In this study, we investigated the effect of solid culture medium on the production of cordycepin in Cordyceps militaris. The regression equation was expressed as follows: Y1= 755.3-58.6625X1+4.79432E-14X2-46.6625X3-5.66269E-14X1X2- 0.025X1X3+1.62475E-14X2X3-160.6625X1 2+0.0125X2 2-206.9625X3 2, where, Y represents the value of cordycepin content (μg/g), X1 corresponds to the weight of M. alternatus in solid culture medium (g/bottle), X2 to the water content of the solid culture medium (%), and X3 to the culture period (day). The solid culture medium was optimized using the response surface methodology, and the optimal medium composition was as follows: the weight of M. alternatus in solid culture medium and water content were 16.2% and 100.7% (20.14 mL water/20 g solid culture medium), respectively, with a culture period of 39 days. Under these conditions, the cordycepin content of the fruiting bodies reached 150.0 μg/g (actual value). The supplementation of M. alternatus in solid culture for improved cordycepin content of C. militaris seems to be a promising alternative to wild and solid cultivation.

이 논문은 근대 신성로마제국, 특히 그 독일어권 지역 귀족 궁정들의 여성 음악후원, 그 후원을 통한 음악 및 음악문화 전파를 탐구한다. 탐구대상은 엘리자베트 폰 헤센-카셀, 소피 엘리자베트 폰 브라운슈바이크-뤼네부르크, 소피 샬로테 폰 하노버의 경우이다. 이들은 당대에 통상적으로 여성에게 허용된 범위를 넘어선 인문주의적, 음악적 교육 및 체험을 누렸으며, 이미 본가의 궁정 에서 자신의 연주력, 연주 기획력을 펼쳤다. 훗날에는 시가 궁정의 음악을 (재)구성하고 재건하며 관리해냈다. 본가의 음악가들과 긴밀한 관계를 이어가며 그 과업들을 수행해냈다. 그리하여 근대 이탈리아, 프랑스의 음악 양식과 극적 음악장르들, 실내악이 이동하며 정착했다. 독일 바로크 음악의 전파, 근대 독일 오페라의 발전도 구현되었다. 영국 음악이 독일 지역들로 스며들기도 했다. 무엇보다 17, 18세기 독일의 음악 중심지들에 음악적, 음악문화적 정체성의 토대가 놓여졌다. 음악교육, 음악애호의 대물림을 통해 실현된 모녀 2대에 의한 2중 전파 역시 흥미롭다. 당대 궁정 음악후원의 주목적이었던 군주의 권세 과시를 벗어난, 음악에 대한 순수한 애정에서 비롯된 후원 행위도 특징적이다.

The establishment of porcine embryonic stem cells (ESCs) from porcine somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) blastocysts is influenced by in vitro culture day of porcine reconstructed embryo and feeder cell type. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to determine the optimal in vitro culture period for reconstructed porcine SCNT embryos and mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) feeder cell type for enhancing colony formation efficiency from the inner cell mass (ICM) of porcine SCNT blastocysts and their outgrowth. As the results, porcine SCNT blastocysts produced through in vitro culture of the reconstructed embryos for 8 days showed significantly increased efficiency in the formation of colonies, compared to those for 7 days. Moreover, MEF feeder cells derived from outbred ICR mice showed numerically the highest efficiency of colony formation in blastocysts produced through in vitro culture of porcine SCNT embryos for 8 days and porcine ESCs with typical ESC morphology were maintained more successfully over Passage 2 on outbred ICR mice-derived MEF feeder cells than on MEF feeder cells derived from inbred C57BL/6 and hybrid B6CBAF1 mice. Overall, the harmonization of porcine SCNT blastocysts produced through in vitro culture of the reconstructed embryos for 8 days and MEF feeder cells derived from outbred ICR mice will greatly contribute to the successful establishment of ESCs derived from porcine SCNT blastocysts.

