We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of ensemble optimal interpolation (EnOI) in improving the analysis of significant wave height (SWH) within wave models using satellite-derived SWH data. Satellite observations revealed higher SWH in mid-latitude regions (30o to 60o in both hemispheres) due to stronger winds, whereas equatorial and coastal areas exhibited lower wave heights, attributed to calmer winds and land interactions. Root mean square error (RMSE) analysis of the control experiment without data assimilation revealed significant discrepancies in high-latitude areas, underscoring the need for enhanced analysis techniques. Data assimilation experiments demonstrated substantial RMSE reductions, particularly in high-latitude regions, underscoring the effectiveness of the technique in enhancing the quality of analysis fields. Sensitivity experiments with varying ensemble sizes showed modest global improvements in analysis fields with larger ensembles. Sensitivity experiments based on different decorrelation length scales demonstrated significant RMSE improvements at larger scales, particularly in the Southern Ocean and Northwest Pacific. However, some areas exhibited slight RMSE increases, suggesting the need for region-specific tuning of assimilation parameters. Reducing the observation error covariance improved analysis quality in certain regions, including the equator, but generally degraded it in others. Rescaling background error covariance (BEC) resulted in overall improvements in analysis fields, though sensitivity to regional variability persisted. These findings underscore the importance of data assimilation, parameter tuning, and BEC rescaling in enhancing the quality and reliability of wave analysis fields, emphasizing the necessity of region-specific adjustments to optimize assimilation performance. These insights are valuable for understanding ocean dynamics, improving navigation, and supporting coastal management practices.

In-beop-dang (因法堂) is a building type that can confirm the complex space composition of the hermitage in the late Joseon Period, which is designed to accommodate various functions such as Buddhist priesthood, living spaces, and auditoriums. These facts have been confirmed mainly through plan analysis in many previous researches. However, such a plan composition has the potential to lead to more in-depth research when dealt with consideration of the Korean traditional wooden structure. In particular, the composition of upper structure in In-beop-dang with Toi-maru in front of the On-dol room can be considered from the perspective of structural response to wooden architecture in the Joseon period after the introduction of Toi-maru. Based on the achievements of these prior studies, this paper was conducted to examine the compositional characteristics, including the upper structure of the Wha-jang-am (華藏庵) In-beop-dang. In order to examine the universal aspects of structural type changes to cope with the complex spatial composition of the In-beop-dang, the cases of an in-mountain hermitage of Kim Nyong-sa(金龍寺) Temple, Geum-seon-dae (金仙臺), Yang-jin-am (養眞庵), and Dae-sung-am (大成庵).

漢字構形學은 한자를 구성하는 단위의 개념을 규정하고 각 단위가 맺는 공시 적, 통시적 관계를 밝혀내어 관계를 지배하는 원리를 기술하는 학문이다. 1980년대 말에 한자구형학 이론이 정립된 후 2002년에 처음 출판된 󰡔漢字構形學講座󰡕부터 10여 년이 지난 후 2015년에 출판된 󰡔漢字構形學導論󰡕까지 내용이 보완되면서 점차 늘어난 편폭 만큼 한자구형학에 대한 저자의 깊은 통찰력도 더욱 분명하게 드러난다. 이 책 서문에서 저자는 한자를 인식하는 데 필요한 두 가지 열쇠가 표의성(表意性)과 형태 구성(構形)의 체계성이라고 강조하고 있으며, 이것은 漢字構形學을 지배하는 기본 원리라고 할 수 있 다. 漢字構形學은 한자의 본체인 ‘형태(形)’에 초점을 맞추어 한자의 형태가 구성되고 변화하는 과정에서 나타나는 ‘현상’을 연구하며, 그 이론을 관통하고 있는 핵심 주제는 한자의 ‘체계성’이다. 체계성의 핵심 의미는 그 체계를 구성하는 요소 간의 유기적 관계 에 있다. 이 책은 한자의 본체인 자형(字形)을 중심으로 한자 체계의 내부적, 외부적 요 소 간의 ‘관계’를 폭넓게 다루고 있다. 그리고 한자 체계 내부에 존재하는 각종 관계와 외 부 요소와의 관계는 통시적인 형태 변화 과정에서 나타나는 현상을 근거로 증명한다. 이 책은 이론적인 문제의 해결에서 ‘관계’를 기술하여 설명하고 ‘근거’를 들어 ‘증명’하는 한 자학의 학술적 의미를 되새기게 한다.

