Background: Pronated foot posture (PFP) contributes to excessive dynamic knee valgus (DKV). Although foot orthoses such as medial arch support (MAS) are widely and easily used in clinical practice and sports, few studies have investigated the effect of MAS on the improvement of DKV during stair descent in individuals with a PFP. Moreover, no studies reported the degree of improvement in DKV according to the severity of PFP when MAS was applied. Objects: This study aimed to examine the immediate effect of MAS on DKV during stair descent and determine the correlation between navicular drop distance and changes in DKV when MAS is applied. Methods: Twenty individuals with a PFP (15 males and five females) participated in this study. The navicular drop test was used to measure PFP severity. The frontal plane projection angle (FPPA) was calculated under two conditions, with and without MAS application, using 2-dimensional video analysis. Results: During stair descent, the FPPA with MAS (173.1° ± 4.7°) was significantly greater than that without MAS (164.8° ± 5.8°) (p < 0.05). There was also a significant correlation between the navicular drop distance and improvement in the FPPA when MAS was applied (r = 0.453, p = 0.045). Conclusion: MAS application can affect the decrease in DKV during stair descent. In addition, MAS application should be considered to improve the knee alignment for individuals with greater navicular drop distance.

『나선계단과 기타 시들』의 구조는 가이어를 형상화한 것이다. 시집의 서시는 나선계단의 초입 즉 작은 원, 시집의 결론부분인 『젊은 그리고 나이든 여인』은 나선 계단의 마지막 부분 즉 큰 원을 연상시킨다. 이 가이어는 예이츠의 철학과 역사관을 나타내는데 시집의 시작을 신생 아일랜드 자유국의 분열된 정치판을 그리고 시집의 끝을 고대 유럽 특히 그리스의 신화와 희곡으로 맺는다. 이렇게 아일랜드와 고대 그리스를 가 이어로 연결시킨 예이츠의 의도는 분명하다. 비록 지금은 정치적으로 종교적으로 분열되어 있지만 미래에는 아일랜드가 동서양을 아우르는 보다 포용적인 나라가 될 뿐만 아니라 고대 그리스에서 시작한 인류의 문화적 철학적 전통도 계승하게 될 거라는 시인 자신의 철학과 역사관을 표현한다.

이 논문은 “존재의 합일”에 이르는 과정과 상징으로서의 나선계단의 의미를 살펴보기 위하여, 1933년에 발간한 시집 『나선계단과 기타 시편들』에 실린 시 「자아와 영혼의 대화」를 중점적으로 분석한다. 자아로 대변되는 육체와, 영혼을 의인화하지 않고 자신의 주장을 펴는 경쟁의 구도로 그리다가 결국은 나선계단을 통하여, 자신의 가이어 이론을 충실하게 재현시키고 끝내 “존재의 합일”에 이르도록 하는 시인 예이츠의 모습을 볼 수 있다.

본 연구의 목적은 평발을 가진 여성 노인의 계단 하강 보행 시 일반인솔 및 아치 지지형 인솔을 적용에 따른 족저압력 및 압력중심점 변인들의 차이를 조사하는데 목적이 있다. 족저압력 분석장비(Pedar-X, Novel, Germany)를 사용하여 14명의 평발 노인을 대상으로 3종류(일반인솔, A형 인솔, B형 인솔)의 인솔착용 후 최대족저압력, 평균족저압력, 접촉면적, 압력중심점의 이동거리, 변위 및 최대범위의 평균값을 산출하였으며, 일원변량분석(one-way ANOVA)를 이용하여 인솔 종류간 평균을 비교하였다. 족저압력 변인 중 최대족저압력은 중족부의 M3, 평균족저압력은 M2, M3, M4 영역에서, 접촉면적은 M2, M3, 그리고 M6 영역에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였으며, 압력중심점 변인 중 전후축과 좌우축에서 압력중심점의 이동거리에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다. 족저압력 평가결과 아치 지지 기능을 가진 인솔을 삽입한 A와 B형 인솔에서 족궁지지 영역인 M3의 최대압력은 B형 인솔과 A형 인솔이 일반인솔과 비교했을 때 높게 나타났다. 좌우축, 전후축 압력중심점의 이동거리는 A형과 B형 인솔 모두 일반 인솔에 비해 짧게 나타났다.

