Recently, about 70 Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) are being developed around the world due to various advantages such as modularization, flexibility, and miniaturization. An innovative SMR (i- SMR) is being developed in South Korea as well, and the domestic nuclear utility is planning to apply for the Standard Design Approval in 2026 after completing the basic design and standard design. Accordingly, the regulatory body is conducting research on the regulatory system for reviewing the i- SMR standard designs by referring to the IAEA and the U.S. NRC cases. A SMR is expected to many changes not only in terms of cyber security due to new digital technology, remote monitoring, and automatic operation, but also in terms of physical security according to security systems, security areas, and vital equipment. Accordingly, related technical documents issued by the IAEA require nuclear utilities to consider regulatory requirements of security from the design phase by integrating security regulations into SMR licensing. The U.S. NRC has also identified 17 issues affecting SMR design since 2010 (SECY-10-0034), and among them, ‘Consideration of SMR security requirements’ was included as a major issue. Accordingly, the NuScale applicant conducted security assessment and design in consideration of the Design Base Threat (DBT) in the initial SMR design process through the Gap Analysis Report (2012) and the NuScale’s Security System Technical Report (TR-0416-48929), and the NRC developed the Design Specific Review Standard for NuScale (DSRS) and then reviewed the applicant’s security design process, standard design results, and testing criteria for security system (ITAAC). This paper analyzed the case of security review activities during the NuScale standard design review, and through this, it is intended to be used in the development of domestic regulatory system for the i-SMR security review in the future.

PURPOSES : The purpose of this study is to contribute to the utilization of standards while considering the possible upgrade of a local system as a subject of the application. Therefore, this study aims to explore the possible application of LandInfra for a local road management (maintenance) system in the context of enabling the basis of 3D geospatial road information management in Korea. METHODS : Based on a review of related literature and international standards, an analysis of the current system is performed. After reviewing the LandInfra standard, an examination of corresponding classes between each data model (HMS and LandInfra) is performed for the mapping process. After the mapping process, a data model of the LandInfra-based HMS pavement data model is proposed. RESULTS : To apply the LandInfa to the HMS pavement part, an examination of each data model is performed. After this procedure, a LandInfra-based HMS pavement database schema is proposed in the context of enabling 3D geospatial road information management and maintenance, particularly for pavement management information. CONCLUSIONS : This paper presents how the LandInfra international open geospatial standard can be applied to the local road management system (HMS pavement part). As a result of this study, the LandInfra standard could be applied to the HMS; however, an encoding of the standard is required for conformance. Thus, further studies would be the encoding of the proposed data model for conformance with InfaGML encoding standards. In addition, a system prototype may be needed for complete application.

본 논문에서는 AISC 표준 단면을 설계 변수로 하는 캔틸레버 타입 헬리데크 모델의 유전 알고리즘 최적설계를 소개한다. AISC 표준 단면을 단면 형상별로 분류하고 단면적 순으로 정렬한 후 정수 단면 번호를 부여하여 설계 변수로 최적설계를 수행하였다. 이 과정을 통하여 이산화된 설계 변수를 가지는 최적설계 문제를 해결하기 위해 유전 알고리즘을 적용하였다. 또한, 제약조건으로 허용응력 및 허용응력비 검사 조건을 모두 고려하여 구조물의 구조 안정성을 고려한 설계를 수행하였다. 최적설계 과정중 매 반복계산 마다 수행되는 구조해석 시간을 단축시키기 위해 선형 중첩법을 사용하였고, 이를 통해 구조 해석 시간을 약 75% 감소시킬 수 있었다. 또한 헬리데크 최적설계의 경량 효과를 높이기 위해 부재 그룹 세분화를 하였고, 그 결과를 선행 연구 모델, 기존의 부재 그룹 모델과 비교하였다. 그 결과 선행연구 대비 약 30톤의 부재를 절감할 수 있었으며, 구조적으로도 보다 안전한 헬리데크 설계를 얻을 수 있었다.

본 연구는 건축설계 계약에서 이루어지는 구체적인 불공정계약의 관행을 수집하고, 계약서에 드러난 ‘갑’의 절대적 우위를 교정하기 위해 시작되었다. 이를 위해 2009년에 국토부고시로 발표되어 현재 그대로인, 업계에서는 거의 무용지물이나 마찬가지인 ‘건축물의 설계 표준계약서’를 대신해 새로 표준계약서 제정을 제안했다. 또한 표준계약서의 사용을 제도적으로 뒷받침하기 위해 관련법 즉, 건축서비스산업 진흥법, 건축법, 건축사법, 국가계약법, 그리고 ‘공공발주사업에 대한 건축사의 업무범위와 대가기준’ 역시 개정되어야 하고 이를 제안했다. 건축물의 최종 소비자는 불특정 다수인 국민이다. 그러나 건축물의 설계계약서는 사인간의 계약이라며 사적자치의 자유만이 작동되고 있다. 국민의 안전을 담보하는 건축물을 위해서는 이제라도 계약공정의 원칙이 작용하도록 일정 부분 국가가 개입 되어야만 한다. 이러한 법, 제도의 개정이 상호 유기적으로 이루어지고 시스템이 작동되어야 건축물이 건강하고 아름답게 세워질 것이다.

