본 연구는 배토작업에 따른 한국잔디의 적정 밀도와 질을 유지하기 위한 배토의 효과를 알아보기 위해 수행되었다. 배토를 하지 않은 처리구와 배토높이 2, 4, 8과 16 ㎜ 처리구를 비교한 결과, 초장, 지상부, 포복경과 지하부의 생체중과 건물중, 포복경과 지상부의 개수는 배토높이가 높아질수록 증가하는 경향을 보였고, 엽록소와 카로티노이드 함량 또한 증가하였다. 지상부와 지하부의 전량질소, 전량인산, 전량가리, 전량고토, 전량석회도 배토를 하지 않은 처리구보다 배토높이가 높아질수록 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 배토를 하지 않은 처리구보다 배토처리구에서 산도가 증가하는 것으로 보아 알칼리화 되는 것으로 나타났고, 유기물 함량, 전질소, 치환성양이온(K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+) 농도는 증가하는 경향을 보였으나 유효인산은 감소하였다. 배토처리를 하지 않은 처리구보다 배토처리구에서 잔디의 생육이 증가하고, 밀도율이 높았으며, 토양 화학성도 양호하게 변화하였다. 배토높이에 따른 효과는 8 ㎜에서 토양내 유기물 함량과 전질소가 가장 높았고, 생육이 향상되는 것으로 보아 한국잔디에 대한 적정 배토높이인 것으로 판단된다.

As a solution for the utilization of abandoned arable land, Japanese lawngrass (JL) can be used for grazing. To utilize JL for "integrated grazing system for scattered small pasture", the management practices for rotational grazing on JL pasture have to be investigated in detail. We investigated the number of ears in the two pastures with sward height of 5 ㎝ (LS pasture) and 10 ㎝ (HS pasture) at the end of each rotational grazing period. The number of ears at the start of the first grazing of the year at May in LS pasture was more than that in HS pasture. It was suggested that low sward height relate to the decrease in the reserved nutrients for floral differentiation and ear emergence, because the number of ears at the start of the first grazing of the year was affected by the reserved nutrients in the previous year. The number of ears at the start of the second grazing at July in HS pasture was more than that in LS pasture significantly and the ears observed at the start of the second grazing might have emerged after the first grazing. These suggest that the number of young panicles which was not eaten by cattle was more in HS pasture than LS pasture. For the establishment of JL pasture, high sward height in spring might enable us to enlarge JL coverage. In the established pasture, low sward height might enable us to suppress the nutrients and energy consumption by earing.

들잔디(Zoysia japonica Steud.)의 최적 조직 배양 조건을 확립하기 위하여 성숙종자로부터 최적 캘러스 유도 및 효율적인 식물체 재분화에 미치는 몇 가지 요인의 영향을 조사하였다. 성숙종자로부터 배발생 캘러스 유도율은 3mg/L 2,4-D가 첨가된 MS 배지에서 85%로 가장 높았으며 NAA 또는 IAA를 첨가한 처리구보다 높게 나타났다. 배발생 캘러스로부터 식물체 재분화는 0.1 mg/L 2,4-D와 5 mg/L BA가 첨가된 N6 배지

conditions for callus induction and plant regeneratin from seeds of lawngrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.) were confirmed in this study. MS (Murashige and Skoog) medium containg 2,4-D 3 or 5mg/l was used for callus induction, and MS medium with different volu

This study was carried out to develop new zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.) cultivar ‘Halla Green 2’ (Grant number: No. 118). To develop a zoysiagrass cultivar with dwarfism by using the mutation breeding method, the wild type control "Gosan" plants were irradiated using a 30 Gy gamma ray source in 2010. Dwarf mutants were selected from the mutated grasses in successive generations. Dwarf mutant lines were identified and a new zoysiagrass variety Halla Green 2 was developed. The plant height of Halla Green 2 was 3.4 and 1.8 times lower than that of Gosan and Zenith, respectively. This cultivar has dwarf characteristics such as shorter sheath, shorter leaf blade, shorter flag leaf, and shorter third internode of stolon compared to those of Gosan and Zenith. Additionally, the sheaths and leaf blades color of Gosan, Zenith and Halla Green 2 were all light green, whereas their stolons were purple, yellow-green and yellow green, respectively. Trichomes(hairs) were visible on both adaxial and abaxial surfaces of the Gosan leaves, whereas only on the adaxial side of the Zenith and Halla Green 2 leaves. The Halla Green 2 grass showed distinguishable morphological traits compared to those of wild type Gosan and Zenith.