본 논문은 문자 그대로 예이츠 자신의 말인 상상의 체계를 반영하는 “나선형 계단”의 상징을 통해서 시의 의도적 구조를 연구한다. 엘리엇의 주장대로 우 리가 아는 예이츠는 그가 젊었을 때의 가능성에 의해서 정의되었던 것처럼 정의되어 야한다. 이런 접근은 예이츠의 만개한 능력을 보여주는 것으로 초기의 서정적 성공만 으로는 한계를 보일 수 있다. 이 방법은 그의 작품의 중심적 발전의 관점에서 그의 초기의 서정적 작품을 능가하는 중요성을 후기시가 얻도록 낭만적 영감을 지칭하는 시적 과정의 진전을 강조하기 위해서 필요한 관점이다

This study was conducted by survey and inspection of stair passage leading lights in shopping buildings which are more than 5 stories and have an underground parking lot located at Pyeongtaek-si and Seongnam-si. Number of shopping building for this study is 30 and of stair passage leading light inspected by two lights in each shopping building is 60. The result of this study is that the type of installed leading lights is LED(77%), and 60% of leading lights has problem such as no cleaning, scratch and discoloration, etc. The height of installed leading lights meets the fire law which is less than 1m from the floor. Visible condition of leading lights is good except some leading lights which have a little visible problem due to banner advertisement. 37% of standby power has flickered and went out. 93% of total leading lights meets the fire law which is more than 1lux from 0.5m distance, but cold cathode fluorescent lamps(CCFLs) have the problem which not meets proper brightness level based on fire law. In additional measurement result, zero lux of leading lights is 32%(from 1m distance), 68%(from 1.5m distance) and 98%(from 2m distance). Leading light is very important facility because it is eyes and guide when emergency. Therefore, proper fire facility operating function inspection and total detailed inspection are important to keep the good condition of leading light except simple visual check, and also improvement in law system of type approval, fire construction inspection and illumination level will be needed.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of taping on knee joint for patellofemoral compressive force (PCF) during stair descent for elderly women. Ten healthy elderly women voluntarily participated in this study. A three-dimensional motion analysis system and force plates were used to analyze the movements of the joints for the lower extremities. The results were as follows: There were no significant differences for the maximum PCF, maximum quadriceps contraction force and maximum knee extension moment (p>.05) but, there was a pattern decreasing all values with the taping during stair descent. There were significant differences for the knee and ankle angle on the event of maximum PCF (p<.05) and there was a pattern decreasing all values with the taping during stair descent. Therefore, taping on the knee would be effective to relieve the pain like patellofemoral pain syndrome in the knee joint.

The first purpose was to identify the plantar pressure distributions (peak pressure, pressure integral time, and contact area) during level walking, and stair ascent and descent in asymptomatic flexible flatfoot (AFF). The second purpose was to investigate whether peak pressure data during level walking could be used to predict peak pressure during stair walking by identifying correlations between the peak pressures of level walking and stair walking. Twenty young adult subjects (8 males and 12 females, age 21.0±1.7 years) with AFF were recruited. A distance greater than 10 ㎜ in a navicular drop test was defined as flexible flatfoot. Each subject performed at least 10 steps during level walking, and stair ascent and descent. The plantar pressure distribution was measured in nine foot regions using a pressure measurement system. A two-way repeated analysis of variance was conducted to examine the differences in the three dependent variables with two within-subject factors (activity type and foot region). Linear regression analysis was conducted to predict peak pressure during stair walking using the peak pressure in the metatarsal regions during level walking. Significant interaction effects were observed between activity type and foot region for peak pressure (F=9.508, p<.001), pressure time integral (F=5.912, p=.003), and contact area (F=15.510, p<.001). The regression equations predicting peak pressure during stair walking accounted for variance in the range of 25.7% and 65.8%. The findings indicate that plantar pressures in AFF were influenced by both activity type and foot region. Furthermore the findings suggest that peak pressure data during level walking could be used to predict the peak pressure data during stair walking. These data collected for AFF can be useful for evaluating gait patterns and for predicting pressure data of flexible flatfoot subjects who have difficulty performing activities such as stair walking. Further studies should investigate plantar pressure distribution during various functional activities in symptomatic flexible flatfoot, and consider other predictors for regression analysis.

열정적 톤과, 영감을 일으키는 리듬과 구문으로 된, 󰡔탑󰡕(1928년)과 󰡔나선형 계단과 기타 시들󰡕(1933년)은 우울함과 분노로 차 있으나, 절망을 거부하는 힘으로, 비통함에서 긍정적 정신을 짜낸다. 한 마디로 이런 특징을 정의하면, 확신−즉, 수사적, 극적, 자기 극화적, 영웅적−확신이라 할 수 있는데, 시인은 이것으로 경험의 공적, 사적 영역 사이의 놀라운 결합을 만들어 낸다.

