language usage and conversational styles of women in their 20s are evolving, it is evident that the public still perceives gendered language differences as typical of male and female speech patterns.

그림을 소재로 한 기존의 시와 달리 린다 패스턴의 시는 자신이 의도한 메시지를 부각하기 위해 회화 작품을 주체적이고 창의적으로 활용하는데, ｢윤리학｣은 여기서 더 나아가 ‘렘브란트’라는 이름 말고는 그림의 정체 파악에 필요한 정보를 극도로 제한함으로써 시인의 인생관과 예술관을 집약하는 시의 결론을 난해하게 만든다. 본 연구는 시인 패스턴과 화가 렘브란트와 철학자 아리스리토텔레스의 상호관계성을 논의의 중심축으로 삼아 ｢윤리학｣에 언급된 첫 번째 그림은 렘브란트가 그린 일련의 자화상을 깊게 의식한 것이며, 두 번째 그림의 정체는 종교적 성격을 강하게 띤 󰡔선한 사마리아인이 있는 풍경󰡕이라고 주장한다. 그림에 대한 세밀한 관찰과 독자적 해석을 병행하면서도 막상 그림의 정체는 모호하게 제시한 패스턴의 독특한 시적 전략은 에크프라시스적인 시에 대한 정치(精緻)한 강독과 비평이 해당 그림에 대한 충실한 음미와 해당 화가에 대한 폭넓은 이해를 수반해야 한다는 점을 드러내는 것이기에 시사하는 바가 크다.

벼밤나방[Sesamia inferens (Walker, 1856)](나비목: 밤나방과)은 벼 줄기를 가해하는 해충이다. 본 연구는 국내 몇 지역에서 벼밤나방의 연 중 세대수를 추정하였다. 북위 38° 부근의 세 지역에서 벼밤나방 성충이 성페로몬트랩에 포획되었다. 이는 국내 모든 지역에서 벼밤나방이 서식하 는 것을 나타냈다. 조사된 지역 대부분에서 단일사인곡선의 유효적산온일도 모델로 추정된 세대별 성충 발생 시기는 관찰된 성충 세대의 발생 시기 와 차이가 없었다. 이 모델을 사용하여 추정된 월동유충은 성충 마지막 세대로부터 유래할 가능성이 있다고 추정되었다. 중남부지역에서 가을동안 벼 포장에서 채집된 유충들을 25°C에서 사육하였을 때, 번데기의 약 70%가 용화전 유충 탈피를 보이지 않았다. 경남 고성에서 3월초에 채집된 유 충은 25°C 사육에서 유충 탈피 없이 용화하여 이 지역에서는 주로 마지막 유충 영기로 월동할 것으로 추정되었다. 모든 결과를 종합하여 벼밤나방 은 북위 38° 부근 지역에서는 주로 2세대, 북위 35.3° ~ 37.3° 사이 지역에서는 3세대가 경과할 것으로 결론지었다. 별도로, 시토크롬 c 산화효소 1 유전자의 염기서열을 분석한 결과, 성페로몬트랩에 포획된 종의 35%가 다른 종이었고, 이들은 형태적으로 벼밤나방과 혼동되지 않았다.

2022년부터 2023년까지 제주도내 키위 시설재배지를 대상으로 계절 초기 볼록총채벌레 발생 경향을 확인하 기 위해서 토양 표면의 잡초, 토양 표면 상단으로부터 60cm, 키위나무를 유인한 덕 상단 15cm에서 10일 간격으로 발생 조사하였다. 하우스 내부에서 발생하는 잡초 10종을 채집하여 조사한 결과, 갈퀴덩굴, 광대나물, 개불알풀, 별꽃, 뽀리뱅이, 황새냉이 6종에서 볼록총채벌레가 지속적으로 관찰되었다. 계절 초기 월동 성충의 비산시기를 확인하기 위해 토양 표면 60cm 위쪽에 설치한 황색 끈끈이트랩에서 2월 하순~3월 중순부터 볼록총채벌레의 발생을 확인하였다. 시설하우스 내부(덕 상단 15cm)와 외부(측장 높이)에 설치한 황색 끈끈이트랩을 비교해보면 시설 내·외부의 볼록총채벌레의 밀도가 증가하고 감소하는 시기가 유사하였다. 종합적인 고찰을 통하여, 발생 양상을 고려한 적절한 방제전략 수립이 요구된다.