Recently, the occurrence frequency of earthquake has increased in Korea, and the interests for seismic reinforcement of existing school buildings have been raised. To this end, the seismic performance evaluations for school buildings that did not accomplish the seismic design are required. In particular, this study checks the eigenvalue analysis, pushover curves, maximum base shears, performance points and story drift ratios, and then analyzes the seismic performance characteristics according to bracing configuration of steel frame system reinforcement. Also, this study presents the practical field application methods through the comparison of analysis results for the seismic performance characteristics.

Large amounts of concrete, metal, soil, and other radioactive waste are generated not only from nuclear power plants operating in Korea but also from nuclear power plant decommissioning. If it is confirmed through measurement of residual radioactivity that the concentration is below the allowable clearance level, they can be managed as general or industrial waste in accordance with the Nuclear Safety Act. The Korea Radioactive Waste Agency predicts that very low-level radioactive waste will be generated the most, at about 67.1%. If waste below clearance level among very low-level radioactive waste can be evaluated and reduced, a lot of costs can be saved. Among radioactive wastes, metal wastes in particular have various sizes, shapes, and densities. If radioactivity is measured without properly considering this, a large error occurs in the measured value even if the radioactivity value is the same. This requires a conservative measurement method using density correction taking into account the self-absorption effect. For conservative measurements, it is essential to compare measured values with calculated values using MCNP6 (Monte Carlo N-Particle). You must enter the geometry of the measurement environment and derive calculated values using F8 Tally. Clearance level of radioactive waste is determined through the above method. In addition, sufficient MDA (Minimum Detectable Activity) must be secured to determine clearance level by using NaI(Tl), plastic scintillator configuration, and lead shielding. Nuclide analysis is performed using a NaI(Tl) scintillator and the total gamma radioactivity is evaluated using a highly efficient plastic scintillator.

With the rapid development and progress of modern social economy and science and technology, a new concept has emerged in the public's vision: the digital creative industry, which is a type of industry that combines modern information technology and cultural creative industries into one and integrates them, such as "the universe", virtual products, artificial intelligence, VR technology, and so on. Research by ARK INVEST shows that the compound growth rate of the "meta universe" will reach 17%, increasing from $180 billion currently to $390 billion in 2025. The mature "meta universe" can satisfy users to complete all social, entertainment, and other attributes similar to the real world.

The configuration management system was implemented on the basis of a document management system that secured stable understanding, scalability, document security, and convenience in small modular reactor. To reduce the cost and risk of errors, configuration management is implemented to maintain a balance between design requirements, physical configuration, facility configuration information. In the initial stages, configuration change review procedures was developed with the main purpose of change management such as classification system management, configuration control committee management, configuration change review preparation, configuration control committee operation, followup measures, current status and tracking management. The preparation of the configuration change review consisted of preparation, distribution approval, designation of reviewers, review, collection of review opinions, and preparation of resolution results. In the operation of the configuration control committee, it was conducted by designating review members, reviewing members, collecting operation, and approval them. The next step is to supplement and develop the requirements of IEEE Std 828-2012, such as configuration management planning, configuration management control, configuration identification, configuration change control, configuration status monitoring, configuration audit, interface management, and release management. Through this, issue raising, action management, and baseline management will be implemented.

Today’s manufacturers must respond quickly to customer needs. In particular, make-to-order companies are constantly striving to satisfy customer demand for products in order to secure more favorable conditions in the future through bidding. In this bidding process, quotations play a very important role in providing favorable conditions. And the most important content that companies strive to satisfy their customers is the product's performance. Therefore, a company can attract customers and secure economic profits through good quotations, but it can be said that the first priority is to match the performance of the products requested by the customers. That is, when a company creates a quotation, it is important to structure the quotation according to the performance of the product. Thus, this paper intends to present a quotation management framework and a quotation BOM information model for constructing quotations efficiently in make-to-order manufacturing. And, in order to prove the usefulness of the proposed quotation management framework, we presents an case of the construction of an quotation management system based on the JAVA platform. As a result, the integrated quotation management system based on the proposed quotation management framework and quotation BOM has been successfully operated in a make-to-order company that manufactures marine engines.

