This study was conducted to obtain a growth correlation of basal information from the development of disease resistantFlammulina velutipes cultivars through back-crossing between the strains of wild-type brown monokaryon 4019-20 and thederivative of commercial quality white monokaryons 3. The two strains were selected to back-cross for further enhancing their latentattributes and growth characteristics. The parents of 4019-20×M3 back-crossed to reproduce F1, M3-Sn. Using F1, M3-Sn procuredand isolated into 94 monokaryon strains. Further examination of growth characteristics carried out by back-crossing between M3and BC1F1 from M3-n dikaryon. Monokaryon exhibited an irregular growth pattern and demonstrated to be sluggish development inthe sawdust medium. However BC1F1(M3-n) dikaryon strains confirmed mostly regular growth pattern and demonstrated ordinarygrowth in the sawdust medium. The fruitbody of BC1F1 confirmed as light-brown colour to be the dominant gene. The colourdistributions of fruitbody, BC1F1, resulted as follows; 7% of dark brown, 25% of brown , 27% of light brown, 16% of ivory and 25%of white. The ratio of the other color to white showed 3 to 1 which suggested two major genes were related to fruitbody color.

농촌진흥청 국립원예특작과학원에서는 2013년 신나팔나리(Lilium×formolongi)와 아시아틱 나리 간의 교잡종(FA종간잡종 나리) ‘Lime Glow’를 개발하였다. 2002년 연한 노란색 FA종간잡종 나리 ‘FA97-1’과 노란색의 아시아틱 나리 ‘Carthago’를 각각 모본과 부본으로 화주 절단 수분법으로 20화를 인공교배하였고, 교배 후 미숙한2개의 꼬투리를 수확하여 배가 형성된 배주를 기내에서배양하여 잡종을 획득한 후 재배하였다. 육묘한 배양묘로부터 2006년 상향개화형이며 밝은 노란색의 FA종간잡종 나리 ‘FA06-200’ 계통을 개체 선발하였다. 2007년부터 2012년까지 선발된 계통은 자구와 인편번식, 조직배양을 이용하여 번식 및 양구한 후 1, 2차 생육특성검정을 실시하였다. 2013년 3차 생육특성검정 및 소비자 기호도 평가를 수행한 결과 화색 및 화형에 대한 기호도가높은 밝은 노란색(RHS, Y3C)의 절화용 FA종간잡종 나리‘Lime Glow’를 육성하였다. 3배체의 FA종간잡종 나리로초장은 113.6cm로 초장신장성이 우수하였다. ‘Lime Glow’의 화폭은 16.0cm이며 소화수는 본당 5.3개였다.‘LimeGlow’의 자연개화기는 6월 17일로 중생종이었으며 통계적 유의 차는 없었으나 대조품종 ‘Royal Fantasy’의 6월22일에 비교하여 빨랐다. ‘Lime Glow’의 경우 아구수가1개로 분구가 일어나지 않는 특성을 가졌으며 개화구의구근 둘레는 14.8cm로 일반적인 나리에 비하여 소구개화성의 특성을 가지며 대조품종 ‘Royal Fantasy’ 16.5cm에 비하여 작은 구근에서 개화한다. 인편번식 처리 후 인편 생성 능력을 살펴보면 ‘Lime Glow’의 경우 19.5개로대조품종 5.5개에 비하여 높았으며 생성된 자구의 총 무게도 역시 높았다.

농촌진흥청 국립원예특작과학원에서는 2000년 연한 노란색 FA종간잡종 나리 ‘Sinavro’ 와 밝은 노란색의 아시아틱 나리 ‘Bomi’를 각각 모본과 부본으로 화주 절단 수분법으로 인공교배하였고, 교배 후 미숙한 꼬투리을 수확하여 배가 형성된 배주를 기내에서 배양하여 잡종을 획득한 후 재배하였다. 육묘한 배양묘로부터 2004년상향개화형이며 약한 향기가 있는 아이보리색 FA종간잡종 나리‘FA04-52’ 계통을 개체 선발하였다. 2006년부터 2007년까지 1, 2차 생육특성검정을 실시하였으며 2008년 3차 생육특성검정 및 소비자 기호도 평가를 수행한 결과 초장 신장성이 우수하고 화색 및화형에 대한 기호도가 높은 아이보리색(GW157D)의 절화용 FA종간잡종 나리 ‘Cream Star’ 를 육성하였다. 3배체의 FA종간잡종나리로 화폭과 초장은 각각 14.2cm와 141.0cm이며 잎의 길이는 14.1cm이다. 개화구의 구주는 17.1cm로 소구 개화성의특징을 가진다.

Allium 속 근연종인 파와 양파간 종간교잡을 이용하여 양파로부터 새로운 형질을 도입하는 과정에서 유래되는 종간교잡 F1과 여교잡 세대들의 게놈크기의 변화를 flow cytometry를 이용하여 측정한 결과 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 양파와 파의 종간교잡 F1의 식물학적 특성은 양친의 중간형을 보였으나 여교잡이 진전됨에 따라 반복친인 파의 표현형이 우세하였다. flow cytometry를 이용하여 2C nuclear DNA content을 측정

To facilitate the introgression of F. esculentum into the traits of F. homotropicum, several accessions of the hybrids between these two species were pollinated with F. esculentum as the recurrent parent. The embryo in vitro rescue was performed to increase the recovery of backcross progenies. The F2 generation was more amenable than F1 hybrids to produce backcross progenies. The F1 hybrids were backcrossed twice with common buckwheat (pin-type F. esculentum) (recurrent backcrossing). Also, alternate backcrosses with common buckwheat and F. homotropicum (congruity backcrossing) were carried out. Pollen tube growth of BCF1 × F. esculentum (thrum) and F. homotropicum × BCF1 was the disturbed penetration exceeded for all initial interspecific hybrids, and its requirement was proportionally lower when the common buckwheat was used as the recurrent parent and as the last parent of congruity hybrids. Effects of both common buckwheat and F. homotropicum on seed success rate for hybridization were observed. Growth of hybrid embryos before rescue, regeneration of mature hybrids all increased recurrent and congruity backcrosses and inter-crosses between F1 plants and selected fertile plants of the second congruity backcrosses.

