This study identifies the limitations of the current medical training system for seafarers, which fails to account for the distinct accident characteristics of merchant and fishing vessels, and proposes practical improvements aligned with international conventions such as STCW and STCW-F. The research methodology involves a comparative analysis of domestic and international regulations alongside a review of 55 maritime accident written judgments from 2024 to 2025 to identify vessel-specific risk factors. Furthermore, a survey of 220 seafarers was conducted to empirically verify differences in first-aid competencies and perceptions using statistical analysis. The findings reveal a stark contrast in accident mechanisms: merchant vessels primarily experienced system-driven accidents, such as asphyxiation in enclosed spaces (63.6%) whereas fishing vessels showed an overwhelming prevalence of severe trauma, including entrapment and amputation caused by machinery (72.7%). Despite completing identical statutory training, fishing vessel personnel exhibited significantly lower proficiency in equipment utilization and basic first-aid skills compared to merchant seafarers (p < 0.001). Additionally, both groups demonstrated insufficient proficiency in advanced medical care and remote medical collaboration. The analysis further indicates that current domestic curricula omit several core subjects required by international standards and lack differentiation due to overlapping content. Based on these findings, this study proposes three key improvements: the introduction of customized curricula that emphasize professional equipment operation for merchant vessels and intensive practical trauma care for fishing vessels; the supplementation of missing subjects to align with international standards including the elevation of Radio Medical Advice (RMA) to a mandatory subject; and a transition from theory-oriented education toward a field-oriented practical training and qualification system. These measures are expected to solidify the maritime healthcare safety net by aligning training with empirical accident data and international standards.

Modern warfare demands a high level of coordination and interoperability among multiple combat vehicles and crew members operating in dynamic and complex environments. Traditional training methods are often limited in scalability, flexibility, and cost-efficiency, making it challenging to effectively prepare forces for future battlefield scenarios. To address these limitations, this study presents the development of a Multiple Combat Vehicle Integrated Training Device, a next-generation simulation-based training system. The MCITD integrates advanced technologies such as Extended Reality, Digital Twin modeling, and Artificial Intelligence to deliver immersive, interactive, and highly realistic training experiences. The system allows for simultaneous training of multiple crew members in a networked environment that replicates real-world combat conditions, including terrain, weather, and adversary behavior. Key system components, including the simulation module, network communication framework, battlefield environment generator, and performance analysis engine, are discussed in detail. Potential application scenarios such as large-scale land operations, urban warfare, and multinational joint training exercises are also explored. The MCITD aims to enhance combat readiness, mission success, and training efficiency by providing a cost-effective, scalable, and adaptable solution for future-oriented military training programs.

농업 분야 컴퓨터 비전(Computer Vision) 기술 확산으로 고품질 학습 데이터 확보가 필수적이나, 기존의 수동 데이터 구축 방식은 많은 시간과 비용이 소요되는 한계가 있다. 이에 본 연구는 최신 멀티모달 파운데이션 모델인 SAM3(Segment Anything Model 3)를 기반으로 반자동 어노테이션 시스템을 개발하였다. 제안 시스템은 (1) 텍스트 프롬프트 기반 객체 인 식, (2) SAM3 기반 정밀 마스크 생성 및 학습 가능한 폴리곤 좌표 변환, (3) 사용자 검증의 3단계로 구성되며 GUI로 구현 되었다. 600장 이미지 평가 결과, SAM3는 92.9%의 매칭률 과 0.790의 평균 정밀도(mAP)를 달성하였으며, 데이터셋 구 축 시간을 수동 작업 대비 96~98% 단축시켰다. 이는 SAM+ CLIP, Grounding DINO+SAM 등 기존 파운데이션 모델 대 비 정확도와 효율성 모든 면에서 월등한 성능이다. 본 연구는 파운데이션 모델의 제로샷 성능을 활용해 농업 데이터 레이블 링 효율을 개선하고 관련 AI 연구 가속화에 기여할 것으로 기 대된다.