An outbreak of stick insects, Ramulus mikado, as forest pests in South Korea has become a topic of concern. While other countries have reported these insects being severely affected by the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium spp., comprehensive research in South Korea remains limited on this topic. In our two-year investigation, we investigated the infection rate and mortality of R. mikado caused by Metarhizium anisopliae. In 2022, specimens were collected from Cheonggyesan, and in 2023 from Geumamsan. Although no infections were confirmed in the specimens collected in June of both years. Beginning in July, mortality and infection rates were greatly increased. In conclusion, the summer monsoon appears to create hot and humid conditions in the forest, contributing to reduced survival rates for these insects due to infection by M. anisopliae.

하절기의 높은 일사량은 작물의 과도한 호흡을 유발하여 광 합성을 감소시킨다. 또한 주로 하절기에 발생하는 장마는 온실 내부에 저일조 환경을 유발한다. 저일조 환경은 작물의 생 육과 생산량을 감소시키는 원인이 될 수 있다. 본 연구는 하절 기 차광과 보광이 오이의 생육과 생산량에 미치는 영향에 대 해서 조사하기 위해 수행되었다. 오이 접목묘는 2022년 8월 30일에 플라스틱 온실 2동에 정식하였다. 온실 내부의 광량을 감소시키기 위해 온실 1동에 차광 스크린을 설치하였다. 보광 처리는 2022년 9월 7일부터 2022년 10월 20일까지 수행되 었다. 고압나트륨등(high-pressure sodium lamp), 백색 LED (white LED, red:green:blue = 5:3:2), RB LED(combined red and blue LED, red:blue = 7:3)를 보광 광원으로 사용하였 고, 무처리를 대조구로 설정하였다. 보광 처리는 일출 전과 일 몰 후 2시간씩 수행하였고, 보광 광도는 150±20 μmol·m-2·s-1 로 설정하였다. 식물 초장, 엽장, 엽폭, SPAD는 차광 처리에 의해 증가하는 경향을 보였다. RB LED에서는 차광 처리와 관계없이 경경이 유의성 있게 증가되었다. 과실의 생체중과 건물중은 차광과 보광 처리에서 유의미한 차이가 없었다. 과실의 평균 과중은 수확일이 지날수록 보광처리 간의 유의한 차이는 없었다. 결론적으로, 본 연구에서 하절기 오이 재배 시 50% 수준의 차광 처리는 오이의 생육을 유의하게 향상시켰 다. 또한, 보광 대조구에서 생육과 과실 특성이 좋았다. 본 연 구는 오이 재배 시 보광 기술을 적용하기 위한 기초 연구 자료 로 활용될 수 있다.

This study was carried out to determine the sprouting period of early and mid-season varieties, which includes ‘Atlantic’, ‘Chubaek’, and ‘Superior’, during the summer storage period in a semi-underground warehouse without cooling system. And also it was investigated the effect of chlorpropham [Propan-2-yl N-(3-chlorophenyl)carbamate, CIPC] treatment on the sprouting inhibition for the varieties. This study was conducted to figure out a sprout inhibitory effect when CIPC was applied to 1kg of the potato tubers at concentrations of 10 mg and 20 mg which are lower than the treatment concentrations of ca 30 mg prescribed by the positive list system (PLS). The internal temperature of the warehouse used in this experiment was lowered by 5°C or more than the outside temperature. The difference between the lowest and highest temperature during the experiment throughout the day was 5°C. It showed the effect of reducing to 1/2 of the difference in outdoor temperature. As for the sprouting of potatoes, the extremely early variety ‘Chubaek’ sprouts appeared at the 6th week of storage of control and it was the fastest sprouting potato among the control groups of the varieties. Sprouting began to appear in the Superior at the 6th week of storage, while the ‘Atlantic’ sprouted at the 8th week of storage. The appearance of sprouts was suppressed in all treatment groups of ‘Atlantic’ and ‘Superior’ varieties in CIPC treatments. Sprouts were observed in all treatment groups of ‘Chubaek’ after the 7th week, but the elongations of the sprouts in tubers were completely inhibited until the 8th week of storage. ‘Atlantic’ and ‘Superior’ seemed to have a sprouting inhibitory effect even with a low CIPC concentration of 10 mg·kg-1, with the exception of extremely early variety ‘Chubaek’ that breaks out of the dormancy quickly. Although weight loss occurred continuously during storage, it was minor loss of 0.7-1.6%. There was no consistent trend for changes of the loss in the varieties and CIPC treatments. Most common pathological disorder was the dry rot during the experiment, but only few were affected. The use of the tubers treated at 18°C and 90% RH for 10 days and the rack of refrigeration system which lead to lack of convection seemed to have suppressed the spread of pathogens.