The site coefficients in the common requirements for seismic design codes, which were promulgated in 2017, were reevaluated and the standard design spectrum for soil sites were newly proposed in order to ensure the consistency of the standard design spectra for rock and soil sites specified in the common requirements. Using the 55 ground motions from domestic and overseas intraplate earthquakes, which were used to derive the standard design spectrum for rock sites, as rock outcropping motions, site response analyses of Korean soil were performed and its ground-motion-amplification was characterized. Then, the site coefficients for soil sites were reevaluated. Compared with the existing site coefficients, the newly proposed short-period site coefficient Fa increased and the long-period site coefficient Fv decreased overall. A new standard design spectrum for soil sites was proposed using the reevaluated site coefficients. When compared with the existing design spectrum, it could be seen that the proposed site coefficients and the standard design spectrum for soil sites were reasonably derived. They reflected the short-period characteristics of earthquake and soil in Korea.

On November 15, 2017, Pohang earthquake occurred. Its local magnitude was announced to be ML=5.4 by Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA). Ground motion data recorded at KMA stations were obtained from their data bases. From the data, horizontal and vertical response spectra, and V/H ratio were calculated. The horizontal spectra were defined as GMRotI50 spectra. From the statistical analysis of the GMRotI50 spectra, a mean plus one standard deviation spectrum in lognormal distribution is obtained. Regression analysis is performed on this curve to determine the shape of spectrum including transition periods. Applying the same procedure, the shape and transition periods of vertical spectrum were obtained. These results were compared with the Korean standard design spectra, which were developed from domestic and overseas intra-plate earthquake records, and Gyeongju earthquake response spectra. The response spectra of Pohang earthquake were found to be almost identical with the newly proposed design spectra. Even the V/H ratios showed good agreement. These results confirmed that the method adopted when developing the standard design spectra were valid and the developed design spectra were reliable.

In this study, we develop and propose damping correction factors for the Korean standard design spectra. The newly proposed Korean standard design spectra has been given only for 5% damping ratio. But in practice, engineers need design spectra for damping values other than 5%. To obtain design spectra for various damping values from the standard spectra, damping correction factors are derived. These factors modify the shape of design spectra in accordance with the damping ratio. Response spectra for various damping values are calculated from the earthquake records that had been used to calculate standard design spectra. They consist of 55 records from 18 earthquakes occurred in overseas intraplate regions and Korea. The regressed spectra for the damping values ranging from 0.5% to 50% are compared with standard spectra at three regions acceleration, velocity and displacement sensitive regions. The regression analysis of these data rendered formula for damping correction factors. Finally, a single formula for damping correction factors is recommended that is valid for both horizontal and vertical design spectra and that is applicable to the entire range of periods. One thing to note that recommended damping correction factors is valid for the design spectrum of the rock grounds because the design spectra was developed based on the earthquake records of the rock ground.

On September 12, 2016, Gyeongju earthquake occurred. Its local magnitude was announced to be ML=5.8 by Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA). Ground motion data recorded at KMA, EMC and KERC stations was obtained from their data bases. From the data, horizontal and vertical response spectra, and V/H ratio were calculated. The horizontal spectrum was defined as geometric mean spectrum, GMRotI50. From the statistical analysis of the geometric mean spectra, a mean plus one standard deviation spectrum in lognormal distribution is obtained. Regression analysis is performed on this curve to determine the shape of spectrum including transition periods. Applying the same procedure, the shape and transition periods of vertical spectrum was obtained. These results were compared with the Korean standard design spectra, which were developed from domestic and overseas intraplate earthquake records. The response spectra of Gyeongju earthquake were found to be almost identical with the newly proposed design spectra. Even the V/H ratios showed good agreement. These results confirmed that the method adopted when developing the standard design spectra were valid and the developed design spectra were reliable.

Safety flight training can be done, through the platform proposed in this paper. This paper designed a flight dynamic model and identified essential functions in order to enable pilots to simulate a training environment similar to the actual. It also design activity diagram, concept as well as class diagram. This paper presents the main features and direction of aircraft to be equipped in the future standard platforms. By design main class of flight dynamic and description. it will help developer to setup the standard platform for aircraft simulation.

The vertical design spectrum for Korea, which is known to belong to an intra-plate region, is developed from the ground motion records of the earthquakes occurred in Korea and overseas intra-plate regions. From the statistical analysis of the vertical response spectra, a mean plus one standard deviation spectrum in lognormal distribution is obtained. Regression analysis is performed on this curve to determine the shape of spectrum including transition periods. The developed design spectrum is valid for the estimation both spectral acceleration and displacement. The ratio of vertical to horizontal response spectrum for each record is calculated. Statistical analysis of the ratios rendered the vertical to horizontal ratio (V/H ratio). Subsequently the ratio between the peak vertical ground acceleration to the horizontal one is obtained.