This study is intended to examine the tDCS and Montoya stair task(MST) on sensorimotor recovery and glial scar expression in MCAo induced stroke model of rat. To achieve this goal, this study selected 80 SD rats of 8 weeks. The experiment groups were divided them into four groups, and assigned 20 rats to each group. GroupⅠ was a experimental control group; GroupⅡ was a tDCS application group after MCAo; GroupⅢ was a MST application group after MCAo; GroupⅣ was a tDCS and MST application group after MCAo. In each group, neurological function test measurement, motor behavior test, montoya stair task test, immunohistochemistric finding of GFAP expression finding were analyzed. In motor behavior test, the outcome of groupⅠ was significantly difference than the other group, especially from 14days. In montoya stair task test, the outcome of groupⅠ was significantly lower than the other group especially, groupⅡ were significantly different on 14days and group Ⅳ was most significantly difference than the other group. In immunohistochemistric finding, groupⅡ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ were decrease GFAP expression on depend on time stream. These results throughout the MCAo due to focal ischemic brain injury rat model four weeks tDCS and MST was applied, when the neurobehavioural, upper extremity function and ability, histopathologic data suggest that sensorimotor function recovery and a positive influence on glial scar decrease and confirmed that.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of differing heel heights on the electromyographic (EMG) activity in vastus medialis (VM) and vastus lateralis (VL) during stair ascending and descending activities. A total of 26 healthy women volunteered to perform stair-ascending and stair-descending tasks with 3 heel heights: barefoot, 3 cm, and 7 cm. The EMG activities of the VM and VL were recorded during the tasks. During the stair ascending and descending tasks, the EMG activities of both VM and VL significantly changed with differing the heel heights (p<.05). Moreover, the EMG activities of VM and VL during the stair ascending task were significantly higher than the corresponding values during the stair-descending task (p<.05). However, there were no significant differences between the VM:VL EMG ratios for the 3 heel heights (p>.05). The VM:VL EMG ratios between the 2 tasks differed significantly in the 7 cm high heel condition (p<.05). Despite an increase in the EMG activities in both VM and VL during stair ascending and descending tasks, there was no change in the relative EMG intensities of VM and VL, which was measured by calculating the VM:VL ratio this result indicates that no VM:VL imbalances were elicited. The relative EMG intensities of VM and VL during stair descent were lower than the corresponding values during the ascent, suggesting that VM and VL may show an imbalance in the eccentric activation during the weight-acceptance phase. This study provides useful information that will facilitate future research on how heel height affects muscle activity around the knee joint.

The purpose of this study is to suggest a proper tread of stairs using kinematic factors and moments of the lower-limb joints in the stair decent with the 3 different treads with boimechanical method in ergonomics. 9 subjects (body masses; 59.41±7.49, 64.03±6.65, 67.26:±7.58, heights; 160.50±6.35 ages; 31.22±2.99; parity; 1.67±0.71) participated in three experiments that were divided by physiological symptoms (the early (0-15 weeks), middle (16-27 weeks) and last (18-39 weeks). and they walked at self-selected pace on 4 staircases 3 trials. As extending the pregnancy period, cadence was shorter but cycle time were longer more and more. As extending treads of stair decent during pregnancy, speed, stride lengths and cycle time were increased. As extending the treads of stair decent, hip and ankle moments increased but knee moments decreased in sagittal plane. There were increasing or decreasing of moments by means of treads. These changes may account for relation between the treads of stair and moments in pregnant women. The main changes of pregnant women were joint moments and kinematic factors during pregnancy period because pregnancy makes them physical changes. It is possible that joints have connection with compensation each other to maximize stability and to control gait motion. In conclusion, we suggest that the tread of stair is longer than 26cm tread. and exercise programs to improve muscle activity were necessary where joint moments were small.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of the hip internal rotation on knee extensor and hip abductor electromyographic (EMG) activity during stair up and stair down mobility. Eighteen healthy subjects were recruited. All subjects performed stair up and down movements on a step of 30cm height while maintaining the hip in neutral (condition 1) and hip in internal rotation (condition 2). Surface EMG activity was recorded from five muscles (gluteus maximus, vastus lateralis (VL), vastus medialis oblique (VMO), posterior gluteus medius (Gmed), and tensor fascia latae (TFU)) and hip internal rotation angle was measured using a three dimensional motion analysis system The time period for stair up and down was normalized using the MatLab 6.5 program, and EMG activity was normalized to the value of maximal voluntary isometric contraction (%MVIC). The EMG activities according to the hip rotation (neutral or internal rotation) during the entire time period of stair up and down in each phase were compared using a paired t-test. During the entire period of stair up, the EMG activities of VL and TFL in condition 2 were significantly greater than in condition 1 (p<.05). During the entire period of stair down, the EMG activities of VL and TFL in condition 2 were significantly greater than in condition 1 (p<.05). However, the EMG activities of the other muscles were not significantly different between the conditions (p>.05). These results suggest that the stair up and down maintaining hip internal rotation was could be a contributing factor on patellar lateral tracking.