Codonopsis lanceolata (S. et Z.) Trautv. is mainly cultivated in Korea and China as a medicinal crop. C. lanceolata is difficult to produce plug seedlings in the summer, because C. lanceolata has a low germination rate and is vulnerable to high temperatures. Cold treatment is effective in breaking dormancy of seeds and increasing the germination rate. Shading cultivation can control the solar irradiance received by plants and reduce the damage by high temperatures and strong light. This study was conducted to examine the appropriate cold treatment period for the improving germination of C. lanceolata, and shading level during the summer seedling period. Cold treatment experiments were conducted for 0 (control), 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks at 4°C before sowing. In the shading experiment, C. lanceolata was grown for 45 days with 0 (non-treatment), 45, 75% shading levels. Cold treatment for one week significantly improved the germination energy. The plant height, leaf area, and fresh and dry weights of C. lanceolata seedlings were significantly increased under the 45% shading level. Total root length, root surface area, and the number of root tips were significantly higher in shading treatment (45 and 75%) than in non-treatment. The C. lanceolata seedling’s compactness and Dickson’s quality index were the highest at 45% shading level. Therefore, these results recommended sowing C. lanceolata after cold treatment for one week at 4°C, and 45% shading level could stably culture C. lanceolata plug seedlings during the high temperature period.

This study was conducted to apply with an air duct for the cooling and a utilizing cultivating method that uses the fruiting node and the defoliation to the high-temperature vertical and hydroponic cultivation of the oriental melon. The lower fruiting node (LF) was to remove all third vines generated from 5 nodes of a secondary vine. The higher fruiting node (HF) was fruiting on the third vine generated from a first node of the third vine. The direction of the stem string; upward (UW), downward (DW). Four treatment conditions were applied with the LF-UW, LF-DW, HF-UW (control), and HF-DW. The leaf age of melon leaves was measured for photosynthesis at 3 days intervals, and the fruit characteristic was conducted on 79 fruits in each treatment. The photosynthesis rate steadily increased after leaf development, reaching 20.8 μmol CO2·m-2·s-1 on the 10 days, gradually increasing to 21.3 μmol CO2·m-2·s-1 on the 19 days, and reaching 23.4 μmol CO2·m-2·s-1 on the 32 days. After that, it lowered to 16.8 μmol CO2·m-2·s-1 on the 38 days and dropped significantly to 7.6 μmol CO2·m-2·s-1 on the 47 days. As a result of the fruit characteristics by fruiting nodes, the treatments of the fruit length was 12.6-13.4 cm, respectively, which was significant, and the fruit width was 7.9- 8.6 cm, respectively, was not significant. The soluble content ranged from 12.9 to 15.7°Brix, and the significance of all treatments, and higher than of LF-DW and HF-UW. The photosynthesis rate of melon leaves was good until 32 days after leaf development, but after that, the rate decreased. As for fruit quality, it was conformed that melons can be cultivated at the LF because the fruit enlargement and soluble content dose not decrease even when set at the LF. Results indicated that those can be used for LF and defoliation in the development of vertical and hydroponic cultivation method in high-temperature season.

Roses are one of the most produced flower species in the world, and cut roses are produced in the greenhouses all year round. Recently, due to the increase in the temperature in the greenhouses in summer, the quality of cut roses is seriously deteriorated, such as shortening the stem length. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of the growing seasons on the qualities of cut roses and also to test the effect of cooling at night in high temperature season on the cut flower qualities of roses. Comparing the qualities and yields of cut roses for each season, the major cut flower qualities such as flower stem length, stem diameter and fresh weight were statistically significantly decreased in roses (‘Pink Beauty’ and ‘Pink Shine’) produced in summer. The yields didn’t show a statistically significant difference in both cultivars. Investigating the cut flower qualities, the flower stem length increased by 15% for ‘Pink Beauty’, 11% for ‘Ararat’, and 12% for ‘Pink Shine’ when treated with cooling at night in warm season than the untreated control. In addition, when treated with cooling at night in warm season, the fresh weight of all three cultivars increased by 20-30% statistically significantly than conventionally cultivated control. It is expected that cooling at night in warm season will be helpful to improve the cut flower quality deterioration in summer.