To develop a dwarf turfgrass (Zoysia japonica) cultivar with artificial mutation-induced breeding method, the wild type control "Gosan" plants were exposed to a 30 Gy gamma ray source in 2010. The mutant lines showing short height were selected from successive generations. One of the resulting dwarf lines obtained was registered under the cultivar name of “Halla Green 1” (2016). The dwarf phenotype of the Halla Green 1 includes a reduction of the height by 4.5-fold, an increase in leaf and third internode lengths by about 6- and 2.3-fold, respectively, compared to the Gosan, and approximately 2.4-, 3.8-, and 1.5-fold relative to the Zenith, respectively. In addition, the Halla Green 1 had a sheath of darker green coloring compared to the light green Gosan and Zenith. The leaf blades of Gosan, Zenith and Halla Green 1 were all light green, whereas their stolons were purple, yellow-green and light purple, respectively. Trichomes presented on both adaxial and abaxial surfaces of the Gosan’s leaves, and only on the adaxial side of the Zenith’s leaves, but none on the Halla Green 1 leaves. The Halla Green 1 exhibited sufficiently distinct morphological traits when compared with the wild type Gosan and Zenith that the dwarf phenotype enhances its commercial viability.

Gene targeting (GT)은 식물체 내로 삽입하려는 donor DNA와 식물체 내의 endogenous DNA 간의 상동재조합(Homologous recombination)의 원리를 이용하여, plant genome내의 목표 유전자를 특수한 목적으로 만들어진 modified donor DNA로 교체하는 기술이다. 식물에서는 비상동재조합 (Non-Homologous End Joining)이 homologous recombination보다 높은 비율로 일어나기 때문에 GT의 효율이 동물에 비해 현저하게 낮다. 이를 해결할 수 있는 방안으로 1) 형질전환 효율을 향상시키거나 2) 상동재조합의 효율을 높이는 것 또는 3) 선별 체계의 정확도를 높이는 것이 있는데, 그 중 상동재조합의 효율을 증가시키는 방법에 double strand breaks (DSB)가 큰 영향을 주는 것으로 보고된 바 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 Agrobacterium 형질전환을 이용해 한국 잔디인 들잔디 (Zoysia japonica Steud.) 캘러스에 상동재조합이 일어났음을 확인할 수 있는 marker인 pGU.C.USB를 삽입하고, southern blot과 GUS assay를 통해 자연 상태에서 일어나는 들잔디 본래의 상동재조합 효율을 측정하였다. 추후 DSB를 유도하여 향상된 상동재조합의 효율을 측정할 것이다.

All kinds of crops including foods, feeds and turf grasses are damaged frequently by various environmental stresses such as drought, salt, cold, and high temperature, which cause the loss of agronomic productivity. Plants cannot escape from environmental stresses. Thus, plants were evolving in the direction of overcoming environmental stresses. Some genes such as ARF, AB13, NAC, HSF, WRKY respond to environmental stresses have been reported in plants. The genes play a role in stress responses pathway of plants, the transcription factor in response to environmental stress. Typically OsWRKY76 increased the low temperature resistance, AtWRKY28 been reported to be related to the environmental stress. Zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.) is used primarily useful for the garden or the golf course. But WRKY, environmental stress-related gene, is unknown in zoysiagrass. Here, we report the analyzing of WRKY genes and response by cold, dehydration and senescence stresses in zoysiagrass. Three WRKY gene (ZjWRKY3, ZjWRKY5, ZjWRKY7) cloning from zoysiagrass. It was transformed in arabidopsis and zoysiagrass. It will be a function analysis.

한국들잔디(Korean Lawngrass, Zoysia japonica Steud.)는 한국잔디류 중 답압성, 내한성, 내서성이 가장 강하며, 관리가 용이하여 정원, 공원, 묘지, 경사면 녹화 등에 폭넓게 이용되고 있다.최근 잔디의 이용범위가 확대되면서 다양한 용도의 잔디 품종 개발이 요구되고 있어 개량할 수 있는 형질이 제한되어 있는 전통육종법 대신 분자육종에 의한 신품종 개발이 활발하게 진행되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 건조, 산화스트레스 내성, 노화지연 등의 형질을 제공하는것으로 알려진 애기장대 유래의 ATPG10 (AT-hook protein of Genomine 10)유전자를 Agrobacterium 형질전환방법을 이용하여 도입시켰다. Agrobacterium 배양액을 최종 O.D.600 값이 0.1이 될 때까지 현탁하여 재분화가 잘되는 형태의 캘러스를 24시간 감염, 3일간 공동배양, PPT 항생제가 첨가된 선발배지에서 신초유도 및 선발, 2~3cm 이상 성장한 shoot를 뿌리유도 및 선발과정을 거쳐 11개체의 형질전환 식물을 생산하였다. 확보된 형질전환체는 순화/증식하여 유전자의 도입 및 발현을 확인하고 기능분석을 수행하고 있다. ATPG10 유전자가 도입된 형질전환식물은 생산성 증대, 건조 스트레스 내성, 산화 스트레스 내성, 노화 지연 등의 기능을 가질것으로 기대된다.

