Recently, the number of cases of fire spreading due to exterior materials of buildings is increasing. Due to the nature of modern architecture, which emphasizes the aesthetics of buildings, because buildings pursue a splendid appearance, they are inexpensive and have relatively good insulation performance, but an increasing number of buildings are adopting insulation materials that have poor fire safety performance. The risk of spread is also greatly increased. Since the exterior wall of a building is made of a variety of materials and structures, it is composed of a combination of several elements, including materials such as insulation and finishing materials. Therefore, it was determined that it was necessary to introduce a more systematic evaluation method for building exterior materials, and to improve the system reflecting this, away from the existing evaluation method that only checked the fire safety performance of finishing materials.

본 연구에서는 비틀림비정형성과 수직비정형성을 가진 RC 필로티 건축물의 지진동에 대한 거동을 층강성을 적용하여 간단하게 모델링하는 선형 동적해석 프로그램을 개발하고자 한다. 개발된 동적 해석 프로그램을 적용하여 필로티 건축물의 동적 거동 및 필로티층 각 기둥의 전단력을 분석하고, 필로티층에 전단벽 또는 가새를 보강하였을 때 보강효과를 평가하고자 한다. 모서리코어가 있는 필로티 건축물에서 필로티층의 코어 반대편 모서리를 전단벽이나 K형 가새로 보강하였을 때 변위와 기둥 전단력이 크게 감소하는 것으로 나타났으며, 모서리 양면을 K형 가새로 보강하는 것보다 한 면을 전단벽으로 보강하는 것이 보강효과가 큰 것으로 나타났다.

In this study, heat exchangers used in data center and building air-conditioners were tested according to the type of heat exchangers to select them for commercial use. The experiment was performed three samples, one micro channel heat exchanger, the same volume oval coil and the same performance oval coil. The experiment conducted under actual operation conditions in the data center and building. Micro-channel heat exchanger has lower air side pressure drop and higher capacity per volume than oval coil. It may be advantageous when the installation small space or the little design static pressure in the fan, such as in-row systems or CRAC installed in data center.

The risk-based assessment, also called time-based assessment of structure is usually performed to provide seismic risk evaluation of a target structure for its entire life-cycle, e.g. 50 years. The prediction of collapse probability is the estimator in the risk-based assessment. While the risk-based assessment is the key in the performance-based earthquake engineering, its application is very limited because this evaluation method is very expensive in terms of simulation and computational efforts. So the evaluation database for many archetype structures usually serve as representative of the specific system. However, there is no such an assessment performed for building stocks in Korea. Consequently, the performance objective of current building code, KBC is not clear at least in a quantitative way. This shortcoming gives an unresolved issue to insurance industry, socio-economic impact, seismic safety policy in national and local governments. In this study, we evaluate the comprehensive seismic performance of an low-rise residential buildings with discontinuous structural walls, so called piloti-type structure which is commonly found in low-rise domestic building stocks. The collapse probability is obtained using the risk integral of a conditioned collapse capacity function and regression of current hazard curve. Based on this approach it is expected to provide a robust tool to seismic safety policy as well as seismic risk analysis such as Probable Maximum Loss (PML) commonly used in the insurance industry.

Observations of the damages to high-rise reinforced concrete (RC) wall building structures caused by by recent earthquakes in Chile (Mw 8.8, February 2010) and New Zealand (February 2011, ML 6.3) have generally exceeded expectations. Firstly, this study estimated the seismic damage levels of 15-story RC box-type wall building structures using the analytical models calibrated by the results of a shaking table test on a 1:5 scale 10-story RC box-type wall building model. Then, the seismic fragility analysis of the prototype model was conducted by using the SAC/FEMA method and the incremental dynamic analysis (IDA). To compensate for the uncertainties and variability of ground motion and its impacts on the prototype model, in the SAC/FEMA method, a total of 61 ground motion records were selected from 20 earthquakes, with a magnitude ranging from 5.9 to 8.8 and an epicentral distance ranging from 5 to 105km. In the IDA, a total of 11 ground motion records were used based on the uniform hazard response spectrum representing a return period of 2,475 years. As a result, the probabilities that the limits of the serviceability, damage control, and collapse prevention would be exceeded were as follows: from the SAC/FEMA method: 79%, 0.3%, and 0%, respectively; and from the IDA: 57%, 1.7%, and 0%, respectively.