Background: Turtleneck posture has become increasingly common due to prolonged computer and smartphone use. Walking exercise has been reported to improve postural alignment; however, the effects of inclined backward treadmill walking on turtleneck posture remain unclear. Objectives: To determine whether backward treadmill walking with incline produces greater improvements in turtleneck posture compared with flat backward treadmill walking. Design: A randomized controlled trial. Methods: Thirty university students (20–29 years) with FHP were randomly assigned to two groups: inclined backward treadmill walking (n=20) and flat backward treadmill walking (n=20). Both groups performed 15 minutes of exercise, three times per week for 6 weeks. Outcome measures included Neck Disability Index (NDI), Craniovertebral Angle (CVA), and Cervical Apex (CA). Data were analyzed using paired t-tests and independent t-tests with α=.05. Results: Significant within-group improvements in NDI were observed in the incline group (P<.05), but not in the flat group. Both groups showed significant improvements in CVA (P<.05). Between-group comparisons revealed no statistically significant differences. Conclusion: Backward treadmill walking improved turtleneck posture regardless of incline, with inclined walking yielding greater within-group improvement in NDI. Further studies with larger sample sizes and longer intervention durations are warranted.

Background: Despite various treatment methods, many functional ankle instability (FAI) patients continue to experience functional deficits. Objectives: To investigate the effect of additional auditory feedback on balance and ankle function in task-oriented balance training for FAI patients. Design: Randomized controlled trial design. Methods: Forty FAI patients were randomly assigned to the auditory feedback task-oriented balance training (ATBT) group (n=20) and the task-oriented balance training (TBT) group (n=20). The training program was implemented for 4 weeks, 3 days a week. Results: After training, the COG movement area, speed, and distance significantly decreased in both the ATBT and TBT groups (P<.05). Additionally, the COG movement speed and distance in the ATBT group were significantly decreased compared to the TBT group (P<.05). The 6-meter crossover hop test time decreased in both the ATBT and TBT groups (P<.05). The ATBT group exhibited a significantly decreased 6-meter crossover hop test time compared to the TBT group (P<.05). Conclusion: Both ATBT and TBT enhanced balance and ankle function in FAI patients. ATBT was more effective in improving balance and ankle function than TBT.

Background: Weakness of the abdominal muscles reduces trunk control and impairs respiratory function in stroke patients. To strengthen the abdominal muscles, threshold expiratory muscle training and trunk FES can be used. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate whether a combined intervention of threshold expiratory muscle training and trunk FES is more effective in improving trunk control and respiratory function than threshold expiratory muscle training alone. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Methods: Thirty individuals with stroke were randomly assigned to either the experimental group (n=15) or the control group (n=15). The experimental group received threshold expiratory muscle training with trunk electrical stimulation, while the control group performed threshold expiratory muscle training only. Both groups underwent training three times per week for four weeks. Trunk control and respiratory function were assessed pre and post the intervention. Results: Both groups showed significant post-intervention improvement in respiratory function; however, the experimental group demonstrated a greater change than the control group. The control group showed significant improvement only in the total TIS score, whereas the experimental group showed significant improvement across all TIS subcomponents. Conclusion: Combining threshold expiratory muscle training with trunk FES is an effective approach for enhancing not only respiratory function but also trunk control. Synchronizing electrical stimulation with expiratory timing may increase efficiency and strengthen functional muscle contraction, suggesting meaningful clinical value.

목적 : 본 연구는 양안시기능 이상을 가진 아동을 대상으로 디지털 기반 시기능 훈련 프로그램의 훈련적 효과를 평가하는 것이다. 훈련 후 자각증상, 양안시 기능, 조절 및 융합여력, 안구운동성의 변화를 분석하고자 하였다. 방법 : 근거리 외사위 7Δ 이상 및 조절·융합 기능 저하를 보이는 아동 24명을 대상으로 굴절이상을 완전교정 후 디지털 시기능 훈련(총 2주, 주 3회, 회당 15분)을 실시하였다. 디지털 시기능 훈련은 디지털 폭주훈련(라이프 세이버카드), 디지털 주변월차트, 시선추적 기반 게이밍 시스템의 세 가지 모듈로 구성하였다. 훈련 전·후에 CISS 설문조사, 사위도(von-Graefe), PFV/NFV, NPA/NPC, 조절·버전스용이성, SCCO 검사, H-S scale, DEM 검 사, GST 검사를 3회 반복 측정하였다. 모든 수치는 Python 기반 통계 분석을 통해 p<0.050를 유의수준으로 검토 하였다. 결과 : 디지털 기반 시기능 훈련 후, 근거리 외사위도는 유의하게 감소하였으며 NPC 단축과 PFV 증가는 통계 적으로 유의한 개선을 보였다(p<0.050). 조절근점은 단축되고 폭주근점 또한 향상되어 조절 및 융합 능력의 기능 적 회복이 확인되었다. 조절·버전스 용이성에서는 조절용이성은 변화가 미약하였으나 버전스용이성은 유의한 증 가를 나타냈다. 안구운동성(SCCO, DEM, GST)은 전반적으로 개선되었으며 특히 DEM 검사에서 반응 시간이 유 의하게 단축되었다. CISS 총점은 모든 항목에서 감소하여 주관적 시각 증상이 뚜렷하게 경감되었다. 이러한 결과 는 디지털 기반 훈련이 기존 아날로그 시기능 훈련과 동등한 훈련 효과를 갖는다는 기존 연구와 일관된 패턴을 보 였다. 결론 : 디지털 기반 시기능훈련은 양안시기능, 조절력, 융합 버전스, 안구 운동성 및 주관적 증상의 전반에서 유 의한 향상을 보여 전통적 시기능 훈련과 동등한 훈련 효과를 확인하였다. 또한 게임화·시선추적 기반 UI는 훈련 참여도와 임상 적용 가능성을 확장하였다. 본 연구는 디지털 시기능 훈련이 아동의 폭주·조절 이상 개선에 효과적 인 훈련 옵션임을 시사한다.

