The grain growth behavior in the (1-x)K0.5Na0.5NbO3-xCaZrO3 (KNNCZ-x) system is studied as a function of the amount of CZ and grain shape. The (1-x)K0.5Na0.5NbO3-xCaZrO3 (KNNCZ-x) powders are synthesized using a conventional solid-state reaction method. A single orthorhombic phase is observed at x = 0 – 0.03. However, rhombohedral and orthorhombic phases are observed at x = 0.05. The grain growth behavior changes from abnormal grain growth to the suppression of grain growth as the amount of CaZrO3 (CZ) increases. With increasing CZ content, grains become more faceted, and the step-free energy increases. Therefore, the critical growth driving force increases. The grain size distribution broadens with increasing sintering time in KNNCZ-0.05. As a result, some large grains with a driving force larger than the critical driving force for growth exhibit abnormal grain growth behavior during sintering. Therefore, CZ changes the grain growth behavior and microstructure of KNN. Grain growth at the faceted interface of the KNNCZ system occurs via two-dimensional nucleation and growth.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the proper feeding level and duration of fermented barley grain feed before harvesting to improve the availability of barley for feed. Trial 1 was to investigate the proper feeding amount of fermented barley grain fermented feed, and we prepared 32 heads (603.4 ± 42.7kg) of 22-month-old Hanwoo steer (603.4 ± 42.7kg) for 8 heads in 4 treatment groups. 48 heads (625.8 ± 13.1kg) for Trial 2 were used for 12heads per 4 treatments, and were reared for about 9 months until 30 months of age. Trial 1 is treated a Control group that feed 10㎏ of concentrate, replaces 10% fermented barley grain feed(FBGF) of the control by (TRT 1) and 20% (TRT 2) and 30%(TRT 3). Concentrate and FBGF fed 9, 2.1 kg, 8, 4.2 kg, 7 and 7, 6.3 kg on each treatments respectively and 1.5 kg of rice straw for forage. In Trial 2, 10% of alternative diets were judged to be appropriate, and the control of 9kg of diets and barley grain fermented feeds were used to determine the appropriate feeding period. The treatments were 3 months before shipment (TRT 1), 6 months (TRT 2) and 9 months (TRT32). Each treatment group had 8 and 2.1 kg of concentrate and barley grain fermentation, respectively. As a feed, rice straw was fed to 1.5 kg. The daily gains per treatment were higher in TRT 1 and TRT 3 was similar to the Control. Body weight and daily gain during the test period were higher in TRT 1 fed 10% barley grain fermented feed. TRT 2 was the highest at 6.13, and TRT 3 was 6.0, which was higher than 5.63 of TRT 1 and 5.5 of Control.

열대몬순기후인 캄보디아에서 2011년부터 2013년까지 건기와 우기로 구분하여 사료용 옥수수인 국내 품종인 광평옥과 평안옥 그리고 수입 품종인 CP888과 Loeung Mongkul에 대한 생육과 수량특성을 구명한 결과이다. 출사 소요일수는 건기 재배에 있어서 2011과 2012년 및 2013년에는 큰 차이가 나타나지 않았으나, 우기 재배에서는 2012년이 2011년에 비해 6일이 단축되었으며 품종간 약 2-3 일의 차이를 보였다. 종실 수량은 건기 재배에서 2012년(548-788 kg/10a)이 2011 년(386-505 kg/10a)과 2013년(345-687 kg/10a)에 비해 다소 높았다. 우기 재배에서는 2012년(369-582 kg/10a)과 2011년(221-601 kg/10a)간에 차이를 보이지 않았다. 그러나 품종간 유의한 차이를 보였다. 본 연구결과 우기 재배에서 안정적인 옥수수 수량을 확보하려면 강수량이 높은 8월과 9월 및 10월 보다는 우기 전인 6월과 7월에 파종하는 것이 좋으며, 건기 재배에서는 충분한 관개가 있는 조건에서 12월부터 다음 년도인 2월 말까지가 파 종하는 것이 최대 수량을 확보하는데 유리할 것으로 사료된다.

Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PZT) is used for the various piezoelectric devices owing to its high piezoelectric properties. However, lead (Pb), which is contained in PZT, causes various environment contaminations. (K,Na)NbO3 (NKN) is the most well-known candidate for a lead-free composition to replace PZT. A single crystal has excellent piezoelectric-properties and its properties can be changed by changing the orientation direction. It is hard to fabricate a NKN single crystal due to the sodium and potassium. Thus, (Na,K)NbO3-Ba(Cu,Nb)O3 (NKN-BCuN) is chosen to fabricate the single crystal with relative ease. NKNBCuN pellets consist of two parts, yellow single crystals and gray poly-crystals that contain copper. The area that has a large amount of copper particles may melt at low temperature but not the other areas. The liquid phase may be responsible for the abnormal grain growth in NKN-BCuN ceramics. The dielectric constant and tan δ are measured to be 684 and 0.036 at 1 kHz in NKN-BCuN, respectively. The coercive field and remnant polarization are 14 kV/cm and 20 μC/cm2.

Grain-growth behavior in the 95Na1/2Bi1/2TiO3-5BaTiO3 (mole fraction, NBT-5BT) system has been investigated with the addition of Na2CO3. When Na2CO3 is added to NBT-5BT, the growth rate is higher than desired and grains are already impinging each other during the initial stage of sintering. The grain size decreases as the sintering temperature increases. With the addition of Na2CO3, a liquid phase infiltrates the interfaces between grains during sintering. The interface structure can be changed to be more faceted and the interface migration rate can increase due to fast material transport through the liquid phase. As the sintering temperature increases, the impingement of abnormal grains increases because the number of abnormal grains increases. Therefore, the average grain size of abnormal grains can be decreased as the temperature increases. The phenomenon can provide evidence that grain coarsening in NBT-5BT with addition of Na2CO3 is governed by the growth of facet planes, which would occur via mixed control.

Spawn is pure culture of vegetative mycelium and has an important to play as the inoculum or seed in cultivating mushrooms. Different grains are used as spawn in button mushroom Agaricus bisporus. Various cereal grains, such as wheat, millet, barley, sorghum, brown rice, rye, oat were assessed to compare their suitability for production of button mushroom spawn. The mycelial growth rates, density, and the number of completed grains were measured from the twentieth day of inoculation. Wheat grains showed fastest mycelial growth with 8.4 cm followed by rye, oat, barley with 8.2, 7.5 and 7.3 cm, respectively. However, they were not significantly different at the 0.05 level. In the mycelial density, foxtail millet, barley, and sorghum were best compared with that of wheat grains. Especially, the number of grains which were completely colonized by mycelia were greatest in foxtail millet with 5,123 grains followed by proso millet, and wheat with 3,052 and 914, respectively. Based on the results obtained, barley, foxtail millet, and sorghum grains would be most appropriate for grain spawn production substituting wheat grain in button mushroom.

본 연구는 버섯폐배지와 맥주박을 이용한 섬유질 발효사료의 급여효과를 알아보기 위해 흑염소의 생산성과 영양소 이용율을 조사하였다. 증체조사를 위한 사양 시험은 거세흑염소 20두를 이용하여 처리구당 5두씩 30일간 수행하였고, 소화율 시험은 거세흑염소 12두를 공시하여 처리구당 3두씩 라틴방각법으로 실시하여, 처리구는 대조구(배합사료 및 볏짚 급여구)와 3개의 시험구(버섯폐배지, 맥주박 비율이 각각 15와 25%(T1), 10과 30%(T2) 및 5와 35%(T3))로 각각 배치하였다. 일당증체량은 대조구와 T1구가 T3구 보다 유의하게 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 1일 두당 건물섭취량과 유기물섭취량은 T1과 T2구가 대조구 보다 유의하게 높은 섭취량을 보였다(p<0.05). 건물소화율과 유기물소화율은 대조구와 T1구가 각각 62.39∼63.39%와 65.02∼65.25%로 T3구의 각각 56.39와 59.01% 보다 유의하게 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 질소축적량은 T1구가 가장 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 따라서, 본 연구의 결과 버섯폐배지와 맥주박을 이용한 섬유질 발효사료는 시판사료를 급여한 대조구와 대등한 생산성과 영양소 이용율을 보였다. 그러나 버섯폐배지의 첨가 비율이 높아질수록 흑염소의 생산성 저하가 우려되므로 버섯폐배지 첨가는 25~30% 수준으로 배합하는 것이 필요하다 판단된다.