South Korea has a temperate climate with four distinct seasons. However, summers are extremely hot and humid, which negatively affects industrial animal production. Hanwoo are native cattle that have traditionally been raised in the natural environment of Korea. The present study investigated the effects of birth and lactation season on the birth and weaning weights of Hanwoo calves. Data were collected from 100 local breeding farms between 2016 and 2021. A total of 56,970 (males, 29,530; females, 27,440) Hanwoo calves were classified according to sex or birth and weaning season (March–May, spring; June–August, summer; September– November, fall; and December–February, winter). The birth weight of Hanwoo calves differed according to the birth season. As such, birth weight of the summer-born calves was the lowest. Additionally, the 90-day weaning weight was positively correlated with birth weight. Interestingly, however, the 90-day weaning weight was not related to the birth season but was related to the 2-month seasonal effect during the lactation period. Furthermore, the 90-day weaning weight was the lowest during the summer lactation period. In the beef cattle industry, daily weight gain is an important economic characteristic related to feed efficiency and growth. Our findings will contribute the management of Hanwoo cattle and analysis of changes in economic characteristics due to high temperatures.

This study analyzed the relationship between efficient pitchers and teams advancing to the postseason in Korean professional baseball through DEA. A total of 1,133 pitchers who threw more than one inning from the 2014 season to the 2018 season were selected for this study. For DEA analysis, input variables were selected as annual salary and inning output variables as Wins, Saves, and Holds and the number of efficient pitchers for each season was classified using the input-oriented BCC model. After that, it was divided into two groups based on joining the postseason or not, and the number of efficient pitchers was compared through a prop test. As a result of the analysis, the groups that advanced to the postseason in the rest of the season except for the 2014 and 2017 seasons had more efficient pitchers. Considering that the 2014 season recorded the highest WAR (Wins Above Replacement) at 183.56 compared to other seasons, most pitchers threw well, and in the 2017 season, they made more mistakes in pitching than in other seasons, but they performed well in batters. The results of this study have expanded the research field using efficiency analysis in professional baseball and can be used as useful data for practical research.

국내 토마토 토경재배 면적은 전체 재배면적의 89%로 높은 비율을 차지하고 있다. 토경재배 토마토는 염류장해와 토양 전염성 병원균 피해에 취약할 뿐만 아니라 겨울철 저온 피해 를 입기 쉽기 때문에 토마토 접목묘를 사용하는 것이 좋다. 본 연구는 저온기 토경재배에서의 토마토 대목의 종류에 따라 나 타나는 생육, 수량 및 광합성 효율의 차이를 비교 분석하고자 수행하였다. 대목의 종류는 4가지로 국내 개발 계통 및 품종 ‘Powergaurd’, ‘IT173773’, ‘20LM’과 대조 품종 ‘B-blocking’을 사용하였다. 접수와 비접목 처리구로 완숙토마토 품종 ‘Red250’을 사용하였다. 작물이 14일간 9－14℃의 저온에 노출된 시기인 정식 후 80일에 비접목 처리구의 경경은 10.1mm로 접목 처리구에 비해 15% 낮았고 엽장과 엽폭은 42.4cm와 41.8cm로 감소하였다. 주당 총 수량은 ‘Powerguard’ 가 1,615g으로 높았고 비접목 처리구가 1,299g으로 낮았다. 엽록소형광 지수 중 작물의 전반적인 활력도를 나타내는 PIABS와 광합성에 사용되지 못한 빛에너지가 열로 소실됨을 뜻하는 지수인 DI0/RC를 측정한 결과, 정식 후 80일에 접목 처리구 ‘Powerguard’의 PIABS는 3.73으로 높았고 DI0/RC는 0.34로 낮은 반면, 비접목 처리구의 PIABS는 2.62로 낮았고 DI0/RC는 0.41로 높았다. 경경은 PIABS와 정의 상관관계를 나 타낸 반면, DI0/RC와는 부의 상관관계를 나타내어 다양한 엽 록소형광 지수를 통해 저온기 대목 종류에 따른 접수의 생육 차이를 분석할 수 있는 것으로 판단된다.