Background: Early recovery of cognitive function and lower-limb strength is critical for regaining mobility and independence after stroke. However, patients with cognitive impairment often have limited participation in conventional rehabilitation (CR). Objects: This study compared the effects of robotic tilt-table training (RT) group and CR group on cognitive function, lower-limb strength, balance, gait, and activities of daily living in patients with subacute stroke. Methods: In this retrospective study, 122 patients with subacute stroke were divided into two groups: the RT group and the CR group. The interventions were administered 5 times per week for a period of 4 weeks. Cognitive function was assessed using the Korean version of the Mini-Mental State Examination, muscle strength using Manual Muscle Test, spasticity using the Modified Ashworth Scale, balance using the Berg Balance Scale, gait using the Functional Ambulation Category, and activities of daily living using the Korean version of the Modified Barthel Index, both before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed using Wilcoxon signed-rank tests and Mann–Whitney U-tests. Between-group comparisons were performed on change scores (Δ = post − pre), and baseline differences were adjusted using ANCOVA or rank ANCOVA as appropriate (two-sided α = 0.05). Results: After 4 weeks of intervention, both groups showed within-group improvements in balance, gait, and activities of daily living (p < 0.05); however, the RT group demonstrated greater improvements in cognitive function and lower-limb muscle strength compared to the CR group. The two groups differed significantly in cognitive function and lower extremity muscle strength (p < 0.05) but not in spasticity, balance, gait, or activities of daily living (p > 0.05). Conclusion: RT may be effective in improving cognitive function and lower-limb strength in patients with subacute stroke, potentially serving as an adjunct rehabilitation strategy to promote early mobility and functional recovery. However, its effects on balance, gait, and spasticity were not significant, indicating the need for complementary task-specific training and further controlled studies.

This study verified the moderating effects of personality types (Ego-States) on the relationship between Training Attitude (TA), Training Environment (TE), and Training Performance (TP) among Work-Learning Dual program apprentices. Drawing from Transactional Analysis, personality types were classified into five Ego-States: Critical Parent (CP), Nurturing Parent (NP), Adult (A), Free Child (FC), and Adapted Child (AC). An analysis of 354 apprentices revealed significant differences in TP scores. The FC and A types demonstrated the highest performance (mean scores of 4.11 and 4.05 out of 5, respectively), whereas the CP and NP types recorded lower scores (3.25 and 3.30, respectively). Regarding the moderating effects, TA was found to have a significant effect on TP at the 5% significance level, and the interaction term between TA and personality type also showed a significant effect on TP at the 5% level. Consequently, personality type was identified as a quasi-moderator for TA. Specifically, the positive effect of TA was weakened for the AC type but strengthened for the FC type. In the case of TE, the analysis indicated no significant direct effect on TP at the 5% significance level. However, the interaction term between TE and personality type significantly influenced TP at the 5% level, thereby confirming personality type as a pure moderator for TE. This significant impact was observed specifically for the A and AC types. These findings demonstrate that the pathway to high training performance is not uniform. The results strongly suggest the need for differentiated training management and instructional design tailored to the specific personality profiles of apprentices to maximize program effectiveness.