This study researched the food culture and bean economy of the Joseon dynasty during the 16th century and according to the primary lifestyle reference『Shaemirok (瑣尾錄)』. The research analyzed the textual contents of the『Shaemirok (瑣尾錄)』. It is clear that the people of the Joseon dynasty produced more beans than grain, at a ratio of 41 to 50, respectively. The soy bean sauce consumption was split into family consumption and non-family consumption. It was evident that there was more family consumption compared to that of non-family consumption at a ratio of 7 to 3, respectively. People of the Joseon dynasty annually recorded their way of making soy sauce from 1595 to 1600. The Joseon writers edited the record six times for making meju and four times for making soy sauce. The recorded ratio displays the ingredients of soy sauce, which were: 6 Du of Mal Jang and 2 Du of salt. Mal Jang and salt had a three to one ratio, respectively. The most mentioned food was Tofu during the mid-Joseon period with fifty six mentions. The Joseon people regarded making Tofu in a Buddhist temple as a family-bonding experience. Porridge was the second most prominent food next to Tofu, among the bean-related food. Porridge appears thirty five times. There were 3 types of porridge named: bean porridge, bean powder porridge and mung bean porridge.

점토대토기문화기에서 석재를 사용한 분묘는 적석목관묘 ․ 위석목관묘 ․ 토광위석묘 ․ 석곽묘 ․ 석관묘 등 다양한 명칭으로 구분되고 있다. 지금까지 조사된 분묘를 검토한 결과 삼국시대 석곽묘와 같은 견 고한 구조의 석곽묘와 목관과 묘광사이를 할석을 이용하여 뒷채움한 유사석곽형, 목관과 묘광 사이에 판석을 석관처럼 가로방향으로 세워 놓은 석관형, 묘광의 장벽이나 단벽을 따라 목관을 고정하기 위해 몇 매의 석재를 듬성듬성 놓은 위석형으로 구분된다. 그러나 축조 당시의 모습이 완벽하게 남아 있지 않기 때문에 잔존상태만으로 이를 구분하는데 한계가 있다. 석재사용 분묘는 공간적으로 경기지역과 호서 ․ 호남지역에 넓게 분포한다. 하지만 경기지역은 대부분 단순한 형태를 보이며, 부장유물도 세형 동검을 제외하면 청동기는 없이 토기만 부장된다. 이에 반해 호서․호남지역은 분묘의 구조가 다양할 뿐만 아니라 유물도 의기류, 무기류, 공구류 등 다양한 청동기가 다량 부장되고 있다. 한반도 점토대토기문화는 중국 동북지역 주민 이주로 형성되었으며, 다양한 구조의 분묘가 확인되는 것으로 보아 이주는 일회성으로 그치지 않았다. 또한 출토 청동기를 통해 볼 때 중국 동북지역에서 볼 수 없는 한반도만의 특징적인 청동기로 발전한 것으로 볼 수 있다. 호서 ․ 호남지역의 경우 석재사용 분묘에서는 검파형동기 ․ 방패형동기 ․ 동령구 ․ 동경 ․ 이형동기 등 의례용 청동기가 출토된 것으로 보아 의례를 관장하는 특수집단의 이주가 상정되며, 의기와 함께 다량의 청동무기를 부장하고 있는 것으로 보아 상당한 위계를 가진 집단이 이주하였던 것으로 볼 수 있다.

The study presented attempts to analyze and categorize Chosun’s food ingredients and culture through a Western perspective based on 32 representative Western documents pertaining to old Korea. Before modernization, Westerners visited Chosun during their visits to old China or Japan. Westerners were most active in Chosun from the open port period to the annexation of Korea to Japan occupation. They were teachers, missionaries, diplomats, and doctors visiting Chosun with personal goals. In 31 book traveler’s journal, it records Chosen’s mainly produced ingredients, such as grains, spices, fruits, cabbage, chicken, and chestnuts; foods from Chosen include kimchi, soup, and tofu. Foreigners especially liked foods made of eggs and chicken, but they did not enjoy Chosun’s lack of sugar and dairy. Thirty-one book foreigners’ records describe Chosun’s Ondol, kitchen, crock, fermented foods, low dining tables, and chopsticks. Chosun people liked dog meat, unrestrained drinking culture, sungnyung, and tea culture. Foreign documentation on Chosun’s food culture allows modern scholars to learn about Chosun people’s lifestyles, as if their lives were a vivid picture

