The design shear strength equations of RC shear walls have been developed based on their performance under in-plane (IP) loads, thereby failing to account for the potential performance degradation of shear strength when subjected to simultaneous out-of-plane (OOP) loading. Most of the previous experimental studies on RC walls have been conducted in one direction under quasi-static conditions, and due to the difficulty in experimental planning, there is a lack of research on cyclic loading and results under multi-axial loading conditions. During an earthquake, shear walls may yield earlier than their design strength or fail unexpectedly when subjected to multi-directional forces, deviating from their intended failure mode. In this paper, nonlinear analysis in finite element models was performed based on the results of cyclic loading experiments on reinforced concrete shear walls of auxiliary buildings. To investigate the reduction trend in IP shear capacity concerning the OOP load ratio, parametric analysis was conducted using the shear wall FEM. The analysis results showed that as the magnitude of the OOP load increased, the IP strength decreased, with a more significant effect observed as the size of the opening increased. Thus, the necessity to incorporate this strength reduction as a factor for the OOP load effect in the wall design strength equation should be discussed by performing various parametric studies.

In this study, the effect of improving indoor air quality according to the installation of plants was evaluated in classrooms where students spend much time. The purpose was to prepare sustainable and eco-friendly measures to improve the indoor air quality of school classrooms. A middle school in Bucheon was selected as an experiment subject, and IAQ monitoring equipment based on IoT was installed to monitor indoor air quality. After measuring the basic background concentration, plants and air purifiers were installed and the effects of improving indoor air quality using plants and air purifiers were evaluated based on the collected big data. As a result of evaluating the effects of indoor air quality improvement on the installation of plants and air purifiers, the reduction rates of PM10 and PM2.5 in descending order were plant- and air purifier- installed classes, air purifier-installed classes, and plant-installed classes. CO2 levels were reduced in the classrooms with only plants, and increased in two classrooms with air purifiers. The increase in CO2 concentration in the classrooms with plants and air purifiers was lower than in those with only air purifiers.

본 논문에서는 포스트 텐션으로 보강된 아웃리거 벽체의 부등기둥축소량 저감 효과를 확인하였다. 아웃리거 벽체 시스템을 사용할 경우 콘크리트 부재를 아웃리거로 사용하기 때문에 아웃리거 벽체의 장기거동도 고려해야 한다. 아웃리거 벽체은 깊은 보의 형태로 전단 응력이 지배적이기 때문에 전단 응력을 받는 콘크리트의 장기거동에 대한 이론 연구를 수행하였고 그 결과를 유한요소해석에 적용하였다. 아웃리거의 장기거동 고려 시 부등기둥축소량과 아웃리거에 작용하는 전단력을 확인하였으며, 설계 변수인 아웃리거의 두께를 변경해가며 해석하였다. 해석 결과 부등기둥축소량은 증가하고 아웃리거에 작용하는 전단력은 감소함을 밝혔으며 아웃리거의 강성이 작을수록 그 효과가 크다는 것을 밝혔다. 이후 아웃리거의 장기거동으로 인해 증가한 부등기둥축소량을 감소시키기 위해 포스트 텐션 공법으로 보강하는 방법을 제안하고 그 효과를 확인하였다. 프리스트레스 도입 직후의 프리스트레스 손실과 장기거동에 의한 프리스트레스 손실을 모두 고려하였다. 해석 결과 포스트 텐션 공법의 뛰어난 부등기둥축소량 저감 효과를 확인하였으며, 프리스트레스의 크기가 증가할수록 그 효과가 증가함을 밝혔다.

