The International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments was adopted by IMO (International Maritime Organization) on 13 February 2004. Fifty-seven ballast water management systems were granted basic approval of active substance by IMO, among which thirty-seven systems were granted final approval. This paper studies the maximum allowable dosage of active substances produced by ballast water management system using electrolysis which is an approved management system by IMO. The allowable dosage of active substances by electrolysis system is proposed by TRO (Total Residual Oxidant). Maximum allowable dosage of TRO is a very important factor in the ballast water management system when using the electrolysis methods, because ballast water management system is controlled with the TRO value, and the IMO approvals are given on the basis of the maximum allowable dosage of TRO for the treatment and discharge of ballast water. However, between various management systems approved TRO concentration of maximum allowable dosage showed large differences, ranging from 1 to 15 ppm, depending on the management systems. The discrepancies of maximum allowable dosage among the management systems may depend on whether a filter is used or not, the difference in the specifications of the electrolysis module, the kind of the tested organisms, the number of individual organisms, and the difference in the water quality, etc. Ship owners are responsible for satisfying the performance standard of the IMO convention in the ports of each country therefore need to carefully review whether the ballast water management system can satisfy the performance standard of the IMO convention or not.

느타리버섯을 기능성 식품 소재로 활용하기 위해 에탄올 추출 농도에 따라 느타리버섯의 기능성 성분인 ergothioneine, total phenolic compounds 및 flavonoid 함량 측정과 항산화 활성을 시험하였다. 물 추출물(에탄올 0%)의 ergothioneine과 total phenolic compounds 및 flavonoid 함량이 각각 2.98 ± 0.05 mg/g, 9.51 ± 0.45 mg/g, 2.83 ± 0.03 mg/g으로 가장 높았고, 에탄올 농도가 높아짐에 따라 그함량은 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 항산화 활성을 측정한 결과 DPPH 및 ABTS 라디칼 소거능은 물 추출물에서 각각 80.41 ± 0.56%, 91.47 ± 0.11%로 가장 높은 활성을 나타냈고, FRAP 값도 물 추출물이 8.86 ± 0.33 FeSO4 eq. mM로 가장 높은 환원력을 나타냈다. 느타리버섯 추출물의 ergo- thioneine은 total phenolic compounds (r = 0.818)와 flavonoid (r = 0.837)와 높은 상관관계를 나타냈으며, DPPH (r = 0.614) 및 ABTS라디칼 소거능(r = 0.483)과 비교적 높은 상관관계를 나타내어 항산화성분 및 항산화활성과 관계가 있음을 확인하였다. 따라서 느타리버섯의 기능성 성분과 항산화 활성은 물로 추출하는 것이 가장 적합한 것으로 나타났다.

This paper is concerned with an experimental research to control of random vibration caused by external loads specially in cable-stayed bridges which tend to be structurally flexible. For the vibration control, we produced a model structure modelled on Seohae Grand Bridge, and we designed a shear type MR damper. On the center of its middle span, we placed a shear type MR damper which was to control its vibration and also acquire its structural responses such as displacement and acceleration at the same site. The experiments concerning controlling vibration were performed according to a variety of theories including un-control, passive on/off control, and clipped-optimal control. Its control performance was evaluated in terms of the absolute maximum displacements, RMS displacements, the absolute maximum accelerations, RMS accelerations, and the total power required to control the bridge which differ from each different experiment method. Among all the methods applied in this paper, clipped-optimal control method turned out to be the most effective to reduces of displacements, accelerations, and external power. Finally, It is proven that the clipped-optimal control method was effective and useful in the vibration control employing a semi-active devices such MR damper.

