본 연구에서 와송 에틸아세테이트 분획물을 항균활성 및 화장품 소재로 활용하기 위해 연구를 진행하였다. 와송 에틸아세테이트 분획물의 항균활성을 측정한 결과 Paper disc method에서 S. aureus, S. epidermidis, P. aeruginosa 균의 생육을 저해하였으며, 특히 S. aureus에 대한 생육저해환은 0.5 g/mL농도에서 18.35 ± 1.5 mm로 대조군인 methyl paraben(16.83 ± 1.0 mm)보다 우수한 항균활성을 나타내었 다. MIC 측정을 통한 최소저해농도를 평가에서는 Candida. A를 제외한 나머지 S. aureus, S. epidermidis, E. coli P. aeruginosa 균주에서 17.5 mg/mL의 최소저해농도를 보였으며 화장품 에멀션 제형에 적용하여 Challenge test를 통해 방부 효능을 평가한 결과, S. aureus에 대하여 와송 에틸아세테이트 분획물을 0.3% 첨가한 에멀션에서 7일 후 100.0%균의 생장을 사멸시켜 화장품에 적용 시 우수한 방부효능을 나타내었다.

S. aureus, E. coli, C. albicans, A. niger 등 4종의 식중독균에 대해 agar diffusion법을 이용하여 홍삼(Panax ginseng C.A.Meyer)으로부터 조제한 홍삼농축액, 조사포닌, 비수용성 분획에 대한 항균활성을 조사하였다. 그 결과, 홍삼농축액 및 비수용성분획은 E. coli, C. albicans, A. niger에 대해서는 항균활성을 나타내지 않았고 조사포닌도 고농도인 30%를 제외한 모든 농도에서 항균활성을 나타내지 않았다. S. aureus는 Gram positive 세균으로서 화농성 식중독의 원인균이면서 동시에 아토피성 피부염의 원인균으로 알려져 있는데, 홍삼농축액은 30% 농도에서 이 균에 대해 항균활성을 나타내었고 조사포닌도 7.5%에서 항균활성을 나타내었다. 홍삼으로부터 조제한 비수용성 분 획도 10~200 mg/mL 농도로 실험한 결과 모든 분획에서 항균효과를 나타내었다. 조사포닌 및 홍삼농축액의 미생물 생육저해양상을 조사하기 위해 미리 S. aureus를 접종 한 0.85% 생리식염수에 농축액 및 조사포닌을 농도별로 첨가하고 35oC, 12시간 배양한 후 생균수를 측정한 결과, 홍삼농축액은 10% 이상의 농도에서, 조사포닌은 2% 이상의 농도에서 각각 균의 생육을 억제하였다. 그러나 이러한 농도에서도 생균수는 완전히 사멸되지 않아서 홍삼농 축액 및 조사포닌의 S. aureus에 대한 생육억제작용은 살균작용이 아닌 정균 작용으로 추정되었다. 사포닌의 항균 활성 유무를 확인하기 위해 순수 분리된 ginsenoside 6종 (PT saponin, PD saponin, ginsenoside-Rb2,-Rc,-Rd,-Rf,- Rg2)의 항균활성을 50~200 μg/mL의 농도에서 조사한 결 과 모두 항균효과가 관찰되지 않아서 ginsenoside는 S. aureus에 대해서는 항균효과가 없는 것으로 사료된다. 한편 사포닌을 제외한 비사포닌 성분인 비수용성분획에 대해 상기의 4종 병원성미생물을 대상으로 항균활성을 조사한 결과 E. coli, C. albicans, A. niger에 대해서는 항균효과가 관찰되지 않았고 S. aureus에 대해서만 선택적인 항균활성을 나타내었다. 항균활성 발현 비수용성분획 중 15% methanol분획(MF-1)이 가장 높은 항균활성을 나타내어 이에 대한 최소생육저해농도를 조사한 결과 0.625 mg/mL 이었다. MF-1 분획을 질량분석기(HPLC-MS)로 조사한 결과 주요한 활성성분은 분자량 179.55 및 187.55를 가지는 물질로 추정되었다.