신광옥은 다수성 사료용 옥수수 품종 개발을 목표로 2012년에 농촌진흥청 국립식량과학원에서 자식계통 KS172과 KS173을 교잡하여 육성한 다수성 단교잡종이다. 신광옥의 종피색은 황오렌지색이며 입질은 중간종이다. 신광옥은 2008~2009년 동안 생산력검정시험을 거쳐 2010~2012년까지 3지역에서 지역적응시험을 실시하였다. 그 결과 우수성이 인정되어 2012 농작물 직무육성 신품종으로 결정되었고 신광옥으로 명명하였다. 신광옥의 출사일수는 대비품종인 장다옥과 비슷하다. 간장은 장다옥과 비슷하나 착수고율은 장다옥보다 낮고 도복은 장다옥과 비슷한 정도로 강하다. 100주당 이삭은 장다옥보다 17개 더 많고 이삭길이는 장다옥과 비슷하며, 100립중은 장다옥과 비슷하다. 깨씨무늬병 저항성은 중강이며, 그을음무늬병에는 강한 편이다. 검은줄오갈병, 이삭썩음병 및 조명나방 저항성은 중 정도이다. 신광옥의 종실수량은 7.8톤/ha로 장다옥과 비슷하다. 4:1(모본:부본) 재식비율로 동시 파종하여 채종 시험한 결과 종자친(모본) 출사기와 화분친(부본) 화분비산기간이 일치하였으며 채종수량은 3.84톤/ha이었다. 신광옥은 전국적으로 재배가 가능하다.

양안옥은 다수성 사료용 옥수수 품종 개발을 목표로 2012년에 농촌진흥청 국립식량과학원에서 자식계통 KS164과 KS163을 교잡하여 육성한 다수성 단교잡종이다. 양안옥의 종피색은 황오렌지색이며 입질은 중간종이다. 양안옥은2007~2008년 동안 생산력검정시험을 거쳐, 2009~2012년까지 3년간 4지역에서 지역적응시험을 실시하였다. 그 결과우수성이 인정되어 2012 농작물 직무육성 신품종으로 결정되었고 양안옥으로 명명하였다. 양안옥의 출사일수는 대비품종인 광평옥보다 2일 빠르다. 간장은 광평옥과 유의한차이는 없으나 착수고율은 광평옥보다 높고 도복은 광평옥과 비슷한 정도로 강하며 후기녹체성과 이삭비율도 광평옥과 유의한 차이는 없다. 양안옥의 깨씨무늬병은 광평옥과비슷한 중강의 저항성을 보이며, 그을음무늬병도 광평옥과같이 강한 편이다. 검은줄오갈병, 이삭썩음병 및 조명나방도 광평옥과 같이 중 정도의 저항성을 보인다. 양안옥의건물수량은 17.45 톤/ha이며, TDN수량은 11.96 톤/ha로 광평옥과 유의한 차이는 없었다. 양안옥의 종실수량은 8.32 톤/ha로 장다옥과 유의한 차이는 없었다. 4∶1 (모본 : 부본)재식비율로 동시 파종하여 채종 시험한 결과 모본의 출사기와 부본의 화분비산기간이 일치하며 채종수량은 1.79 톤/ha이었다. 양안옥은 전국적으로 재배가 가능하다.