관내에서 이동하는 물체 주위의 유동에 대한 연구는 대부분 비정상상태가 아닌 정상상태의 종단속도 조건 하에 이루어져있 으므로 이에 대한 유체역학적 분석이 요구되고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 다양한 직경의 원통형 관 안에서 9.81m/s2으로 비정상 등가 속 운동을 하는 3D 구에 작용하는 힘을 전산유체역학을 이용하여 분석하였다. 유한 체적 기반 CFD 코드 인 Fluent 19.0을 사용하였으 며, 상대 운동 프레임과 난류 모사를 위한 SST k-ω 모델을 적용하였다. 선행연구 결과와의 비교를 통해 본 연구의 해석방법이 타당함 을 보이고 있다. 또한 후류 분석을 통하여 항력 변화를 설명하고, 벽면효과에 의한 항력 증가를 정량적으로 분석하였다.

In this study, natural period formular is presented for a RC shear wall structure with H-, T-, and L-shaped wall sections. The natural period formular proposed by Goel and Chopra and adopted in ASCE 7-10 was modified by using the ratio of the flange and web wall area. The natural periods of structures with H-shaped wall were numerically obtained, the results indicated that the ASCE 7-10 could not consider the natural period variation according to the length of the flange wall, but the proposed formula could do. Especially, ASCE 7-10 estimated much longer periods than eigenvalue analysis, and this implies that conservative seismic design is difficult. The periods by eigenvalue analysis exist between the upper and lower bounds given by the proposed formula, and conservative design is possible by using the proposed lower bound value. In order to verity the effectiveness of the proposed method, actual residential buildings with various types of flange walls are considered. Ambient vibration tests, eigenvalue analyses, and nonlinear dynamic analyses were conducted and the periods were compared with the values by ASCE 7-10 and the proposed formula. The results showed that the proposed formula could estimate more accurately the periods than ASCE 7-10.

Curcumin is an active polyphenolic compound with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antitumor properties. Curcumin, however, is highly unstable under physiological conditions due to its low stability in acidic and alkaline conditions. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of enzyme-treated rice starch as a wall material on the stability of curcumin in oil-in-water emulsion under different pH conditions. The rice starch was treated using 4-a-glucanotransferase for different time periods and their molecular weight distribution was measured by HPSEC. Curcumin was encapsulated within lipid droplets of O/W emulsion prepared with Tween 20 and the modified rice starch in the aqueous phase at different concentrations (0, 2.5, 7.5 and 10 wt%). The temperature and pH stability of the system were determined respectively by measuring particle size, zeta potential and retention of the curcumin loaded in the emulsion after one-week storage in the solutions with different pH and temperature conditions. The average molecular weight of the modified starch decreased with treatment time. The 96h treated rice starch had the lowest molecular weight while the 1h treated starch mainly consisted of high molecular weight components. The storage temperature did not significantly influence the stability of curcumin emulsion. However, the particle size of the emulsion with modified starch slightly increased when stored at acidic pH condition, which might be attributed to starch aggregation. The curcumin retention was higher for the samples with the modified starch than the control at all concentrations. The pH stability of the curcumin was also higher than the control at all pH conditions. Specifically, the 1h treated starch showed the best performance regarding curcumin protection in emulsion, which might be attributed to the high viscosity that retarded the curcumin release. Further research needs to be conducted on the mechanism.

The volume of fluid method is used to investigate the behavior of a liquid water slug in a PEMFC trapezoidal gas channel(GC) with a open angle of 60 degrees. To evaluate the effect of the contact angle of the top and side walls, the gas diffusion layer water coverage ratio(GWCR) and water volume fraction(WVF) in a inspection control volume are analyzed. As the contact angle increases, GWCR increases and WVF decreases. The cases with the GC contact angle of 60 and 80 degrees show the more favorable water removal characteristics compared to the other cases in a GC flooding condition.