본 연구는 귀리의 겨, 겉껍질 및 잎을 에탄올로 추출한 후 항산화 및 항균활성을 조사하였으며, 추출물을 유화형 돈육 소시지에 적용하였을 때 품질 및 저장성에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위하여 수행하였다. 귀리의 잎 추출물(OLE)의 총 페놀함량(145.99ug CAE/mg), ABTS 라디칼 소거 활성(35.07%) 및 FRAP 활성(32.77ug Fe2+/mg)은 다른 부위에 비해 유의적으로 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 항균 활성 측정결과 모든 부위의 추출물에서 Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumonia과 Escherichia coli에 대해서 활성을 보이지 않았으나, OLE 및 귀리 겨 추출물은 Klebsiella pneumonia에 대해서는 120μg/disk이상에서 활성을 보였으며, OLE가 귀리 겨 추출물보다 동일 농도에서 유의적으로 높은 활성을 나타내었다(p<0.05). OLE를 유화형 돈육 소시지에 첨가하였을 때, 0.025% 첨가구에서 pH, 조직감 및 관능적 특성에 유의적인 영향을 미치지 않았다. 하지만 저장 14일차에 모든 첨가구에서 지방산화(TBARS), volatile basic nitrogen (VBN), 총균수가 대조구보다 유의적으로 낮게 측정되었다(p<0.05). 본 실험결과 OLE는 높은 항산화 활성을 보였으며, 유화형 돈육 소시지 제품에 적용하였을 때 지방산화를 지연시켰고, 총균수의 저하를 가져왔기 때문에 천연 보존제로서 좋은 첨가제로 사료된다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial effects of Australia propolis against cariogenic and periodontopathic bacteria. Antimicrobial activity was determined by evaluating the minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC). Cell cytotoxicity of propolis extract on normal human gingival fibroblast (HGF-1) cells was observed using the methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide assay. The data indicated that, with the exception of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (KCOM 1306), the MBC values of the propolis strains were 0.25–1% without HGF-1 cell cytotoxicity. These results suggest that propolis can be used to develop oral hygiene products for the prevention of oral infectious disease.

Enterococcus faecalis is a major causative agent of endodontic treatment failure. The purpose of this study was to investigate bactericidal effects of ethanol extract of Garcinia mangostana L. (mangosteen extract) on five strains of E. faecalis that were isolated from human oral cavities. The bactericidal effects of mangosteen extract were assessed by measurement of minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) value. The cytotoxicity of mangosteen extract on immortalized human gingival fibroblasts, hTERT-hNOF, was determined based on cell counting method. The data revealed the MBC value of mangosteen extract against the E. faecalis strains was 4 ㎍/ml. Additionally, the cell viability of mangosteen extract on hTERT-hNOF was 83.7-89.1% at the 1 to 16 ㎍/ml. These findings indicated that mangosteen extract could be used as a root canal cleaner during management of endodontic treatment failure caused by E. faecalis.

Polyphenon 60 refers to the mixture of catechins present in green tea. The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial activities of polyphenon 60 against 4 strains of Streptococcus mutans and 2 strains of Streptococcus sorbrinus, which are the major causative bacteria of dental caries. The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values of polyphenon 60 for S. mutans and S. sobrinus were determined and the effect of biofilm formation inhibition of that was evaluated. The MBC value of polyphenon 60 against the bacterial strains was 2.5 mg/ml except for one particular strain, S. mutans KCOM 1128 for which the value was 1.25 mg/ml. The results of biofilm formation inhibition assay revealed that polyphenon 60 inhibited biofilm formation more than 90% at a concentration of 2.5 mg/ml. It was apparent that polyphenon exhibited biofilm formation inhibition activity along with bactericidal effect against S. mutans and S. sobrinus. Therefore, it is proposed that polyphenon 60 as one of the components of bactericidal agents could be useful in developing oral hygiene products, toothpaste or gargling solution.