안다옥은 자식계통 KS161과 KS162의 교잡으로 육성된 다수성인 단교잡종이다. 2007~2008년 생산력검정시험을 거쳐, 2009~2011년 3년 동안 3지역에서 지역적응시험을 실시한 결과 그 우수성이 인정되어 2011 농작물 직무육성 신품종선정위원회에서 신규 우량품종으로 결정되었다. 이 품종의 주요특성을 요약하면 다음과 같다. 안다옥의 종피색은황색이며 입질은 마치종이다. 출사일수는 종실용 옥수수대비품종인 장다옥보다 3일 늦다. 간장은 장다옥보다 길며,100주당 이삭수는 장다옥보다 많았다. 이삭길이는 장다옥보다 짧으며, 100립중은 장다옥보다 무거웠다. 깨씨무늬병, 검은줄오갈병 및 조명나방에 중정도의 저항성을 보이며,그을음무늬병에는 강한 편이다. 도복에는 장다옥과 비슷한정도로 강하였다. 종실수량은 7.8톤/ha로 장다옥보다 많았다. 4∶1 (모본 : 부본) 재식비율에서 동시 파종하여 채종한결과 모본의 출사기와 부본의 화분비산기간이 잘 일치하였다.

We investigate grain growth behavior of poly-crystalline Mg sheet having strong basal fiber texture using phase field model for grain growth and micro-elasticity. Strong initial basal texture was maintained when external load was not imposed, but was weaken when external biaxial strain was imposed. Elastic interaction between elastic anisotropy of Mg grain and external load is the reason why texture evolution occurs.

The knowledge of grain growth of carbide particles is very important for manufacturing micrograined cemented carbides. In the present study, continuous and discontinuous grain growth in WC-Co and WC-VC-Co cemented carbides is investigated using the Monte Carlo computer simulation technique. The Ostwald ripening process (solution/re-precipitation) and the grain boundary migration process are assumed in the simulation as the grain growth mechanism. The effects of liquid phase fraction, grain boundary energy and implanted coarse grain are examined. At higher liquid phase content, mass transfer via solid/liquid interfaces plays a major role in grain growth. Growth rate of the implanted grain was higher than that of the matrix grains through solution/re-precipitation and coalescence with neighboring grains. The results of these simulations qualitatively agree with experimental ones and suggest that distribution of liquid phase and carbide particle/carbide grain boundary energy as well as contamination by coarse grain are important factors controlling discontinuous grain growth in WC-Co and WC-VC-Co cemented carbides. The contamination by coarse grains must by avoided in the manufacturing process of fine grain cemented carbides, especially with low Co.

Both densification and grain growth are driven by the reduction of the interfacial area, kinetics of which depends strongly on the interface structure. Abnormal grain coarsening in the system of singular solid/liquid interface such as WC-Co alloys was explained by the growth mechanism of 2-dimensional nucleation. Based on this concept, the marked inhibition of coarsening of WC grains by VC addition can be approached by the increase in the step free energy, which increases the barrier of 2-dimensional nucleation. The activated sintering in tungsten powders can be approached by the interface structure change induced by the addition of a small amount of nickel.

The grain growth behavior of (NBT-5BT) has been investigated with respect to the grain shape. The powder compacts of NBT-5BT were sintered at 1200 for various times. The corresponding equilibrium shape was a round-edged cube with flat {100}-faces. Abnormal grains were not observed in the specimens sintered for 1 to 12 h but abnormal grains appeared when sintered for 24 h. Before the formation of abnormal grains, a valley was observed in the measured grain size distribution of NBT-5BT, showing that the grain size distribution was a combination of two unimodal distributions. The present result suggests that the grain growth in NBT-5BT was governed by the growth of facet planes which would occur via 2-dimansional nucleation and growth

Three point bending tests of single edge notched beam (SENB) specimens were carried out to evaluate the fracture behavior of the fine-grain isotropic nuclear grade graphite, IG-11. To measure the crack initiation point and the subsequent crack growth, the direct current potential drop (DCPD) method and a traveling microscope were used. The effects of test variables like initial crack length, specimen thickness, notch type and loading rate on the measured fracture toughness, KQ, were investigated. Based on the test results, the ranges of the test variables to measure the reliable fracture toughness value were proposed. During the crack growth, the rising R-curve behavior was observed in IG-11 graphite when the superficial crack length measured on the specimen surface was used. The increase of crack growth resistance was discussed in terms of crack bridging, crack meandering, crack branching, microcracking and crack deflection, which increase the surface energy and friction force.