The design spectrum for Korea, which is known to belong to an intra-plate region, is developed from the ground motion records of the earthquakes occurred in Korea and overseas intra-plate regions. The horizontal spectrum is defined as geometric mean spectrum, GMRotI50. From the statistical analysis of the geometric mean spectra, a mean plus one standard deviation spectrum in lognormal distribution is obtained. Regression analysis is performed on this curve to determine the shape of spectrum including transition periods. The developed design spectrum is valid for the estimation both spectral acceleration and displacement.

최근의 HNS 해상물동량 증가와 더불어 해상 HNS 사고의 증가에 따라 HNS 관리에 대한 중요성이 부각되어, 본 연구에서는 HNS 사고를 체계적으로 표현하여 Database화 할 수 있는 체계를 마련하기 위해 해상 HNS 사고사례 표준코드를 개발하고자 하였다. 연구 수행을 위해 먼저 기존 통계자료의 분류 항목과 국내외 법령에 따른 사고보고 항목을 조사하여 필수적인 사고보고 관련 요소들을 도출하였고, 해외 선진국의 유사한 표준 코드를 조사·분석하여 본 연구에서 개발하고자 하는 코드 설계에 참조하였다. HNS 사고사례 코드 설계는 사고정보를 입력·조회하는 일반적인 해상 HNS 사고의 흐름에 따라 ‘사고발생 → 사고초기정보 → 사고대응 → 사고조사’ 순으로 설정하였는데, 사고초기에 바로 알 수 있는 정보들을 먼저 5가지 대분류 항목으로 분류하여 사고초기정보(Preliminary Information Code; P.I.C.)로 구성하였고, 사고 발생 후 일정 시간이 지난 뒤 파악이 가능한 사고대응 관련 2개 항목, 사고조사 관련 3개 항목을 대분류 항목으로 설정하여 사고 초기정보(P.I.C.)를 포함하여 사고전체정보(Full Information Code; F.I.C.)로 구성하였다. 각 대분류 항목 아래에는 중분류, 소분류로 세분화하여 각 항목에 대하여 3단계로 표현할 수 있도록 하였다. 대표적인 HNS 유출사고를 코드에 적용하여 코드화한 결과 HNS 사고를 충분히 표현할 수 있음을 확인하였다. 본 코드를 적용함으로써 과거 발생했던 사고데이터의 분석을 통해 향후 발생가능한 사고의 예측이 가능할 것으로 예상되고, 미래에 발생하는 사고에 대한 데이터를 체계적으로 관리함으로써 사고 대비와 대응, 복구 등에 유용할 것으로 판단된다.

최근 강풍으로 인한 옥외광고물의 파손 및 추락으로 인해 불특정 다수에게 인적 및 물적 피해를 야기하고 있다. 옥외광고물은 사유시설과 공공시설물의 성격을 모두 갖기 때문에 옥외광물로 인한 피해를 저감하는 것은 개인의 노력뿐 아니라 제도 및 규정을 통해서도 이루어져야한다. 이러한 피해는 강풍에 취약한 옥외광고물의 내풍설계 기준의 미비가 가장 큰 요인으로 인식되고 있어 본 연구에서는 옥외광고물의 내풍설계 표준을 제시하였다. 이를 위해 풍속에 영향을 주는 옥외광고물 설치위치의 주변 풍환경이나 높이, 설치위치 등 풍속과 관련한 요소를 반영하였으며, 건축구조기준 2015(안)의 기본풍속도와 풍속보정 절차에 의한 풍하중 산정 과정을 제시하였다. 이 과정에서 공학적 판단이 요구되는 옥외광고물 설치위치 주변의 지표조도구분 및 지형계수 평가에 대해 정략적으로 적용할 수 있는 기준을 제시하였다. 또한 비전문가 관점에서 적용하기 용이하도록 가능한 단순화된 정량화 절차를 제시하였다.

동양학 관련 학술용어가 로마자로 표기될 때는 음역법을, 영어로 표기될 때는 의역법을 사용하게 된다. 로마자 표기인가, 영어 표기인가에 따라 매우 다른 방법을 사용하게 된다. 그러나 이 두 외국 문자나 언어로의 치환은 우리의 동양학 고유의 학술용어를 온전히 외국인에게 전달하기에 부족하다. 한국에서만 사용되는 한국학 용어는 국내적 문제에 머물지만, 한국을 벗어나 동양 한자문화권이 공동으로 사용하는 한자로 이루어진 어휘라면 이 문제는 동아시아 한자문화권 국가 전체의 문제로 바뀐다. 본고는 이러한 현실 속에서 현재 사용되는 있는 로마자 표기법과 영어 번역법의 문제점을 찾아보고, 새로운 로마자 표기 방법 혹은 영문 표기 방법을 모색해 보았다.

As a preparation of a design standard regarding road facilities, such as cantilever columns for traffic lights, street lights on highways is proposed. Currently these minor structures are designed based on guidelines which are mixed with multiple old foreign specifications without any criteria in terms of safety and economy, which could lead irregular safeties and the loss of national properties. In the considered two cases for effective projected area, it is found that following efficient way of design without critical analyses could make significant errors and miscalculations. Therefore, a fundamental research on the minor structures is urgently needed.