본 연구에서는 도축장에서 분리된 Listeria monocytogenes를 저해할 수 있는 식물성 항균 물질을 탐색하고, 각 항균 물질의 최소살균농도(MBC)를 확인하였다. 잠재적인 항균 물질로 자몽종자 추출물, 감귤류 추출물, 생강 추출물, 배 추출물, 매실 농축액, 도라지 추출물, 대추 추출물, 오미자 추출물을 선정하였고, 대상 균주로는 국내 도축장에서 분리한 15 개의 L. monocytogenes 균주를 혼합하여 사용하였다. MBC 확인 결과, 최대 4.0 μg/mL 농도의 생강 추출물, 배 추출물, 매실 농축액, 도라지 추출물, 대추 추 출물, 오미자 추출물은 고농도의 L. monocytogenes (7 Log CFU/mL)에 대해 균 저해 효과가 전혀 나타나지 않았다. 반면, 7 Log CFU/mL의 L. monocytogenes에 대한 자몽종자 추출물과 감귤류 추출물의 MBC는 0.002 μg/mL인 것으로 확인되었다. 3 Log CFU/mL의 L. monocytogenes에 대한 MBC를 시험해 본 결과, 자몽종자 추출물과 감귤류 추출물의 MBC는 0.001 μg/mL로 나타났다. 이상의 결과로 볼 때 자몽종자 추출물과 감귤류 추출물은 L. monocytogenes를 제어하기 위해 적용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

This study evaluated the antimicrobial efficacy of different concentrations of ozonated water with organic matter, fetal bovine serum, at different concentrations and incubation times with bacteria. In the absence of organic matter, total eradication of up to 5 log of Escherichia (E.) coli was achieved, however, interference by organic matter led to inefficiency of ozonated water as a disinfecting agent. In addition, diminishing antimicrobial effects at higher temperatures, even in the absence of organic matter, were also demonstrated. These findings indicate that ozonated water will be a safe and effective disinfectant agent that could be useful in meat processing, especially an intestine processing, in Korean slaughter houses.

본 연구는 잘피 추출물의 화장품 소재로서 활용가능성을 평가하기 위해 건조된 잘피 전체, 뿌리, 잎·줄기를 70% 에탄올로 추출하여 항균활성을 확인하였다. 잘피 추출물의 항균활성은 Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Propionibacterium acnes 균주로 disc diffusion 방법을 통해 생육저해환(clear zone) 을 측정하였다. 그 결과 잘피 뿌리 추출물처리군에서 Staphylococcus epidermidis의 clear zone이 13.00±0.50mm로 확인되었고, Staphylococcus aureus, Propionibacterium acnes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa의 clear zone은 각각 11.75±0.25mm, 12.00±0.50mm, 12.25±0.25mm로 확인되어 잘피 추 출물의 항균 효능을 확인할 수 있었다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the antibacterial effect of the low temperature atmospheric plasma device with needle tip designed for easy approach to the oral cavity and root canal against Streptococcus mutans, Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans. The antibacterial activities evaluated by measuring clear zone of agar plate smeared with each bacteria after plasma treatment. To quantify antibacterial effects, dilution plate method was used. In addition, scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used for observation of changes in bacterial morphology. As treatment time of plasma increased, the clear zone was enlarged. The death rate was more than 99%. The SEM results showed that the globular shape of bacteria was distorted. These results suggest that needle tip plasma could be an innovative device for prevention of dental caries, and treatment of apical infection and soft tissue diseases.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the antimicrobial activity of the methanol extract of Coptidis rhizome against the type strains of cariogenic bacteria, Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus, and the periodontopathogens, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Treponema denticola and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. The antimicrobial activities of the crude extract and the methanol extract fractions of Coptidis rhizome separated by silica gel chromatography were evaluated by determining the minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) values, using the microdilution method. The cell viability test of the extracts of Coptidis rhizome on the KB cells was also studied by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay. Our results showed that the 11th fraction (F11) of the methanol extract had the greatest antimicrobial activity against the tested bacteria, with no associated cytotoxicity on the KB cells, upto a concentration of 50 μg/ml. These results suggest that the silica gel chromatography fraction F11 of the methanol extract of Coptidis rhizome, could be useful in the development of oral hygiene products as an antimicrobial agent for the prevention of dental caries and periodontal diseases.

