This study explored the dual linguistic challenges experienced by Chinese international students enrolled in English-Medium Instruction (EMI) programs at South Korean universities. Drawing on semi-structured interviews with 20 undergraduate students from two leading private universities in Seoul, this study investigated how students navigate the linguistic demands of studying in English while simultaneously adjusting to Korean as the dominant campus language. The findings revealed that students encounter significant obstacles, including professors’ limited English proficiency, inconsistent classroom language policies, and marginalization in group work and class discussions. Despite these difficulties, many students gradually adapted through self-directed strategies and peer support, ultimately gaining academic and linguistic benefits. Some participants reported enhanced preparedness for further studies in English-speaking countries and developed bilingual competencies. The study highlights the complex realities of EMI implementation for non-Anglophone international students and calls for more transparent language policies, targeted support programs, and inclusive pedagogical practices to promote equitable learning environments.

Asian economic potential draws world attention. Recently, China challenges the US’s economic and political dominance which prompted the US-China trade war. Afghanistan and other Arab nations struggled for decades amid an informal US colony after Saddam Hossain’s fall. After the US troops left Afghanistan in 2021, the Taliban took over it. Afghanistan’s trade and military advantage make it vital as middle east geopolitics alter. This has been noticed by China. China-Afghanistan military cooperation improves trade. All in Eurasia is seeing China penetrate global value networks and the Belt and Road supply chains. The 21st century’s Silk Road connects Eastern Afghanistan’s Wakhan Corridor. China-Afghanistan cooperation along the Wakhan Corridor is the key to the success of the Silk Road initiative. China-Afghanistan wants to use the corridor more, which has been a commerce and military battleground. The essay discusses China- Afghanistan strategic relations along the Wakhan Corridor from a legal and strategic perspective.

Aviation safety is critically dependent on effective communication, particularly in the English language, which serves as the international language of aviation. This paper explores the significance of proficient English language communication among aviation professionals and its impact on operational safety. Effective communication in aviation involves various factors such as lack of accent, perfect listening skills, effective hearback and readback procedures, and more. Additionally, English language efficiency in aviation is closely related to emotional stability and the ability to manage stress, both of which are crucial in highpressure environments. The research will also look into the regulatory challenges faced by the aviation industry in standardizing and enforcing language proficiency requirements by the International Civil Aviation Organization and other international institutions. Through a thorough review of existing regulations, industry practices, and case studies, this paper highlights the steps taken to improve communication skills among pilots, air traffic controllers, and other key aviation professionals.

This article critically assesses the role of the International Criminal Court’s (ICC) in enforcing International Humanitarian Law (IHL). The ICC was designed to ensure accountability for severe IHL violations. However, its operational capacity faces significant challenges, particularly its reliance on state cooperation for enforcement and political resistance. This article explores the Court’s jurisdiction, the principle of complementarity, and its investigative processes while analyzing resistance from nonsignatory states such as the US, China, and Russia. The US sanctions against the ICC especially with President Trump’s executive order of February 6, 2025, will exemplify the ongoing tension between state sovereignty and international accountability. Additionally, the article highlights issues within the Rome Statute, including ambiguities regarding state cooperation, jurisdiction, and immunity, which affect the Court’s efficacy. Despite some successes in prosecuting high-profile leaders, the ICC’s credibility remains a matter of debate due to its limited enforcement, inconsistent state support, and continued political resistance.

Various cystic diseases or benign tumors can occur in the jaw, and diagnosis through accurate analysis is essential. In clinical examination, objective tests such as palpation, percussion, and pulp vitality tests are mainly performed on the patient's subjective symptoms, and differential diagnosis is performed by combining radiological and histopathological examinations. This study aims to analyze the incidence rate, location, and recurrence rate of cystic diseases and benign tumors that appear as radiolucent lesions in the jaw. From 2016 to 2020, 1,293 patients diagnosed with cystic diseases or benign tumors with radiolucent radiographic features in Pusan National University Hospital were identified. Under general anesthesia, patients were subjected to cyst enucleation or excision, and the masses were sent for pathohistological examination at the Department of Pathology, Pusan National University Hospital for definitive diagnosis. The incidence rate, location, and recurrence rate of the diseases mentioned above were analyzed. 1,293 patients were diagnosed, with dentigerous cysts being the most common, followed by radicular cysts, odontogenic keratocysts (OKC), and ameloblastomas. Most ameloblastomas, dentigerous cysts, and OKCs were located in the mandibular posterior region, whereas radicular cysts were predominantly observed in the maxillary anterior region. Recurrence was most notable in ameloblastomas and OKCs. Dentigerous cysts are the most common radiolucent jaw lesions, while ameloblastomas and OKCs show high recurrence rates, thus requiring careful management. The lesions vary in their predominant locations, with ameloblastomas, dentigerous cysts, and OKCs commonly occurring in the mandibular posterior region, and radicular cysts in the maxillary anterior region. Given the differences in recurrence rates and site predilections, it is crucial to differentiate these lesions accurately based on their characteristics and provide appropriate treatment tailored to each type.