Surface-active substances in defatted rapeseed cake were obtained using a supercritical fluid extraction method. Then, it was purified by removing sinapine in the extract through a series of steps using a mixed solvent: diethyl ether and ethyl acetate (1:1, v/v). Emulsifying properties of purified surface-active substances were investigated, including fat globule size, zeta potentials and creaming stability and its antioxidant activity in emulsion systems were also studied by peroxide value and 1H-NMR spectrum. It was found that fat globules in emulsions with purified surface-active substances were much smaller than ones with the unpurified. In addition, as pH of the emulsion lowered and with increasing NaCl concentration in the emulsion, they were observed to increase, which led to worse creaming stability. These properties were reflected in changes of zeta potentials of emulsions. The oxidative stability was better in emulsions with purified surface-active substances than ones with Tween 20 or commercial lecithin, possibly resulted from the existence of sinapic acid in the extract. It was concluded that purified surface-active substances from defatted rapeseed cake could be simultaneously used as emulsifier and antioxidant agent in emulsion system.

There is much observational evidence that active star formation is taking place in the Hii regions Sh 2-255 – 257. We present a photometric study of this star forming region (SFR) using imaging data obtained in passbands from the optical to the mid-infrared, in order to study the star formation process. A total of 218 members were identified using various selection criteria based on their observational properties. The SFR is reddened by at least E(B −V ) = 0.8 mag, and the reddening law toward the region is normal (RV = 3.1). From the zero-age main sequence fitting method it is confirmed that the SFR is 2.1 ± 0.3 kpc from the Sun. The median age of the identified members is estimated to be about 1.3 Myr from a comparison of the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram (HRD) with stellar evolutionary models. The initial mass function (IMF) is derived from the HRD and the near-infrared (J, J −H) color-magnitude diagram. The slope of the IMF is about 􀀀 = −1.6 ± 0.1, which is slightly steeper than that of the Salpeter/Kroupa IMF. It implies that low-mass star formation is dominant in the SFR. The sum of the masses of all the identified members provides the lower limit of the cluster mass (169M⊙). We also analyzed the spectral energy distribution (SED) of pre-main sequence stars using the SED fitting tool of Robitaille et al., and confirm that there is a significant discrepancy between stellar mass and age obtained from two different methods based on the SED fitting tool and the HRD.

본 연구에서는 인천공항 제2계류장 관제소에 설치될 예정인 AMD에 선형제어알고리즘인 속도피드백 알고리즘을 적용하여 제어효율 및 안전성을 평가하였다. 공장성능시험 결과와 수치해석 프로그램의 해석결과를 비교하여 AMD가 설계의도대로 제어를 수행하는지 여부를 분석하였다. 또한 제어알고리즘에 의한 순수제어력에 추가되는 게인스케줄링과 원점보정신호가 제어력에 미치는 영향을 실험을 통해 확인하였다. AMD의 성능시험 결과 게인스케줄링과 원점보정신호는 제어효율에 큰 영향을 미치지 않음을 확인하였으며, 구조물에 큰 외력이 작용하는 경우에 발생하는 AMD 질량체의 과도한 이동으로 인해 구조물에 손상을 입힐 수 있는 문제에 대한 안전성을 검증하였다. 추가적으로 제어효율지수를 도입하여 AMD의 제어 상태를 모니터링한 결과, 적용된 알고리즘이 효과적으로 구조물을 제어함을 확인하였다.

기부문화를 활성화하기 연구 결과, 기부를 하게 되는 기부결정요인은 “기부를 받는 단체/시설/기관을 얼마나 신뢰하고 있는가”가 가장 높은 결정요인을 보이고 있었다. 두 번째는 “기부금의 사용이나 활동이 얼마나 투명하게 사용되고 있는지를 묻는 투명성”이었다. 이외에도 기부가능한 금액의 다양성, 전문성 등 이 이후 순으로 기부결정을 하는데 중요한 요인으로 분석되었다. 따라서 모금기관의 투명성을 강화하는 정책이 필요하다. 또한 지역단체의 협력체계가 더욱 이루어져야 한다. 뿐만 아니라 기부를 활성화하려면 다양한 기부상품과 기부방법이 개발되어야 한다. 향후 선호하는 기부방법은 자동이체와 직접 전달하는 방법을 선호하고 있으므로 이미 개발되어 있는 기부방법을 포함하여, 인터넷이나 스마트폰 등 통신매체를 활용한 기법이 개발되어야 한다.