This study investigated the antimicrobial activity of methanol extract of mulberry leaf against 16 strains of mutans streptococci and four species of periodontopathogens: Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. The antimicrobial activities of the crude extracts or silica gel chromatography fractions of methanol-extracted mulberry leaf were evaluated by determining minimal inhibitory concentrations using an established microdilution method. The cytotoxicity of the extracts of mulberry leaf on KB cells was tested by the methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay. Chromatography fraction 12 displayed the most potent antimicrobial activity against all 16 strains of mutans streptococci, P. gingivalis, and P. intermedia. No KB cell cytotoxicity was evident up to 128μg/ml of fraction 12. The methanol extract had no antimicrobial activity against F. nucleatum and A. actinomycetemcomitans. These results suggest chromatography fraction 12 methanol extract of mulberry leaf could be useful in the development of oral hygiene products, such as dentifrice and oral hygiene solution, for the prevention of dental caries.

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the antimicrobial effects of ε-poly-L-lysine mixture (EPM) on cheon-ggukjang and to determine the optimal mixing ratio in cheonggukjang. Increasing the EPM up to 2% decreased via-ble cell counts at both 15oC and 30oC storage. The pH of cheonggukjang without EPM increased slowly over thestorage periods, but cheonggukjang with EPM showed a slight increasing tendency, with the highest pH at 2% EPM.The sensory scores, such as texture and flavor, were highest in samples containing 2% EPM; however, overall pref-erence was not significantly different when compared to the control. For the optimum cheonggukjang processingconditions, 13 experimental points were selected. Soybean and EPM were chosen as independent variables. Viablecell count, pH, texture, and overall preference were measured. The optimum formulation of cheonggukjang usingthe numerical analysis was found to be 98.52% soybean and 1.48% EPM, resulting in a 0.722 desirability value.

The aim of this study was to investigate antimicrobial effect of oleanolic acid (OA), ursolic acid (UA), and sophoraflavanone G against Enterococcus faecalis and Propionibacterium acnes, which are the major causative bacteria of endodontic infections. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). The data showed that the OA, UA, and sophoraflavanone G had antimicrobial effect on all the strains use in the study with 16-64 µg/ml, 8-64 µg/ml, and 1-8 µg/ml of MIC values, respectively. These results indicate that OA, UA, and sophoraflavanone G could be useful in the development of antiseptic solution for washing the root canal in endodontic treatments.

In general, oleanolic acid (OA) and ursolic acid (UA) have antimicrobial effect against Gram-positive bacteria but not Gram-negative bacteria whereas sophoraflavanone G has antimicrobial activity against both bacterial types. However, the antimicrobial effects of OA, UA, and sophoraflavanone G against periodontopathogens have not been studied to any great extent. The aim of this study was to investigate antimicrobial effect of OA, UA, and sophoraflavanone G against 15 strains (5 species) of oral Gram-negative bacteria, which are the major causative bacteria of periodontal disease. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) determinations. OA and UA showed antimicrobial effects against all of the Porphyromonas gingivalis strains tested and also Prevotella intermedia ATCC 25611T. Interestingly, P. intermedia ATCC 49046 showed greater resistance to OA and UA than P. intermedia ATCC 25611T. In contrast, sophoraflavanone G had antimicrobial activity against all strains, with MIC and MBC values below 32 μg/ml, except Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. These results indicate that sophoraflavanone G may have potential for use in future oral hygiene products such as dentifrices and gargling solution to prevent periodontitis.