The aim this study was to examine the effect of general squat and wall squat exercises on the muscle activity of the vastus medialis oblique (VMO) and vastus lateralis (VL), and the muscle activity of the VMO and VL during squat exercises depending on the flexion angle of the knee joint. Thirty adults in their 20s participated in the study, and subjects were divided into the general squat group, and the wall squat group, and their electromyographic (EMG) was monitored and collected during squat exercises. The muscle activity of the VL during squat exercises was compared between the two groups, and that of the wall squat group was higher than that of the general squat group, indicate a statistically significant difference (p<.05). The muscle activity of the VMO of the wall squat group was also higher than that of the general squat group, indicate a statistically significant difference (p<.05). The muscle activity depending on the angle of the knee joint was compared between the two groups, and that of the VL showed a statistically significant difference between different angles of the knee joint (p<.05). That of the VMO also showed a statistically significant difference between different angles of the knee joint (p<.05). The findings of the present study suggest that wall squat is more effective in improving the muscular strength of the VL and VMO than general squat, and that maintaining the angle of the knee joint at 60° is more effective in improving the muscular strength than maintaining it at 15° or 45°

Permanent deformation plays a key role in performance based earthquake resistant design. In order to estimate permanent deformation after earthquake, it is essential to secure reliable response history analysis(RHA) as well as earthquake scenario. This study focuses on permanent deformation of an inverted T-type wall under earthquake. The study is composed of two separate parts. The first one is on the verification of RHA and the second one is on an effect of input earthquake motion. The former is discussed in companion paper and the latter in this paper. In order to investigate the effect of an input earthquake motion on the permanent deformation, three bins of spectral matched real earthquake records with different magnitude, regions, epicentral distance are constructed. Parametric study was performed using the verified RHA through the companion paper for each earthquake records in the bins. The most influential parameter affecting permanent displacement is magnitude. The other parameters describing earthquake motion are not significant enough to increase permanent displacement of the inverted T-type wall except for energy related parameters(AI, CI, SEI).

본 연구는 도심의 열환경 개선 및 건물에너지저감 효과가 입증된 벽면녹화 중 기존 건물에 적용 가능한 패널형 벽면녹화 식재기반 유형에 따른 건물에너지 저감 성능을 분석하고자 하였다. 식재기반 유형은 총 4가지 유형으로 하였으며, Case A는 벽면녹화가 미적용된 유형으로 콘크리트 + 단열재로 구성하였다. Case B는 식재층 + 무기다공성블 록 + 콘크리트 + 단열재로 구성하였으며, Case C는 식재층 + 코코피트블록 + 콘크리트 + 단열재로 구성하였다. Case D는 식재층 + 마사토블록 + 콘크리트 + 단열재로 구성하였다. 분석항목으로는 열전도율, 열관류율, 건물에너지시 뮬레이션을 실시하였다. 식재기반 유형별 열전도율은 Case C(0.053W/mK) > Case B(0.1W/mK) > Case D(0.17W/mK)의 순이었다. 에너지시뮬레이션 결과 중 단위면적당 냉방피크부하저감은 미적용인 Case A 대비 Case C(1.19%) > Case B(1.14%) > Case D(1.01%)이며, 난방피크부하저감은 Case A 대비 Case C(2.38%) > Case B(1.82%) > case D(1.50%)로 산정되었다. 연간 냉·난방부하저감은 미적용 Case A대비 벽면녹화 유형에서 0.92~1.28% 저감률을 나타내었다. 연간 냉난방에너지사용량은 3.04~3.22%의 저감률을 보였으며, 1차에너지사용량은 Case A대비 나머지 유형에서 평균 5,844 kWh/yr의 저감량을 보였다. 연간 이산화탄소발생량은 벽면녹화 미적용 Case A대비 평균 996㎏ 저감량을 보였다. 식재위치별 에너지성능평가 결과 동향 > 서향 > 남향 > 북향 순이었다. 벽면녹화비율에 따른 에너지성능평가 결과 녹화 비율이 높아짐에 따라 양호한 결과를 나타내었으며, 20~80%의 비율보 다 100% 녹화시 약 2배의 저감률을 보였다.