Damped outrigger systems have been proposed as a novel energy dissipation system to protect tall buildings from severe earthquakes and strong wind loads. In this study, semi-active damping devices such as magnetorheological (MR) dampers instead of passive dampers are installed vertically between the outrigger and perimeter columns to achieve large and adaptable energy dissipation. Control performance of semi-active outrigger damper system mainly depends on the control algorithm. Fuzzy logic control algorithm was used to generate command voltage sent to MR damper. Genetic algorithm was used to optimize the fuzzy logic controller. An artificial earthquake load was generated for numerical simulation. A simplified numerical model of damped outrigger system was developed. Based on numerical analyses, it has been shown that the semi-active damped outrigger system can effectively reduce both displacement and acceleration responses of the tall building in comparison with a passive outrigger damper system.

PURPOSES: The purpose of this thesis is to evaluate the effectiveness of an active noise cancellation (ANC) system in reducing the traffic noise level against frequencies from the predictive model developed by previous research. The predictive model is based on ISO 9613-2 standards using the Noble close proximity (NCPX) method and the pass-by method. This means that the use of these standards is a powerful tool for analyzing the traffic noise level because of the strengths of these methods. Traffic noise analysis was performed based on digital signal processing (DSP) for detecting traffic noise with the pass-by method at the test site. METHODS : There are several analysis methods, which are generally divided into three different types, available to evaluate traffic noise predictive models. The first method uses the classification standard of 12 vehicle types. The second method is based on a standard of four vehicle types. The third method is founded on 5 types of vehicles, which are different from the types used by the second method. This means that the second method not only consolidates 12 vehicle types into only four types, but also that the results of the noise analysis of the total traffic volume are reflected in a comparison analysis of the three types of methods. The constant percent bandwidth (CPB) analysis was used to identify the properties of different frequencies in the frequency analysis. A-weighting was applied to the DSP and to the transformation process from analog to digital signal. The root mean squared error (RMSE) was applied to compare and evaluate the predictive model results of the three analysis methods. RESULTS: The result derived from the third method, based on the classification standard of 5 vehicle types, shows the smallest values of RMSE and max and min error. However, it does not have the reduction properties of a predictive model. To evaluate the predictive model of an ANC system, a reduction analysis of the total sound pressure level (TSPL), dB(A), was conducted. As a result, the analysis based on the third method has the smallest value of RMSE and max error. The effect of traffic noise reduction was the greatest value of the types of analysis in this research. CONCLUSIONS : From the results of the error analysis, the application method for categorizing vehicle types related to the 12-vehicle classification based on previous research is appropriate to the ANC system. However, the performance of a predictive model on an ANC system is up to a value of traffic noise reduction. By the same token, the most appropriate method that influences the maximum reduction effect is found in the third method of traffic analysis. This method has a value of traffic noise reduction of 31.28 dB(A). In conclusion, research for detecting the friction noise between a tire and the road surface for the 12 vehicle types needs to be conducted to authentically demonstrate an ANC system in the Republic of Korea.

In this study, the process of sinapine removal from surface-active substances extracted from defatted rapeseed cake was established by using a mixed organic solvent system (diethylether:ethyl acetate = 1:1, v/v). The emulsifying properties of the purified surface-active substances were investigated. Thin layer chromatogram showed that sinapine was removed and purified surface-active substances were found to have better emulsifying properties compared to a non-purified one or commercial soy lecithin. As for interfacial tension data, purified surface-active substances showed values lower (10-1 wt%: 3.20±0.57 mN/m) than the non-purified ones (10-1 wt%: 14.16±0.27 mN/m). In addition, we found that fat globule size in emulsions with purified surface-active substances was much smaller than in emulsions with non-purified substances or commercial soy lecithin. These results could be attributable to the increased amount of phospholipids in purified substances following sinapine-removal.