RPG는 다양한 게임요소의 구성을 통해 게임플레이의 재미와 플레이 목적을 제공한다. 이중 던전은 유저가 게임을 플레이하는 장소로써의 역할과 함께 퍼즐들의 요소가 추가되어서 하나의 난관으로서의 역할도 수행 하고 있다. 기존의 RPG의 던전은 숙달과정을 반복하게 되면 더 이상 퍼즐요소와 게임의 난관 요소로 작용 할 수 없게 되며 하나의 통로와 공간으로의 역할로 축소하게 된다. 본 연구에서는 RPG를 구성하고 있는 던 전의 수명과 게임요소로써의 역할을 증대시키기 위해 서스펜스 요소를 도입한 던전을 연구하였다. 서스펜스 의 요소를 통해 유저에게 지속적으로 긴장감을 부여하고 단순한 통로로써의 역할이 아닌 게임의 공략요소 로써 던전이 사용될 수 있도록 한다. 특히, 서스펜스 요소의 조합을 바탕으로 던전 구성에 지속적인 변화를 추가하여 같은 던전을 공략할 때도 새로운 경험을 겪을 수 있게 하여 지루함을 탈피하고 플로우를 경험하 는 만족도 높은 던전을 구성할 수가 있다.

Continuous synthesis of high-crystalline carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is achieved by reconfiguring the injection part in the reactor that is used in the floating catalyst chemical vapor deposition (FC-CVD) process. The degree of gas mixing is divided into three cases by adjusting the configuration of the injection part: Case 1: most-delayed gas mixing (reference experiment), Case 2: earlier gas mixing than Case 1, Case 3: earliest gas mixing. The optimal synthesis condition is obtained using design of experiment (DOE) in the design of Case 1, and then is applied to the other cases to compare the synthesis results. In all cases, the experiments are performed by varying the timing of gas mixing while keeping the synthesis conditions constant. Production rate (Case 1: 0.63 mg/min, Case 2: 0.68 mg/min, Case 3: 1.29 mg/min) and carbon content (Case 1: 39.6 wt%, Case 2: 57.1 wt%, Case 3: 71.6 wt%) increase as the gas-mixing level increases. The amount of by-products decreases stepwise as the gas-mixing level increases. The IG/ID ratio increases by a factor of 7 from 10.3 (Case 1) to 71.7 (Case 3) as the gas-mixing level increases; a high ratio indicates high-crystalline CNTs. The radial breathing mode (RBM) peak of Raman spectrograph is the narrowest and sharpest in Case 3; this result suggests that the diameter of the synthesized CNTs is the most uniform in Case 3. This study demonstrates the importance of configuration of the injection part of the reactor for CNT synthesis using FC-CVD.

In this study, the flow analyses were carried out on three kinds of front wing models. The down forces of front wings which influence the stability, cornering at driving were investigated with three models. At model 1, the maximum pressure shown on the main plate of front wing is 3177.539Pa. The maximum pressures at models 2 and 3 are shown to be 3429.677Pa and 3506.494Pa, respectively. The higher the pressure, the more resistance. So, the lower the pressure, the less resistance the model gets. At model 1, the maximum velocity of stream that flows under the front wing was shown to be the smallest among three models. In case of all three models, the pressure at which the air passes through the front wing is high in the upper part of the front wing. Among three models, model 1 is thought to be the most appropriate model to give the effect of the down force while reducing the flow resistance at driving. By utilizing this study result, the flow velocity and pressure are investigated without the flow experiment at driving due to the configuration of automotive front wing, and the flow resistance can be seen.

This research is conducted focusing on the 7-Dories type wooden buildings showing different rafter installation. This research found the reason why the rafter configuration look different each other and the relationship the between rafters and the Dory. Factors were compared to determine why the rafter configuration show the formal differentiation. The comparison factors are as follows: 1. The type of rafter installation is related to the longitudinal length of the building. 2. The type of rafter installation is related to the number of Kans on the side of the building and is proportionate. 3. The type of rafter configuration is related to the Dory arrangement and is proportionate. 4. The type of rafter configuration is related to the Dory’s vertical arrangement. If the Dory arrangement is small, it is identified as two-stage rafter configuration. And if the Dory arrangement is large, it is identified as three-stage rafter configuration. Eventually, it was confirmed that the rafter configuration were affected by the Dory arrangement.