가스폭발은 해양플랜트 산업에서 발생할 수 있는 치명적인 사고 중 하나이며, 탑사이드 플랫폼은 폭발압력에 따른 구조건전성을 확보해야만 한다. 따라서, 해양플랜트 분야에서는 이러한 폭발사고에 대비한 방폭설계에 관한 많은 연구가 수행되었지만, 여전히 추가적으로 세밀한 분석이 더 필요한 실정이다. 폭발 설계하중 계산과정에서 도출된 충격량은 CFD 해석결과로 계측된 폭발 압력 응답에서의 곡선 아래 면적의 절대 값에 의해 결정되어 진다. 하지만 가스폭발에서의 부압구간은 TNT 폭발이나 가스폭발과는 달리 상당부분 존재한다. 본 연구의 목표는 이러한 부압구간이 구조물의 거동에 미치는 영향에 대해서 분석하는 것이다. 따라서 방폭설계가 필수적으로 요구되어지는 FPSO 탑사이드의 방화벽을 폭발하중에 따른 구조응답을 분석하기 위한 대상물로 선정하였다. 폭발 하중-시간이력 데이터는 FLACS를 이용한 폭발 시뮬레이션 과정을 통해 획득하였으며, LS-DYNA는 비선형 과도 응답해석을 위해 사용되었다.

점선의 추가와 주변 자극의 추가가 cafè wall 착시에서 지각된 착시량과 착시에 대한 확신도에 미치는 효과를 알아보기 위해 두 편의 실험을 수행하였다. 실험 1에서는 흰 색과 검은 색 벽돌이 나열된 세 줄의 벽돌층의 수평 경계에 흰색 벽돌과 검은색 벽돌의 중간 밝기를 가지는 회색 선분(모르타르:mortar)과 벽돌과 반대 밝기의 점선을 추가하였을 때 착시에 미치는 효과를 알아보았다. 실험 2에서는 실험 1에서 사용한 자극에 벽돌 층을 추가하여 주변자극의 추가에 따라 cafè wall 착시가 어떻게 달라지는지 살펴보았다. 실험 결과 회색 경계선에 점선을 추가하는 것은 착시 지각의 확신도에는 가산적으로 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으나 지각된 착시량에서는 가산적 영향이 나타나지 않았다. 반면 벽돌 층의 추가는 지각된 착시량에는 영향을 미쳤지만 착시지각의 확신도에는 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 논의에서는 이러한 결과가 시각피질의 방위 선별적 세포의 반응과 관련이 있을 가능성에 대해 제안하였다.

단자엽 식물인 보리는 Agrobacterium을 이용한 형질 전환이 비교적 까다로운 편이다. 본 연구에서는 큰알1호, 내쌀보리, 올보리, 새찰쌀보리, 서둔찰보리,풍산찰쌀보 리의 유묘에 알칼리, 산화제, 환원제 등을 처리하여 화학 적 상처를 유발하였으며 이들에 감압진공을 이용한 Agrobacterium 형질전환을 실시한 후 GUS 유전자발현 을 분석하였다. 그 결과, 보리묘 생육을 일부 저하시킬 수 있는 농도의 화학물질 처리는 각기 다른 보리 품종의 형질전환율을 전반적으로 증대시킬 수 있는 것으로 판단 되었다. 화학물 중에서는 특히 hydrogen peroxide 처리 가 비교적 우수한 것으로 나타났다.

Single crystal ZnIn2S4 layers were grown on thoroughly etched semi-insulating GaAs(100) substrateat 450oC with hot wall epitaxy (HWE) system by evaporating ZnIn2S4 source at 610oC. The crystalline structureof the single crystal thin films was investigated by the photoluminescence (PL) and double crystal X-ray rockingcurve (DCRC). The temperature dependence of the energy band gap of the ZnIn2S4 obtained from theabsorption spectra was well described by the Varshni’s relation, Eg(T)=2.9514eV-(7.24×10−4eV/K)T2/(T＋489K). After the as-grown ZnIn2S4 single crystal thin films were annealed in Zn-, S-, and In-atmospheres, theorigin of point defects of ZnIn2S4 single crystal thin films has been investigated by the photoluminescence (PL)at 10K. The native defects of VZn, VS, Znint, and Sint obtained by PL measurements were classified as a donorsor acceptors type. And we concluded that the heat-treatment in the S-atmosphere converted ZnIn2S4 singlecrystal thin films to an optical p-type. Also, we confirmed that In in ZnIn2S4/GaAs did not form the nativedefects because In in ZnIn2S4 single crystal thin films existed in the form of stable bonds.