본 연구는 젊은층과 고령층을 대상으로 계단 상하행시 하지근군의 근전도(EMG; Electromyogram)를 측정하여 발휘근육부위와 근피로 정도와의 관계를 파악하기 위해 근전도 amplitude 분석을 실시하여, 비교하였다. 피험자는 젊은층과 고령층 각각 20명이었으며, 하지근 8부위(전경골근, 내측광근, 외측광근, 대퇴직근, 반건양근, 대퇴이두근, 내비복근, 외비복근)에 전극을 부착하여 계단 상하행 전후의 근전도를 측정하였다. 그 결과 젊은층은 계단 상하 보행 후 모든 측정 부위의 근전도 amplitude가 커졌으며, 고령층도 전경골근과 대퇴직근을 제외한 근육 6부위에서 근전도 amplitude가 커졌다. 또한 젊은층과 고령층의 amplitude 분석 값을 비교해 보면, 대퇴이두근과 내비복근을 제외한 모든 근육부위에서, 젊은층의 amplitude 값이 고령층에 비해 계단 상하 보행 전후 변화가 더 크게 나타났으며 특히 전경골근은 통계적 유의차가 인정되었다(p<0.05). 이와 같이 젊은층에 비해 고령층은 근육량이 적으므로 amplitude의 변화가 작은데, 노인들을 위한 제품 또는 환경 설계시 노인 근전도의 특성을 고려하여 측정하고 분석해야 할 것이다.

The purpose of this study was to compare the differences of hip and thigh muscle activities between subjects with increased and decreased femoral anteversion during stair ascent. Twelve healthy female volunteers participated in this study. The subjects were divided into two groups (group 1 with increased anteversion of the hip, group 2 with decreased anteversion of the hip). This study analyzed differences in each mean peak gluteus maximus (GM), gluteus medius (GD) and tensor fascia lata (TLF) EMG amplitude: composite mean peak hip muscles (GM, GD, TFL) EMG amplitude ratios and in each mean peak vastus medialis oblique (VMO), vastus lateralis (VL), biceps femoris (HM) and semitendinosus (HL) EMG amplitude: composite thigh muscles (VMO, VL, HM, HL) EMG amplitude ratios among subjects with decreased or increased relative femoral anteversion. EMG ratios were compared in the stance and swing phase of stair ascent. Group 1 showed an increased standardized mean GM and GD EMG amplitude and decreased standardized mean TFL to composite mean hip muscles EMG amplitude ratios in stair ascent during both stance and swing phase. Also, group 1 showed an increased standardized mean HL EMG amplitude and decreased standardized mean VL and HM to composite mean thigh muscles EMG amplitude ratios in stair ascent during both stance and swing phases. There was no statistically significant difference in vastus medialis oblique between subjects with increased or decreased relative femoral anteversion. In order to provide rehabilitation professionals with a clearer picture of the specific requirements of the stair climbing task, further research must be expanded to include a wider range of age groups that represent the general public, such as including middle-aged healthy persons.

최근 들어 건물의 내진 및 내풍 성능을 향상시키기 위하여 감쇠구조에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있다. 감쇠장치 중 저렴한 비용과 높은 에너지소산능력을 발휘하며, 설치와 유지관리가 용이하다는 장점이 있어 강재이력형 감쇠장치를 이용한 수동형 감쇠구조시스템이 널리 사용 되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 라멘구조 또는 무량판 구조에 적합한 계단 설치형 카고메 감쇠시스템(SKDS)을 제안하고자 하며, 제안된 감쇠시스템의 지진응답 개선효과에 대하여 해석적으로 검토하고자 한다. 비선형 동적해석결과 최대응답변위, 최대응답가속도 및 밑면전단력 감소로 살펴볼 때 내진구조와 비교하여 더 향상된 거동이 기대된다는 점에서 SKDS의 효과를 확인할 수 있었다.

지각에 대한 생태학적 접근을 이용한 증거(Gibson, 1979; Warren; 1984, Pijpers, Oudejans, & Bakker, 2007)는 지각자가 할 수 있는 동작과 환경에서 제공하는 속성과의 관계를 파악할 수 있다고 제시해왔다. 본 연구는 이러한 선행연구를 검증하려는 목적으로 신체변화가 동작유도성 지각, 실제 동작, 그리고 동작유도성 지각과 실제동작 사이의 오차에 미치는 영향을 규명하였다. 모든 피험자들은(n=45;) 0, 40, 70%의 운동 집단에 할당 되었고, 각 집단에 할당된 운동강도를 수행한 후 발만을 이용하여 다양한 계단 높이를 올라갈 수 있는지 판단하라고 요청하였다. 피험자들이 수행한 자료를 상관분석, 일원분산분석, 회귀분석을 이용하여 분석하였다. 그 결과 운동을 하지 않은 집단에 비해 운동을 수행한 집단이 동작유도성 오차가 낮게 나타났고, 운동강도를 나타내는 운동심박수가 유의한 예측변수인 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 스포츠상황에서 어떤 의미가 있는지에 관해 논의되었다.