The Republic of Korea Armed Forces are implementing various scientific training systems to prepare for future warfare and are seeking advanced integration with AI - driven scientific military innovation. This study proposes the Synthetic Training Environment (STE) as a future-oriented model designed to overcome current limitations in military training. STE provides the foundation for evolving into an integrated, combined arms training system. In addition, the study introduces a data integration framework based on the Defense Training Management System (DTMS). This framework aims to standardize and unify training data across service branches, thereby enabling effective AI interoperability. Future tasks include real-time integration of synthetic and live training, 24/7 data access via the Metaverse, and the establishment of a cyclic system of learning, operation, and evolution. To that end, this research ultimately proposes the CJDSW-MST model - a comprehensive framework linking STE, DTMS, and unmanned combat systems for future-ready, intelligent military training.

This study aims to propose improvement measures and curriculum development strategies to maximize the educational effectiveness of the workforce training program conducted within the Carbon Materials Specialized Materials-Parts-Equipment (MPE) Cluster. An analysis of the relationship between educational satisfaction and skill improvement rates, based on participants’ characteristics— such as age, educational background, and job position—revealed a significant positive correlation between these variables. In particular, program content, training facilities and environment, and operation time were found to have a statistically significant impact on skill improvement rates Based on these findings, the existing single-track program, which focused on skilled workers and managers, was restructured into a three-stage customized curriculum consisting of beginner, skilled worker, and executive management levels. Furthermore, the courses were subdivided by company type (common, material/intermediate goods, and product/ application companies) to strengthen field-oriented practical competencies. The proportion of theoretical and practical sessions was also adjusted according to each stage to simultaneously enhance satisfaction with training duration and maximize educational effectiveness. By differentiating the ratio of theoretical to practical hours at each training stage, the revised curriculum improved satisfaction with operation time while maximizing educational outcomes. This study provides empirical evidence to enhance the effectiveness of in-service training and offers both academic and practical implications by presenting a systematic approach to talent development policies within the carbon industry cluster.

이 연구의 목적은 초등 교원 전문 양성 대학교의 교육과정 및 비 교육과정에서 체육 관련 활동 의 현황 파악과 실제 초등학교 체육교육 현장에서의 적용 문제점 도출을 통한 제도적 보완점 제안이다. 초 등 교원 전문 양성 대학교의 체육활동 관련 교육과정과 비 교육과정 현황에 대해 종합하여 작성된 문서를 바탕으로 기존의 연구 논문과 도서, 관련 기사 등을 분석하여 문헌 연구하였다. 초등 교원 전문 양성 대학 교의 체육과 교육과정은 예비 초등 교원의 현장 적응성 향상을 키워주는데 부족한 실정이었고, 비 교육과 정인 전국교육대학교 체육대회는 초등학교 현장에서 성행중인 전국학교스포츠클럽 축전과 종목이 상이하 였다. 초등 교원 전문 양성 대학교의 체육과 교육과정에서의 다양한 뉴스포츠 활동 과목 신설 및 확충, 전 국교육대학교 체육대회 운영 시 전국학교스포츠클럽 종목 반영 및 지역 교육청의 적극적인 협찬과 지원, 초등 교원 전문 양성 대학교 자체의 스포츠 리그 운영 등이 필요하였다.

본 연구는 내빙 실습선 건조의 필요성과 경제성을 종합적으로 평가함으로써, 한국 해기사 교육 및 북극항로 대응 역량 강 화를 위한 전략적 방안을 제시하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 북극해 환경 변화 및 북극해 선박 운항 분석, Polar code 분석, 북극 해 관련 정책 및 교육 수요를 검토하였으며, 이를 토대로 세 가지 건조 대안(대안 1~3)을 설정한 후 비용-효과 분석(Cost-Effectiveness Analysis)을 통해 각 대안별 상대적 경제성 및 정책적 효용성을 비교․평가하였다. 분석 결과, 단순 건조비 측면에서는 대안 1이 가장 경 제적인 것으로 나타났으나, 극지 전문인력 양성, 북극항로 실증 연구, 국제협력 강화, 해상교통로 확보, 국가 전략적 기반 마련 등 교육· 연구·정책적 파급효과를 종합적으로 고려한 경우 대안 2가 가장 적합한 방안으로 도출되었다. 북극해를 운항할 수 있는 내빙 실습선 건 조는 단순히 선박 확보를 넘어, 한국 해기사의 국제 경쟁력 확보, 한국 해운기업의 북극항로 진출 기반 마련, 북극권 국가와의 해운․해 양 협력 등의 복합적 효과를 갖는 것으로 평가된다. 이 연구가 향후 우리 정부의 북극 정책 수립에 기초 자료로 활용되기를 기대한다.