본 연구는 도심의 열환경 개선 및 건물에너지저감 효과가 입증된 벽면녹화 중 기존 건물에 적용 가능한 패널형 벽면녹화 식재기반 유형에 따른 건물에너지 저감 성능을 분석하고자 하였다. 식재기반 유형은 총 4가지 유형으로 하였으며, Case A는 벽면녹화가 미적용된 유형으로 콘크리트 + 단열재로 구성하였다. Case B는 식재층 + 무기다공성블 록 + 콘크리트 + 단열재로 구성하였으며, Case C는 식재층 + 코코피트블록 + 콘크리트 + 단열재로 구성하였다. Case D는 식재층 + 마사토블록 + 콘크리트 + 단열재로 구성하였다. 분석항목으로는 열전도율, 열관류율, 건물에너지시 뮬레이션을 실시하였다. 식재기반 유형별 열전도율은 Case C(0.053W/mK) > Case B(0.1W/mK) > Case D(0.17W/mK)의 순이었다. 에너지시뮬레이션 결과 중 단위면적당 냉방피크부하저감은 미적용인 Case A 대비 Case C(1.19%) > Case B(1.14%) > Case D(1.01%)이며, 난방피크부하저감은 Case A 대비 Case C(2.38%) > Case B(1.82%) > case D(1.50%)로 산정되었다. 연간 냉·난방부하저감은 미적용 Case A대비 벽면녹화 유형에서 0.92~1.28% 저감률을 나타내었다. 연간 냉난방에너지사용량은 3.04~3.22%의 저감률을 보였으며, 1차에너지사용량은 Case A대비 나머지 유형에서 평균 5,844 kWh/yr의 저감량을 보였다. 연간 이산화탄소발생량은 벽면녹화 미적용 Case A대비 평균 996㎏ 저감량을 보였다. 식재위치별 에너지성능평가 결과 동향 > 서향 > 남향 > 북향 순이었다. 벽면녹화비율에 따른 에너지성능평가 결과 녹화 비율이 높아짐에 따라 양호한 결과를 나타내었으며, 20~80%의 비율보 다 100% 녹화시 약 2배의 저감률을 보였다.

Constructions sites are affected by Diversity workplace, complexity of construction, Change of place, Mobility of workers and so on. In a single establishment, Prime contractors and subcontractors have to conduct their work at the same time. There are a lot of unpredictable risks when the construction is running, coordination between contractors is very important to do a risk assessment under the condition. Large Construction companies were investigated by previous studies. Survey research is applied to the risk assessment. In the writing, Risk assessment of the entire lower level. Because of the low level of risk factors to find. Also, There was a limit to investigate accidents. Confirmed that Effort to derive a risk factors were desperately of the risk assessment. Results were obtained through previous studies. The PCM is several experts should be joined. Experts Site Manager, Supervisor, Safety Manager, Director Contractor, Work team leader is required to participate. Construction plans, Process Planning to the risk find beforehand. And Determines how the operations and the control. Also, Made it into the database. and PCRA can be used in the risk assessment was developed.

Constructions sites are affected by Diversity workplace, complexity of construction, Change of place, Mobility of workers and so on. In a single establishment, Prime contractors and subcontractors have to conduct their work at the same time. There are a lot of unpredictable risks when the construction is running, coordination between contractors is very important to do a risk assessment under the condition. Large Construction companies were investigated by previous studies. Survey research is applied to the risk assessment. In the writing, Risk assessment of the entire lower level. Because of the low level of risk factors to find. Also, There was a limit to investigate accidents. Confirmed that Effort to derive a risk factors were desperately of the risk assessment. Results were obtained through previous studies. The PCM is several experts should be joined. Experts Site Manager, Supervisor, Safety Manager, Director Contractor, Work team leader is required to participate. Construction plans, Process Planning to the risk find beforehand. And Determines how the operations and the control. Also, Made it into the database. and PCRA can be used in the risk assessment was developed.