들잔디(Zoysia japonica Steud.)는 난지형 잔디로 우리나라를 포함한 동아시아 지역에 자생하고 있다. 내한성이 강 해 국내에서는 전국 어디서나 잔디밭으로 쉽게 조성할 수 있으며, 더불어 내건성, 내서성도 강해 일반 정원용으로 사용되는 경우 자연강우만으로도 생육이 가능하다. 또한 내답압성 뿐만 아니라 심근성이어서 묘소, 공원, 골프장, 경사면 녹화 등 여러 가지 목적으로 이용되고 있다. 최근에는 잔디의 이용범위가 확대되면서 한계점이 있는 전통 육종법 대신 분자육종에 의한 신품종 개발이 활발하게 진행되고 있다. 이 분자육종법을 이용하여 신품종 잔디를 개발하기 위해서 먼저 배양이 쉬운 성숙종자 유래의 캘러스를 유도하고, 이 중 재분화 효율이 높은 캘러스 라인만 을 선발하여 Agrobacterium을 이용한 형질전환을 수행하였다. 본 연구에서는 형질전환 효율을 높일 수 있는 몇가 지 요인들을 조사하여 노화지연 GM 들잔디를 제조하였다. 들잔디의 완숙종자에서 유도/증식하여 선발한 재분화 효율이 높은 배발생 캘러스를 노화지연의 표현형적 특징을 나타내는 애기장대 유래의 AT-hook 유전자들 (ATPG3, ATPG4)을 도입한 Agrobacterium (OD600=0.1)에 24시간 동안 감염하고, 3일간 공동배양, 신초유도 및 선발, 뿌리유 도 및 선발 과정을 거쳐 증식하여 각각 약 20개체씩의 형질전환 식물체를 생산하였다. 확보한 ATPG3, ATPG4 유전 자가 도입된 형질전환식물은 순화/증식하여 분자생물학적 특성 분석, 표현형적 특성 분석, 기능분석 등을 수행하 고 있다.

This was an experimental study to evaluate temperature reduction and evapotranspiration of extensive green roof. Three test cells with a dimension of 1.2(W)×1.2(D)×1.0(H) meters were built using 4-inch concrete blocks. Ten-centimeter concrete slab was installed on top of each cell. The first cell was control cell with no green roof installed. The second and third cells were covered with medium-leaf type Zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica) above a layer of soil. Soil thickness on the second cell was 10cm and that on the third cell was 20cm. Air temperature, relative humidity and solar irradiance were measured using AWS (automatic weather system). Temperature on top surface and ceiling of the control cell and temperature on top surface, below soil and ceiling of green roof cells was measured. Evapotranspiration of the green roof cells were measured using weight changes. Compared with temperature difference on the control cell, temperature difference was greater on green roof cells. Between two green roof cells, the temperature difference was greater on the third cell with a thicker soil layer. Temperature differences below soil and on ceilings of green roof cells were found greater than those of the control cell. Between the green roof cells, there was no difference in the temperature reduction effects below soil and on ceilings based on substrate depth. In summary, green roof was found effective in temperature reduction due to evapotranspiration and shading effect.

This study has been carried out to verify curative effect of lavender and lawn, a green space composition factor. Thus, the physiological index value of blood pressure, heart rate and salivary amylase were measured with object of 16 women in their 20~30s for stress relaxation effect at lavender garden and lawn square, and impression assessment upon SD method as for psychological value was performed in this study. And a survey was conducted on necessity and reason of urban green space with object of 345 men and women urban workers. As a result of variance analysis between groups and multi test of Turkey upon object place, the blood pressure was lowered the same at lavender garden and lawn square, and especially, high blood pressure was greatly lowered to 30 mmHG at lavender garden. On the other hand, low blood pressure group showed the tendency of a little increasing at the same places. And for the pulse, there was difference between high blood pressure group and normal group at the same places. To conclude, at lavender garden and lawn square the blood pressure was made to be lowered when it’s high, and when it’s low, the effect of returning to sound status, the function of increasing, was verified. In case of impression assessment upon SD method, the lawn square was assessed as resting place and lavender garden diversional place. And over 90% of urban workers responded to the green space’s necessity and curative effect, diversion and resting place were adopted for the reason in high-ranking items. As above the green space pattern that urban workers require and curative effect of lavender garden and lawn square were verified. Therefore, the functional green space plan is required, which curative effect, diversion and resting place are considered, for the future green space plan design.