This study aims to analyze a case of a short-term Korean language training program for learners from the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and to derive its implications. The program was structured in the following sequence: student recruitment by the UAEU (United Arab Emirates University) coordinator, pre-program preparation by the coordinator at University B, joint operation of the program by coordinators from both institutions, and the preparation and sharing of a final report by the University B coordinator. This study focuses on training programs conducted from 2023 to 2025 and employs qualitative analysis based on responses to surveys administered after the program. The analysis revealed that while learners generally expressed high satisfaction with the Korean language classes and cultural experiences, some reported lower satisfaction in aspects related to daily living, such as food and accommodation, due to cultural differences. These findings suggest areas for improvement in future program design. By presenting a practical case of short-term Korean language training for UAE learners, this study serves as foundational data for the development of Korean language education programs and related research targeting learners from the Middle East.

본 연구의 목적은 『황제내경』을 중심으로, 고대 동양철학과 동양의 학, 도가(道家)와 의가(醫家)에 흩어져 있는 정기(精氣) 및 호흡관을 이 론적 배경으로 삼아, 회음(會陰)–명문(命門)을 축으로 한 호흡정기(呼吸 精氣) 수련법을 제안하는 데 있다. 회음호흡은 임·충·독맥이 교차하는 회음에서 하강·섭납(下降·攝納)을 열어 들뜬 호흡을 하단전에 가라앉히 는 방법이며, 명문호흡은 요추 2–3번 부위의“수중지화(水中之火)”를 은 근히 덥혀 폐–신 축과 원양(元陽)의 화후(火候)를 조절하는 방법이다. 두 호흡법은 정기 보존과 수승화강(水昇火降)을 도모하는 저비용·비약물 적 자기관리 기술로서, 현대인의 불안·상기(上氣)·수면장애 등 심신 증 상 완화와 정신건강 증진에 활용 가능성이 있다.

This study aimed to empirically varify the effectiveness of a pre-traumatic cognitive learning program for new firefighters from a preventive perspective. A quasi-experimental study using a single-group pre-post design was conducted with 380 newly recruited firefighters who had completed the fire academy's initial training program. A measurement tool comprising 28 severe trauma scenarios and 7 educational effectiveness evaluation items was developed through structured interviews with 37 experienced firefighters. After implementing the two-session severe trauma cognitive restructuring program, the educational effects were comprehensively evaluated using exploratory factor analysis, reliability analysis, paired-sample t-tests, and analysis of variance. The results confirmed that firefighters' severe trauma experiences comprise four factors: ‘Trauma from Mass Casualty and Complex Disaster Sites’, ‘Trauma Related to Firefighter Duties and Colleagues’, ‘General Trauma from Fire and Accident Sites’, and ‘Trauma Related to Handling Distressed and Damaged Bodies’. Statistically significant improvement effects were verified across all trauma factors before and after the training, and overall perceptions of training effectiveness improved. This study holds theoretical and practical significance as it empirically verified the effectiveness of preventive training for enhancing the severe trauma response capabilities of newly appointed firefighters.

초고령 사회 진입과 더불어 디지털전환이 가속화되는 현 시대에, 본 연구는 디지 털 인지훈련기기인 ‘뇌든든홈’ 프로그램의 활용이 노년층의 인지건강 및 전반적 삶의 질에 미치는 영향을 분석하고자 한다. 나아가 이 과정에서 인지활동과 사회적 지지 의 매개효과, 그리고 교육·소득 수준의 조절효과를 검증하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 총 71명의 노년층(남 32명, 여 39명)과 요양전문가 9명을 대상으로 5점 리커트 척도의 설문자료를 분석하였으며, 신뢰도검증, 기술통계, 상관분석, 병렬매개분석, 조절회귀 분석을 실시하였다. 분석 결과, ‘뇌든든홈’ 사용 빈도 및 참여 시간은 인지활동과 사 회적 지지를 통해 전반적 삶의 질과 인지기능 유지에 정(+)의 간접효과를 보였으며, 교육·소득 수준이 높을수록 이러한 긍정적 효과가 강화되었다. 성별의 조절효과는 미 미하였다. 이 연구는 디지털 인지훈련기기가 노년층의 인지예비력(cognitive reserve) 을 강화하고 인지 저하를 지연시켜 치매 예방에 기여할 수 있음을 시사하며, 향후 고령층의 디지털 역량 강화 및 인지훈련 프로그램 설계에 실천적 근거를 제공한다.