요 약 급격히 증가한 세계의 에너지 소비에 따른 문제로 에너지 공급의 어려움과 자원의 고갈, 환경에 심각한 영향이 발생 하면서 국제적으로 에너지 사용량 절감에 대한 관심이 높아 지고 있다. 또한, 기후변화에 대한 대응으로 선진국에 온실 가스 감축의무가 부과되면서 에너지 절약이 사회적으로 대 두되고 있다. 도심은 건물축물 및 불투수포장면 증가로 도 시 열환경에 큰 악영향을 미치고 도시열섬현상이 발생하기 이르렀다. 도시열섬 완화를 위해 다양한 방법이 모색되고 있지만 바람길과 녹지의 확보가 가장 중요한 요소이다. 녹 지 확보가 지상을 중심으로 넓게 이루어진다면 가장 양호하 겠지만, 녹지 확보공간이 불충분한 도심지역에서는 옥상녹 화 등의 건축물 녹화가 최선의 대안으로 여겨진다. 특히 옥 상녹화는 도시환경 개선뿐 아니라, 건물에너지 절감 측면에 서도 매우 유용한 특성을 가지고 있다. 즉 옥상녹화는 옥상 에 녹지의 창출과 더불어 건물 외피의 성격으로 외단열 형 태이며, 이는 건물에너지 절감에 기여하고 있을 것으로 예 측된다. 현재까지의 옥상녹화는 주로 생태적측면의 연구와 기온저감에 대한 연구가 주를 이루고 있으며, 저에너지 건 축물 및 도시 조성 차원에서 건물에 미치는 에너지 절감효 과에 대한 연구는 매우 미흡한 실정이다. 이러한 배경에서 옥상녹화시스템에 대한 열성능 시뮬레이션의 필요성과 대 략적 방법론이 제시되어 에너지저감효과에 대한 분석이 이 루어 졌으나, 대부분 토양과 식재만을 고려하여 분석하였다 는 제한점이 있다. 또한 대도심 건축물의 주를 이루고 있는 오피스건물에서 옥상녹화 유·무에 따른 건물에너지절감에 대한 연구는 부족한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구는 도심지에 서 가장 많이 이용되고 있는 오피스 건물을 대상으로 옥상 녹화시스템이 건물에너지절감에 미치는 영향 및 비교·분석 을 통해 향후 대도시 지역의 건물에너지 절감을 실현할 수 있는 옥상녹화시스템 개발의 기초자료로 제공하고자 한다. 본 연구의 시뮬레이션 프로그램은 EnergyPlus7.2를 이용 하였다. EnergyPlus는 미국 DOE(Department Of Energy) 에서 개발된 프로그램으로 에너지사용량 평가에 유용한 툴 로서 국내외에서 타당성이 검증된 시뮬레이션 프로그램이 다. EnergyPlus는 기존 해석 도구인 DOE-2, BLAST, COM IS의 장점을 통하여 개발된 도구로서 CTF(Condcuction Tr ansfer Function)과 CFD(Conduction Finite Difference), H AMT(Combined Heat and Moisture Transfer) 등과 같은 벽체 열전달 계산 알고리즘을 이용하여 기존 해석 도구에서 불완전했던 실내 온도 예측과 같은 점이 보완되었다. Energ yPlus는 상세 에너지 해석이 가능하며 해석기간 동안 수시 로 변화하는 건물의 실내외 조건, 벽체의 축열부하를 고려 하여 매 시간당 에너지균형(Energy Balance)을 계산하기 위해 유한차분법, 응답계수법 등과 같은 수치해석 방법을 채택하고 있다. 일정 시간 간격으로 외벽을 통한 관류열, 시간에 따른 실내 현열 및 잠열, 발열, 환기 및 침기에 의한 열손실/취득, 일사, 천공복사, 내벽체간 복사, 주위건물 음 영, 건물 내·외부 대류 열전달 등, 여러 가지 열전달 경로를 통하여 동시에 발생되는 열부하를 통합하여 계산한다. 적용 모델의 건물은 3층 규모로 설정하였으며 연면적 1,200㎡, 창면적 210㎡ 이며, 옥상녹화유형별 에너지절감효과를 정 량적으로 분석하기 위해 식재층 재료, 토양층 재료, 배수판 재료, 단열재 적용 유무 등을 고려하여 5개 type으로 설정하 였으며, 이외 옥상녹화가 미적용된 type을 포함하여 총 6개 type의 시뮬레이션을 실시하여 미적용 대비 옥상녹화의 에 너지절감효과 및 옥상녹화시스템별 에너지절감 차이를 정 량적으로 제시하였다. 옥상녹화시스템 유형은 저관리경량 형으로 type B, C, D, E를, 관리중량형으로 type F를 설정하 였다. 