본 논문은 두 단계의 이민정책으로서 지역특화형 비자 제도를 분석하 며, 그 사례로 부산시의 도입 및 운영을 중심으로 다룬다. 이 제도는 지 역 인구 감소와 경제적 문제에 대응하여 외국인 인재를 특정 지역에 유 치하고 지역 경제 활성화를 도모하기 위해 도입되었다. 본 논문에서는 부산시가 서구, 동구, 영도구를 대상으로 추진한 지역특화형 비자 사업의 성과와 한계를 평가하고, 중앙정부와의 협력 및 지역자치단체의 역할을 중심으로 정책 집행상의 어려움을 분석한다. 연구 결과, 비자 제도가 인 구 및 경제 문제 해결에 긍정적인 가능성을 보이나, 정부 간 협력과 지 역적 역량 부족이 효과를 제한하는 주요 요인으로 나타났다. 이러한 분 석을 바탕으로, 지역 자율성과 비자 관리의 효율성을 높이기 위한 정책 개선 방안을 제안하며, 이는 한국 내 지역 맞춤형 이민정책의 발전에 중 요한 시사점을 제공한다.

The Korea-China cooperative partnership model achieved the dual goal of working-level cooperation between the two countries and effective control over structural contradictions and guaranteed the rapid development of bilateral relations. but structural conflicts between the two countries, the two systems, and the two security systems still persist. These structural conflicts have been hampered by factors such as changes in the dynamics of the two countries, widening the gap in strategic perceptions, and deteriorating cooperation environment. This study summarized the achievements and limitations of the Korea-China strategic cooperation partnership as follows. First of all, economic cooperation between Korea and China is shifting from a complementary relationship to a competitive phase. Next, the progress of the Korea-China strategic partnership has prepared a strategic environment for the development of bilateral relations. However, there is a gap between the official regulations and the actual situation.hird, it is the expansion of humanities exchanges and sluggish understanding between the people of the two countries. Humanities exchanges have been actively conducted between Korea and China based on geographical proximity and historical and cultural similarities.The mutual feelings of the people of the two countries cannot follow the development trend of bilateral relations, but on the contrary, they are showing a deteriorating atmosphere. This paper argues that China and Korea should make the following efforts in the future. First, Korea and China should actively promote the momentum for cultural exchange. Second, Korea and China should maintain and improve the safety of supply chain cooperation. Third, Korea and China should improve the sustainability of the communication mechanism between the two countries.

직장 내 괴롭힘은 노동현장에서의 인격권 침해행위로서 피해자 개인의 신체적 정신적 건강을 침해하는 행위이자 조직 전체에 악영향을 끼치는 행위이다. 이에 따라 직장 내 괴롭힘의 예방과 대응에 관한 제도가 근로기준법에 도입된 2019년에 도입되었고, 이후 5년 동안 이 제도는 현장의 근로자들에게 많이 활용되고 있다. 그런데 산업 현장에서는 직장 내 괴롭힘 사건의 조사과정 및 결정 이후 피해근로자 등에 대하여 2차 피해가 종종 발생하고 있는데, 근로기준법상 규정은 모든 유형의 2차 피해에 대하여 규율하고 있지 않아 피해자 보호에 미흡한 점이 있다. 직장 내 괴롭힘의 2차 피해는 우선 사용자와 조사 자가 조사과정에서의 객관성과 공정성의 유지와 비밀유지의무의 엄수함으로써 방지될 수 있다. 또한 직장 내 괴롭힘 예방 및 대응 매뉴얼을 작성할 때에는 2차 피해 방지 제도를 도입하고, 피해자와 동료직원들에게도 확정된 사례를 공유하여야 하며, 직장 내 괴롭힘이 조직문화의 문제임을 인지하고 전반적인 개선을 해나가야 할 필요가 있다.

The increase in space activity has contributed to a convergence of cybersecurity and outer space at a critical moment in the digital era requiring a thorough examination of the threats to space-based assets and the protective measures required. As satellites and space technology become integral to global operations, their сyber security is parаmount given their vulnerability to cyber espionage, interference and attacks. This paer highlights the significance of technological advancements and their dual role in improving space systems while also introducing new vulnerabilities. It explores varied national cybersecurity practices focusing on space stakeholders such as the US, the EU, China, Russia and UAE, revealing the global strategies employed against cyber threats. Moreover, the importance of laws and regulations such as the Outer Space Treaty in countering cyber attacks and emphasising the need for agile legal frameworks to address cybersecurity challenges in outer space is also examined. Moreover, the paper addresses complex issues of cybersecurity in outer space, particularly innоvation, collaboration and legal reforms.

Regional economic integration organizations (REIOs) can ratify climate change agreements as mixed agreements, including the Paris Agreement, with their member states. A question may arise on what responsibilities can REIOs have under the Paris Agreement in relation to the member states. Analyzing the draft articles on the responsibility of international organizations reveals that REIO can have derived (indirect) responsibility for non-fulfilling the obligations by member states due to the normative control resulting from the adoption of binding resolutions. Also, under Article 4.18 of the Paris Agreement, REIO will be jointly responsible for non-realization of the goals communicated in the NDCs together with non-compliant member. This will make the non-compliant states responsible externally to the third parties and to REIO internally in achieving the goals of NDC and will encourage the compliant member states to participate in realizing the collective goal of REIO because of influence of not realizing the collective goal.