본 연구는 몽골의 현지 유통을 목적으로 재배가 이루어지고 있는 스마트 일광 온실(PSH-11, PSH-9, PSH-7)에서 현장의 온도, 습도, 광량, 생육 및 수량 데이터를 수집하여 온실 환경 특성과 과채류의 안정적 생산 가능성을 검증하고자 수행하였 다. 온실 외부의 최저 온도가 3.5℃로 낮을 때 온실 내부는 1 1℃ 이상으로 유지되어 4－7월 시기에 과채류 생산에는 문제 가 없는 것으로 판단되지만, 광합성 작용이 활발히 일어나는 낮 시간대에 온실 내부의 상대습도(RH)가 30%대로 낮아졌 으며, VPD(Vapor Pressure Deficit)도 높아졌다. 토마토 과 실 크기와 과중은 4월20일에 정식한 것이 4월 1일에 정식한 것보다 유의적으로 높았다. 따라서, 과채류의 고품질 생산을 위해서는 포그 시스템 등을 활용하여 RH를 높이는 기술이 투 여되어야 하며 과채류의 안정적 생산을 위한 정식 시기는 4월 20일경으로 판단된다.

As the global need for clean and sustainable energy sources grows, research into alternatives to fossil fuels has intensified. Metal halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) stand out among new photovoltaic technologies due to their impressive efficiencies and cost-effective, solution-based production. However, their long-term instability poses a significant challenge to their commercialization. This review offers a thorough examination of recent advancements in improving PSC performance by incorporating carbon-based materials, such as carbon dots, carbon nanotubes, graphene, and carbon black into various components of the devices. These materials provide distinct benefits, including outstanding chemical stability, high electrical conductivity, environmental durability, and compatibility with scalable manufacturing methods. By evaluating synthesis methods, interfacial engineering techniques, and performance results, this article demonstrates how carbon materials can enhance device efficiency, mechanical flexibility, and operational stability simultaneously. The review concludes by identifying future opportunities and research directions for carbon-enhanced PSCs, paving the way for cost-effective, durable, and sustainable next-generation solar technologies.

In this study, we explore the solar differential rotation using recurrent sunspots observed by space-borne instruments from August 1996 to June 2025. To avoid systematic errors, the differential rotation profiles are calculated taking into account both Earth’s elliptical orbit and the inclination of the solar rotation axis to the ecliptic. We have found that the equatorial rotation rate first increases and then decreases in Solar Cycles 23, 24, and 25, which can be interpreted as torsional oscillations with a period of approximately 11 years. When comparing the angular rotation rates at the solar maximum and minimum, the latitudinal gradient of rotations at solar minima exhibits significant cycle-to-cycle variation. During the descending phase, the latitudinal gradient of rotations changes significantly between solar cycles. The latitudinal gradient of rotations in the northern hemisphere is comparable across solar cycles, whereas that in the southern hemisphere displays significant modulations across solar cycles. In terms of the Zürich sunspot classification system, the equatorial rotation rate is higher and the differential rotation is stronger for J-type groups than for H-type groups. It is also attempted to investigate the dependence on the order of successive passages, revealing that although the equatorial rotation rates for the first and second passages are similar, the differential rotation for the second passage appears significant. This is indicative of less rigid rotation during the second passage. To conclude, we point out that the Sun appears to rotate more differentially in the case that the solar magnetic activity is relatively weaker, when comparing cases of weak and strong solar activity.

본 연구에서는 고효율 non-fullerene acceptor인 Y6의 전자구조 및 광학 물성을 정확하게 예측하기 위해 Koopmans’ theorem 기반의 optimally tuned (OT) LC-DFT와 polarizable continuum model (PCM)을 결합한 단분자 계 산 접근법을 제안한다. μ 최적화 결과, 같은 분자식 안에서 구조적 차이는 최적의 μ 값에 큰 영향을 미치지 않는 반면 기체상(gas-phase)과 응집상 환경(PCM) 간에는 뚜렷한 μ 값의 차이가 나타나며 용매 환경 효과에서 계산된 μ 값이 기 체상보다 더 작게 계산이 된다. PCM에서 최적화된 OT-LC-DFT는 고체 시료의 실험적인 이온화에너지, 전자진화도, fundamental gap과 가장 잘 일치하는 결과를 보였으며, TD-OT-LC-ωPBE로 계산된 흡수 스펙트럼은 용액 및 박막 상태 에서 관측된 근적외선 영역의 최대 흡수 피크와 적색 이동을 잘 재현하였다. 또한 HOMO/LUMO 전자 분포 분석을 통 해 μ 값에 무관하게 분자내 전하 이동(ICT) 특성이 유지됨을 확인하였다. 이러한 결과는 단분자–PCM 기반 OT-LC-DFT가 응집상 환경에서의 전자구조와 광학 물성을 신뢰성 있게 예측할 수 있는 실용적 계산 방법임을 보여준다.

Carbon electrodes, renowned for their excellent moisture and air stability, present a compelling alternative to unstable hole transport materials and costly metal electrodes. In carbon electrode-based perovskite solar cells (C-PSCs), organic materials play a crucial role in optimizing the surface characteristics and electrochemical performance of carbon electrodes, thereby enhancing the photoelectric conversion efficiency. By incorporating organic material additives to modulate the pore structure and surface chemistry of carbon electrodes, the processes of photon absorption and electron transport can be effectively promoted, leading to an improvement in device performance. This article comprehensively reviews the latest research progress of organic C-PSCs, covering their device structures, working principles, as well as the modification methods, advantages, and application effects of organic materials in different layers of C-PSCs. Finally, the applications of in-situ characterization and first-principles calculations in this field are briefly introduced, providing theoretical and experimental support for in-depth research. Based on the above research and analysis, optimization strategies such as enhancing charge selectivity, improving the contact between the electrode and the perovskite layer, and enhancing the quality of the perovskite layer are proposed to drive the further development of organic C-PSCs.