시뮬레이션에 적용된 type별 구조를 구체적으로 제시 하면, 옥상녹화가 미적용된 type A는 콘크리트 210㎜, 단열 재 110㎜이고, 이외 5개 type에서도 건물구조는 type A와 동일하게 설정하였다. type B 구조는 식재층(100㎜)+GBblock(100㎜)+방근시트(2㎜)+배수판(50㎜), type C 구조는 식재층(100㎜)+펄라이트(70㎜)+부직포(2㎜)+화산석(80㎜)+sedemblock(80㎜), type D 구조는 식재층(100㎜)+펄 라이트(115㎜)+부직포(2㎜)+배수판(35㎜), type E 구조는 식재층(100㎜)+마사토(85㎜)+펄라이트(30㎜)+부직포(2 ㎜)+배수판(35㎜), type F 구조는 식재층(100㎜)+마사토(3 00㎜)+펄라이트(30㎜)+부직포(2㎜)+배수판(35㎜)으로 구 성하였다. 적용건물의 설정조건으로는 냉·난방 설정 온도 각각 22℃, 24℃, 공조방식은 Fan-coil unit 방식을 적용하 였다. 또한 난방기(Heat Generation)와 냉방기(Chiller)의 성능 계수는 각각 0.83, 1.67로 설정하여 분석하였다. 조명 설계는 사무공간으로 목표조도 400lux, 조명부하 5 W/㎡·1 00lux이며, 창면적비율은 30%, 재실인원 0.11 people/㎡, 인체발열 123 W/person, 환기량 10 l/s·person, 급탕 0.2 l/ ㎡·day, 건물운용 24시간(근무시간 9:00~18:00)으로 설정 하였으며, 기상데이터는 중부지역의 충주지역의 기상데이 터를 이용하여 분석을 수행하였다. 옥상녹화 면의 열관류율(U-Value)은 type A 0.332 W/ ㎡·K, type B 0.25 W/㎡·K, type C 0.281 W/㎡·K, type D 0.287 W/㎡·K, type E 0.284 W/㎡·K, type F 0.271 W/ ㎡·K로 분석되었다. 열저항성(R-Value)은 type B > type F > type C > type E > type D > type A 순으로 나타났다. 건물부하는 시시각각 변화하지만 이것이 최대가 되는 시각 에 대해서만 열량을 계산하며, 이것을 최대부하시간(Peak Hour)에 대하여 행한 부하계산을 최대부하계산법(Peak Lo ad Design)이라 한다. 피크부하 중 난방피크부하량은 type A > type D > type E > type C > type F > type B 순이며, 미적용 유형인 type A 대비 type B, C, D, E, F 유형은 약 0.6 ~ 0.9% 절감효과가 예측되었다. 또한, 냉방피크부하 량은 type A > type E > type D > type C > type B > type F 순이며, type A 대비 type B, C, D, E, F 유형은 약 1.1 ~ 1.2% 절감효과가 예상되었다. 연간냉·난방부하량 은 type A > type E > type D > type C > type B > type F 순이며, type A 대비 type B, C, D, E, F 유형은 약 1.14 ~ 1.18% 절감효과가 예측되었다. 연간에너지사용량은 type A > type D > type E > type C > type F > type B 순이며, type A 대비 type B, C, D, E, F 유형은 약 0.5 ~ 0.9% 절감효과를 보였다. 최상층의 에너지성능분석을 한 결과, 난방피크부하량은 type A > type D > type E > type C > type F > type B 순이며, 미적용 유형인 type A 대비 type B, C, D, E, F 유형은 약 1.3 ~ 2.1% 절감효과가 예측 되었다. 또한, 냉방피크부하량은 type A > type E > type D > type C > type B > type F 순이며, type A 대비 type B, C, D, E, F 유형은 약 1.2 ~ 1.5% 절감효과가 예상되었 다. 연간피크난방부하량은 type A > type D > type E > type C > type F > type B 순이며, 미적용 유형인 type A 대비 type B, C, D, E, F 유형은 약 6.0 ~ 9.0% 절감율을 보였으며, 연간피크냉방부하량은 type B > type A > type F > type C > type E > type D 순이다. type B를 제외한 유형에서는 냉방부하저감을 보였으나, type B는 다른 유형 에 비해 높은 단열성으로 인해 내부의 열이 외부로 방출되 지 못한 결과로 사료된다. 이상의 결과로 옥상녹화 적용에 따른 에너지저감효과는 냉방시기 보다 난방시기에 높은 효과를 보였으며, 향후 다 양한 옥상녹화시스템 및 유형별 조성에 따른 검토가 이루어 져야 할 것이다.