Daily shedding pattern and longevity of pollen are important consideration for the evaluation of gene flow of transgenic plants. During the day, the pollen shedding pattern of zoysiagrass was determined in the lawn by using a device to collect airborne pollen on a glass slide, resulting that the pollen grains were released predominantly between 7:00 and 9:00. The result was also supported by in vitro pollen germination test, which was performed with pollens collected from 1:00 through 24:00 at 1h interval. Influence of temperature and humidity on pollen longevity was determined by germinating pollen at 25°C after incubating them for 10, 30, 60, and 180 min under different temperatures and humidity with pollen of zoysiagrass that opened freshly at about 9:00. The result showed that pollen longevity of zoysiagrass was sensitive to change of temperature and humidity and longest under the temperture and humidity of 15-20°C and 80-99%, respectively. Under natural conditions with the same method as upper controlled conditions, was determined pollen longevity. Under sunny atmospheric conditions, pollen longevity decreased to 20% in 60 min, with a complete extinction in 120 min. Under cloudy atmospheric conditions, pollen remained viable up to 450 min, with about 20% longevity after 360 min. No significant difference was found between GM and non-GM plants in their pollen longevity.

The purpose of this study was to identify the irrigation intervals and the amount of suitable growing substrate needed to achieve the desired shallow-extensive green roof system during a dry summer in Korea. In terms of treatment, three types (SL, P6P2L2, P4P4L2) with varying soil mixture ratios and two types (15 cm, 25 cm) with varying soil depths were created. The results have been analyzed after measuring growth and soil water contents. The difference of growth by treatment was significant in terms of green coverage, height, leaf width and photosynthesis. In measurement of chlorophyll content, no difference was detected when measured against soil depth. According to the growth measurement of Zoysia japonica with respect to differing soil mixture ratios in the 15 cm-deep treatment, a statistical difference was detected at the 0.05 significance level in photosynthesis. In case of green coverage, height, chlorophyll content and leaf width, no statistical significance was observed. In case of the 25 cm-deep treatment, a statistical significance was observed in height and photosynthesis. In terms of green coverage, chlorophyll content and leaf width, no statistical significance was detected. In comparisons of soil moisture tension and soil water contents, the irrigation interval and amount were 8 days and 14.9 L in the SL (15 cm) treatment, respectively. The irrigation interval showed for 10 days a 1.3-fold increase, and the irrigation amount was 27.4 L 1.8-fold more than SL (25 cm), respectively. For P6P2L2 (15 cm) treatment, the irrigation interval and amount were 12 days and 20.7 L, respectively. However, an irrigation interval under P6P2L2 (25 cm) was for 15 days 1.3 times longer than P6P2L2 (15 cm), and an irrigation amount of 40 L was 1.9 times more than that under P6P2L2 (15 cm). In P4P4L2 (15 cm) treatment, it was indicated that the irrigation interval was 15 days, and the irrigation amount was 19.2 L. It was not needed to irrigate for 16 days under P4P4L2 (25 cm) treatment during the dry summer and the longest no-rain periods. The irrigation interval and amount under P4P4L2 were 1.8-fold and 1.3-fold, respectively, more than SL treatment as affected by soil mixture ratio. Comparatively P4P4L2 had more 1.3-fold and 0.9-fold in irrigation interval and amount more than P6P2L2. Therefore, it can be noted that different soil depth and soil mixture ratios had a significant effect on the irrigation interval and amount.

잔디 실생묘를 이식하여 조성된 잔디밭에서 초봄의 생육 초기에 많은 피해를 주고 있는 월년생(동생) 잡초를 방제하고자 예초실험을 실시한 결과 요지는 다음과 같다. (1) 전체 예초 시험구별 잡초발생율은 평균 17.9%였다. (2) 저 예초 시험구인 12.5 mm 구에서 잡초발생율은 24.7%로 높게 나타나, 4개의 예초 시험구 가운데 잡초억제효과가 가장 낮은 것으로 나타났다. (3) 22.5 mm 구에서는 10.6%의 잡초발생율을 보여 가장 높은 잡초억제효과를 나타내고 있다. (4) 고 예초 시험구인 32.5 mm 구와 42.5 mm 구에선 각각 평균보다 다소 높은 18.2%와 18.3%의 잡초발생율을 나타냈다.