We have studied ternary polymer blend system (A-B/C), which A and C polymers have attractive interactions. The blend was prepared as thin layer coating on the top of the supporting membrane, such as alumina, by layer-by-layer deposition of each polymer from the diluted solution. By controlling the fraction of polymer, the morphology of the blend showed various states including inter-connected porous structure at a certain condition. In addition, we tried to have the better control in pore size and function by introducing small molecule-containing layers atop of the blended coating. The selectivity of filtering and flux of the coated membrane was studied by filtration experiments with aqueous mixtures of various sized solutes including inorganic and organic compounds. Beneficially, the active layer coating exhibited anti-fouling effect.

The Interferometric Monitoring of Gamma–ray Bright Active galactic nuclei (iMOGABA) program provides not only simultaneous multifrequency observations of bright gamma–ray detected active galactic nuclei (AGN), but also covers the highest Very Large Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) frequencies ever being systematically monitored, up to 129 GHz. However, observation and imaging of weak sources at the highest observed frequencies is very challenging. In the second paper in this series, we evaluate the viability of the frequency phase transfer technique to iMOGABA in order to obtain larger coherence time at the higher frequencies of this program (86 and 129 GHz) and image additional sources that were not detected using standard techniques. We find that this method is applicable to the iMOGABA program even under non–optimal weather conditions.

소음관련문제는 도심지 인구 집중화 현상 및 개인소유 차량 증가 현상 등으로 인하여 해가 거듭할수록 대두되고 있는 실정이다. 실제 국민권익위원회는 2012년~2014년 각 해마다 6월~8월 기간 동안 소음민 원접수 건수가 약1만 4천 건을 초과했음을 발표한 바가 있다. 또한 세종시는 시·도별 인구 10만 명당 민 원 발생건수가 가장 높게 집계되었고, 생활, 공사장, 교통으로 인한 소음문제가 압도적으로 많은 비중을 차지하였다. 이러한 소음문제피해를 최소화하기 위해 현재 국내 각 기초자치단체에서 구조물을 설치하거 나 저소음포장을 실시하는 등의 노력을 기울이고 있다. 이 외에도 같은 특성의 음향을 각기 다른 두 음원 에서 발생시켜 중첩시키는 원리를 적용한 ANC 시스템에 대한 연구를 진행하고 있다. 하지만 도로교통소 음은 시간과 장소 등 다양한 변위에 영향을 받고 다른 소음원에 비해 주기가 짧아 이 기법을 적용하는 데 어려움이 있다. 그러므로 정확한 수음점에서의 음향특성과 소음원에서부터 전달 특성을 파악하기 위해서 기존연구를 토대로 도로교통소음 예측모델을 ANC 시스템에 적용할 경우 음향 감쇠효과를 어느 정도 발 휘할 수 있는지를 평가하였다. ANC시스템의 적용을 위해 수음점에서 소음도 측정이 가능한 pass-by계측방법과 차량검지기를 활용하 여 도로에서 발생하는 소음도를 측정하였다. 되는 예측소음과 측정소음도를 대조하는 과정에서 정확성을 판단하기 위해 LimA Predictor를 활용하였고 국제규격 ISO-9613-2의 음향 방사효과를 적용하였다. 그림 1은 음향의 저감 효과를 적용한 뒤, 수음점에 서 인간이 감지할 수 있는 음향을 파악하기 위해 해당 주파수 별로 A-가중치를 적용한 총 음압레벨을 도출 하였다. 이는 주파수 별 음향을 감쇠하는 과정으로 측 정된 주파수 별 음압에서 예측한 주파수 별 음압을 파 워차로 상쇄시킨다. 이 결과를 통해 감쇠효과를 파악 할 수 있다. 이를 통해 ANC 시스템을 활용하여 서로 다른 음원에서 음파를 중첩시킬 수 있는 경우 음향의 감쇠효과는 최소 11dB(A)에서 최대 22dB(A)까지임을 확인할 수 있었다. 그러나 여러 요인이 영향을 미치는 도로교통소음의 특징상 실제 증명한 감쇠효과보다 적을 것으로 판단하였다.