To facilitate the introgression of F. esculentum into the traits of F. homotropicum, several accessions of the hybrids between these two species were pollinated with F. esculentum as the recurrent parent. In vitro embryo rescue was performed to increase the recovery of backcross progenies. The F2 generation was more amenable than F1 hybrids to produce backcross progenies. The F1 hybrids were backcrossed twice with common buckwheat (pin-type F. esculentum, recurrent backcrossing). Also, alternate backcrosses with common buckwheat and F. homotropicum (congruity backcrossing) were carried out. Pollen tube growth of BCF1 x F. esculentum (thrum) and F. homotropicum x BCF1 was disturbed penetration exceeded for all initial interspecific hybrids, and its requirement was proportionally lower when the common buckwheat used as the recurrent parent and as the last parent of congruity hybrids. Effects of both common buckwheat and F. homotropicum on seed success rate for hybridization were observed. Growth of hybrid embryos before rescue, regeneration of mature hybrids all increased recurrent and congruity backcrosses, inter-crosses between F1 plants and selected fertile plants of the second congruity backcrosses.

BC1F7 RILs were cultivated and harvested in field. Two methods were adopted to classify ecotype of the RILs. First method was based on the seed length, width, length/width ratio, phenol reaction of the seed, and response to potassium chlorate of young seedling. Second was the classification using the polymorphism in SSR analysis. The results of UPGMA cluster analysis indicated that 168 RILs were classified into two ecotypes, 32 Japonica and 136 Tongil-type lines when first method was adopted. When second method was adopted, 35 and 99 lines among 134 RILs tested were belonged to Japonica and Tongil-type, respectively. The RILs belonged to same ecotype in both methods was 65.6% in Japonica, 91.9% in Tongil-type and 83.6 % in overall. The parents and BC1F7 RILs showed polymorphism in 20 among 21 RM primers used in SSR analysis. The proportion showing band pattern of each primer corresponded with ecotypes grouped by two methods ranged 29.7 to 99.1%. RM131, RM124, RM567, RM559, and RM348, which are located on chromosome 4, showed high proportion of correspondence over 94%. It was suggested that they would be used as molecular markers for rice ecotype classification. Japonica RILs grouped by two methods showed shorter grain length, no seed response to phenol solution and higher resistance to potassium chlorate solution in seedling stage compared with those of Tongil-type lines.

Brown planthopper (BPH) is a major insect pest of tropical indica and temperate japonica rice in Asia and Africa. A major BPH resistance gene, Bph18 derived from IR65482-7-216-1-2 has been fine mapped on chromosome 12 and confers strong resistance to the Korean biotype of BPH. The Bph18 gene is tightly linked to the STS marker, 7312.T4A and is non-allelic to previously reported resistance genes present on chromosome 12. The Bph18 gene has been transferred into two elite japonica cultivars (Jinbubyeo and Junambyeo) background through marker-assisted backcross breeding (MAB) strategy. Foreground selection using STS markrs linked to the Bph18 gene in advanced backcross progenies confirmed homozygous marker alleles associated with BPH resistance. Background selection of the breeding lines with 260 simple repeat (SSR) markers revealed rapid conversion toward recurrent parent genotypes with less donor chromosomal segments (5.3-16.7%). Major agronomic traits of the progenies were analyzed and some breeding lines have agronomic traits comparable to the recurrent parent. One breeding line (S.523) with multiple-resistance to BPH and major diseases, desirable agronomic traits and grain quality has been recommended for regional testing in Korea. MAB is the suitable strategy to incorporate new genes into susceptible japonica to develop elite breeding lines.

In the previous study, 141 BC3F2 lines from a cross between the Oryza sativa cv. Milyang 23 and O. glaberrima were used to identify favorable wild QTL alleles for yield component traits. In this study, we carried out QTL analysis of four grain morphology as well as four yield component traits using 141 BC3F5 lines from the same cross and compared QTLs detected in two different generations. The mean number of O. glaberrima segments in the 141 BC3F5 lines ranged from 1 to 13 with 2.69 and 5.71 of the average means of homozygous and heterozygous segments, respectively. There was a three-fold difference in the number of QTLs detected for four traits commonly evaluated in two generations (seven QTLs in the BC3F5 vs 21 in the BC3F2 population). The percentages of the phenotypic variance explained by QTLs in the BC3F5 population were similar to or less than those in the BC3F2 population. This is probably due to the difference in the genetic composition of two populations and the environmental effects. The locations of the QTLs commonly detected in both generations were in good agreement except for one QTL for spikelets per panicle. The yield QTL, yd3 was colocalized with the spikelets per panicle, spp3. Yield increase at this locus is due to the increase in spikelets per panicle, because both traits were associated with increase in spikelets per panicle and yield due to the presence of an O. glaberrima allele. Clusters of QTLs for grain morphology traits were observed in two chromosome regions. One cluster harboring five QTLs near SSR markers RM106 and RM263 was detected on chromosome 2. This population would serve as a foundation for development of the introgression line population from a cross between Milyang 23 and O. glaberrima.