This paper presents the seismic evaluation and prediction of a damaged piloti‐type Reinforced Concrete (RC) building before and after postretrofitting under successive earthquakes. For considering realistic successive earthquakes, the past records measured at the same station were combined. In this study, the damaged RC building due to the first earthquake was retrofitted with a buckling‐restrained brace (BRB) before the second earthquake occurred. Nonlinear Time History Analysis (NTHA) was performed under the scaled intensity of the successive ground motions. Based on the extensive structural response data obtained form from the NTHA, the fragility relationships between the ground shaking intensity and the probability of reaching a pre‐determined limit state was were derived. In addition, The the fragility curves of the pre‐damaged building without and with the BRBs were employed to evaluate the effect of the successive earthquakes and the post‐retrofit effect. Through the seismic assessment subjected to the successive records, it was observed that the seismic performance of the pre‐damaged building was significantly affected by the severity of the damage from the first earthquake damages and the hysteresis behavior of the retrofit element.

In this study, I investigated the function and the setting characteristics of 日type plan building ruins in the Hoe-amsa monastery site, that’s renovated by Zen priest Na-ong(1320-76) in the later Goryeo Dynasty(918-1392), through the comparative research between China, Japan, and Goryeo in that time. The ruins of 日type plan building, located in the east side of Buddha hall ruins, is the ruins of Jungryo(衆寮). It was called as Jeondanrim(旃檀林), and the name can be seen from the record(天寶山檜巖寺修造記) of Yi-saek(李穡, 1328-96). It’s name and the composition of plan is very similar to the Jungryo of Chinese and Japanese Zen monastery in 13th-14thcentury. And from it, we can see that, the priest Na-ong tried to introduce institution of Chinese Zen monastery, which he experienced during the time of study in China. But, the location of Jungryo in Hoe-amsa monastery is deferent from the Zen monastery of China and Japan, and it can be said as the setting characteristics of Hoe-amsa monastery in Goryeo Dynasty.

This study aims at searching the Church Building Type and Design Sources of a German church architect who had designed many churches and other buildings in Korea. P. Alwin Schmid(1904-1978) had designed 188 Catholic buildings in Korea for 20 years from 1958 to 1978. In his works there are many excellent Catholic ritual buildings. It was caused by his conviction on the theology and the principles of Church Architecture. And His remarkable achievement is affected by the works of Dominikus Bo"m(1880-1955) and Rudolf Schwarz(1897-1961). Alwin's 5 plan type is relevant to Schwarz' iconographic model, and their approach to 'light' is much the same. But the Character of inner space is the middle of Dominikus Bo"m and Rudolf Schwarz. His works rotted in the Liturgical Movement had been developed in the line of connection with 20th German church architecture. The works of Dominikus Bo"m and Rudolf Schwarz played the role of the teacher of Alwin Schwarz.

Ondol is a traditional heating system in Korea. After new building type, apartment was introduced from western world around 1960, there have been dynamic changes in heating system in apartment. At first, designers supposed that apartment should match to the stand-up-living-style and the radiator system regardless traditional life style. Dwellers, however, didn't accept such a heating system even though the increase of the use of standing type furnitures such as bed, sofa, table, sink etc. Nowadays, Ondol is facilitated to the entire of the home even to the living room and dining/kitchen which radiator system was supposed to be accepted by designers. This try and error process shows that heating system is not only the physical facility itself, but also the cultural element reflecting the properties of way of life. And also it prove that one culture can not substitute the other culture, but merely conflict, mediated each other.

CE형 원자력발전소를 대상으로 운전중 격납건물내 주요지점의 중성자장을 측정하여 작업자가 받을 수 있는 예상 방사선 피폭선량 등을 평가하고, 국제방사선방호위원회의 구권고(ICRP-26) 및 신권고(ICRP-60)에 따른 방사선 피폭선량 비교 및 교정 중성자장과 실제 중성자장의 방사선가중치 등을 분석해보았다. 분석결과 신권고에 따른 중성자가중치는 구권고에 의한 값보다 배 높은 것으로 나타났으며 , 측정지점의 중성자 방사선가중치 평균은 교정 중성자장의 평균과 비슷하였다. 중성자 평균에너지는 로 교정 중성자장의 평균에너지 500 keV보다 낮아 이럴 경우 각 측정지점에 대한 측정값은 실제 등가선량보다 보수적으로 평가될 수 있음을 알 수 있었다

Recently, Earthquake occurrence in korea has become frequent, and the seismic safety of low-rise piloti buildings becomes more and more important. In this study, the differences in seismic performance between before and after reinforced by concrete filled steel tube (CFT) of low-rise central core type piloti building structures were compared.

Recently, Earthquake occurrence in korea has become frequent, and the seismic safety of low-rise piloti buildings becomes more and more important. In this study, the seismic retrofit method of low-rise eccentric core type piloti building structures using concrete filled steel tube (CFT) columns was analysed and verified for seismic performance.

Recently, Earthquake occurrence in korea has become frequent, and the seismic safety of low-rise piloti buildings becomes more and more important. In this study, the differences in seismic performance between before and after reinforced by concrete filled steel tube (CFT) of low-rise central core type piloti building structures were compared.

Recently, Earthquake occurrence in korea has become frequent, and the seismic safety of low-rise piloti buildings becomes more and more important. In this study, the seismic retrofit method of low-rise eccentric core type piloti building structures using concrete filled steel tube (CFT) columns was analysed and verified for seismic performance.