본 연구는 법무부 교정기관의 제도적･환경적 특수성을 반영한 스마트팜 직업훈련 프로그램을 개발하고, 전문가 평가를 통해 내용 타당도와 현장 적합성을 검증하는 데 목적이 있다. 현대 교정의 핵심인 재사회화를 위해 직업훈련의 중요성이 강조되고 있으나, 기존 교육은 전통 기능직에 편중되어 디지털･스마트 기술 기반의 변화를 충분히 반영하지 못하고 있다. 이에 신체적 부담이 적고 정서 안정 효과가 입증된 스마트팜을 교정시설 에 최적화된 직업훈련 모델로 제안하고자 하였다. 연구는 체제적 교수설계 관점에 따라 문헌 분석, 요구분석, 프로그램 설계 및 개발, 전문가 검증 순으로 진행되었다. 요구분석 결과, 종사자와 수형자 모두 스마트팜 도입 필요성을 높게 인식하였으며, 온실 환경제어 및 양액 관리 등 직무 기술과 직업윤리, 정서조절 등 인성 및 기초능력의 통합 교육을 핵심 요구사항으로 도출하였다. 이를 바탕으로 프로그램을 설계하고, 안전･보안 우선, 단계적 학습, 실습 중심, 통합 교육, 기관 여건에 따른 유연 운영을 구성 원칙으로 제시하였다. 전문가 평가는 긍정 적이었으나 시설･장비 수준별 구분, 보안･안전 운영지침 구체화, 심화･자격 연계, 정 서지원 활동의 구체적 도구 제시, 시간･내용의 선택 운영 필요성이 제언되었다. 본 연 구는 교정기관에 적용 가능한 스마트팜 직업훈련의 실천적 틀과 정책･현장 연계 시사 점을 제시했다는 점에서 의의가 있다.

This study developed a patient-specific cardiac motion-based virtual reality cardiovascular intervention simulator for training purposes. Personalized 3D cardiac models were generated from medical images using AI-based nnU-Net segmentation, and ECG-synchronized motion was integrated to reproduce physiological cardiac cycles through P-QRS-T waveform analysis. In particular, this study went beyond simple simulation by designing and implementing serious game elements including difficulty adjustment by user skill level, real-time haptic feedback, and a quantitative scoring system to maximize educational effectiveness. Real-time stent insertion was implemented at performance exceeding 60fps through the Extended Position-Based Dynamics (XPBD) algorithm. Experimental results showed that the segmentation model achieved high accuracy with an average Dice Similarity Coefficient (DSC) above 0.90, and the dynamic model demonstrated biomechanical behavior similar to clinical data, showing 12.3% coronary artery diameter change and 3.2mm positional displacement during the cardiac cycle.

In 2015, the safety refresher training system for seafarers was reformed with the aim of strengthening practical skills. However, a failure to forecast demand led to a chronic backlog of trainees. Furthermore, the uniform application of merchant vessel standards (STCW) to fishing vessels (STCW-F) created a qualitative problem, undermining the effectiveness of the education. This study aims to diagnose these issues and propose effective improvement measures. This research employed a mixed-methods approach. First, a comparative analysis was conducted between international conventions (STCW and STCW-F) and domestic regulations, institutional standards, and curricula. Second, an empirical analysis was performed through a survey of 220 merchant and fishing vessel seafarers, which was supplemented by in-depth interviews. The analysis revealed several critical gaps. The domestic legal framework does not distinguish between STCW and STCW-F and the curriculum is heavily biased toward theory, failing to meet international practice-oriented competency standards. The survey and interview results confirmed that the current fits all training is severely misaligned with the operational realities of fishing vessels, which have different equipment and environments. Based on these findings, this study proposes three prolonged improvement plans. First, the curriculum should be dualized to reflect the distinct characteristics of merchant and fishing vessels. Second, a hybrid training model that combines mandatory shore-based training for high-risk drills with flexible onboard training for basic skills should be introduced. Third, facility standards for training institutions should be converted from rigid mandates to flexible guidelines. These measures are expected to resolve the chronic training backlog and enhance the practical emergency response capabilities of all seafarers.