This study was conducted to determine the influence of postharvest dipping treatment with aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) on ethylene production and composition of non-cellulosic neutral sugars in cell walls of 'Tsugaru' apple fruits during storage. Fruits were harvested on August 20, soaked in AVG 50 and 75 mg L-1 solution for 5 minutes, and stored in cold storage chamber at 0±1℃ for 60 days. Fruit quality factor, ethylene productions, and cell wall component changes were investigated at 20 days interval. As a result, the fruit firmness and acid content were much higher in AVG treated fruits than those of untreated one during 60 days of cold storage. Ethylene production of AVG treated fruits was reduced to the level of 1/10 compared with untreated one. As to the change of non-cellulosic neutral sugars in the cell walls of 'Tsu- garu' fruits, the major sugar was arabinose and galactose in water, CDTA and Na2CO3 soluble fractions. The content of arabinose and galactose in untreated fruits increased as the softening of fruits was in progress, but the fruits treated with AVG showed a little change during storage, so it is predicted that these two cell wall compositional sugars were not solubilized by the treatment of AVG. Accordingly, the marketability of 'Tsu- garu' fruits could remarkably increase when soaking the fruits in AVG solution after harvest.

This paper presents the experimental results of a Soil-Cement Composite Earth Retaining Wall comprised of reinforced concrete underground wall, H-shaped steel beams in earth retaining wall and fiber reinforced soil cement wall. Sixteen specimens are tested to evaluate the bending capacity of the wall. Main variables in the test are strength of concrete, arrangement of shear connector, soil-cement, and fiber reinforcement. Test results are as follows. (1) Composite member under positive moment showed 18% increase of the maximum strength. (2) After soil cement was reinforced with fiber by adding 1% of soil cement weight, compared to cases not reinforced with fiber, strength of under compression increased 7%, moreover, 30% of strength enhancement was shown under tension case also. (3) When the composite member resists positive bending moment (i.e., H-shaped steel beam is in compression), the strength is increased by 18%. Moreover, 7% additional strength enhancement appears after the soil cement is reinforced by fiber. As a results, fiber reinforced soil cement has strength enhancement effect up to 25%.

대표적인 산업부산물인 폐주물사와 플라이애쉬의 재활용은 매우 시급한 현안중의 하나이다. 이러한 산업부산물의 재활용을 위해 저강도 콘크리트 개념을 적용한 유동성채움재(CLSM)로의 재활용을 위한 기본 연구가 지난 3년간 수행되었다. 본 연구에서는 폐주물사중 환경오염문제의 발생 가능성이 적은 것을 선별하여 CLSM용 잔골재로 이용하였다. 특히, 폐주물사에 화학약품처리를 하여 재활용 잔골재로 이용하는 방식사 역시 실험 재료로 이용하였다. 실험은 기존에 보편적으로 이용되는 뒤채움재 시공시 발생하는 사일로 토압에 대한 검증과 토압 경감효과에 대한 연구를 수행하였다. 실험결과 CLSM은 기존의 뒤채움재와는 그 성질이 매우 달라서, 옹벽배면과 절개면사이의 거리가 짧아서 발생하는 사일로 토압효과는 나타나지 않았다. 이는 기존의 뒤채움재와는 상당히 다른 재료이고, 또한, 기존에 이용되는 각종 토압론의 공식적용에 다소 신중해야 할 것으로 판단된다. 사용된 잔골재용 시료중에서는 방식사가 가장 큰 토압경감 효과를 나타냈고, 사용된 CLSM의 잔골재 특성에 따라 토압경감 효과에 다소 시간적인 차이는 있으나, 그 절대값은 어느 정도 일정한 값으로 수렴하는 것으로 나타났다.