This study was intended to examine the continuance and transformation of food culture during the enlightenment and Japanese ruling era by analyzing the novel of "Toji". In the novel "Toji", the chaotic political and economic situation is reflected, along with the peoples' hard lives in the latter era of the Choson Dynasty. After the full-fledged invasion of China by the Japanese, the shift to a wartime posture was accompanied by an increased need for food. This led to a rationing and delivery system for rice in the late 1930s. While it was hard for people to obtain even brewer's grains and bean-curd dregs, food distribution officers were well off. Another distinctive feature of the food culture during the enlightenment and Japanese ruling era was that foreign food and recipes were introduced naturally to Korea through the influx of various foreigners. The industry of Choson was held by Japanese monopolistic capital, as a result, Choson had equal to the role as a spending site and was only gradually left destitute. In the Japanese ruling era, there were new type of business including such as patisserie of the types of civilization in the town, and those tempted Korean people. However, the Japanese and pro-Japan collaborators dominated commercial business. Being urbanization through the modernization, it was became patronized fast food in the populous downtown, and the change of industry structure and life style greatly influenced into our food culture. Acceptance the convenient Japanese style fast food such as Udong, pickled radish made was actively accepted with a longing for the advancement civilization. After the enlightenment, many Japanese exchange students went to Tokyo to get advanced civilization and provided urban mood according to their consumption of bread, coffee, Western food, which were considered a part of the elite culture.

This study intends to consider about the food culture during the latterly Chosun Dynasty through the genre paintings which are depicted realistically about the total food life figures for example not only the foods, but also that people who eat and drink the food and eating implements, eating methods. There are 9 pieces of works Kim hong-do's which are the best appraisal on the incorporated Korean emotion and on the real life of general public. Those are selected for this study's characteristics through the literature consideration. The characteristics of the tableware pottery and food culture are following things. The first is a white porcelain's development and popularization. In the latterly Chosun Dynasty period, the development of the agriculture and commerce made been connected to the affluent food cultures, these made increase the porcelain's use of upper classes and these made been connected to the development of the porcelain's cultures. The second is the development of various pottery with a dark brown glaze manufactures. The development of agriculture and economy power made bring the development of the kinds of sauces and Kimchi culture with an inflow of foreign crops and these made making the large an earthenware pot or jar which could store something during the long time. The third is the development of the small dining table on the eating the bread of idleness. In the Chosun dynasty period, the food style was been unified to he eating the bread of idleness and been lowered. These made developed of various small dining table through the underfloor heating system's generalization. The fourth is the development of the spoon with the soup culture. It is the East Asia called that the spoon culture boundary, this show the characteristic that we use the spoon mainly compare with another countries. Finally, it is universal use of the fixed quantitative implements. They could live quantitative life with the scales which are jar of soy sauce, liquor jug, jar, scoop leading a set of tableware.

This study presents the food culture as analysis food material, food and cooking tools in the novel literature and examines the food as a code of current cluture of common social through five Pansori texts among the twelve Pansori texts into written form. It is a many Pansori, but this study is analysed to select early copying papers. It can be found rice, Kimchi, salted fish as the common people food in Simchong-ga text. It can be known characteristics of Jeolla-do Area food used many food material and acceptance of foreign crops in the late period of the Chosun in Chunhyang-ga text. In Hungbo-ga text, it can be found the popularity food is rice cake and meat and looked the special feature of dog meat, rice cake, scorched rice-tea. In Toebyol-ga text, it can be looked many sea food and medicine beverages, and in Chokpyok-ga text, it can be found peculiarity of drink for making excitement during a war. Moreover, in five Pansori texts, that is seemed characteristics such as cover of tableware, spoon and chopsticks, tableware china, a cauldron, a charcoal burner, a brass chafing dish, a table, a flail and a mill.

The present study examined the characteristic of regional food culture observed in prehistoric Daegok-ri petroglyph based on the history of art, archeological materials and existing whale eating customs. Daegok-가 petroglyph expressed animals in the sky, on the land and in the sea. According to the relic, the most preferred land and marin animals were deer and whale, respectively. In terms of petroglyphic techniques. earlier patch engraving was used mainly to express marin animal whale, and later line engraving to express land animal deer. This implies the possibility that as whale hunting declined due to regional environmental change the source of protein was switched to land animals. Among relics found in Dongsam-dong shell mound, which is a remain from the Neolithic Period, whale bones appear only in shell mounds of the Neolithic Period in coastal areas, and shell mounds until the Ironze Age, which were the agricultural Age, were found the bones of land animals such as deer and wild boar. This shows that in the petroglyph thematic land animals expressed in line engraving, which is a technique later than patch engraving, were major food resources for the supply of protein. Moreover, in terms of art, Daegok-ri petroglyph describes 'advanced hunters', suggesting that it was the Neolithic Period and showing 문 aspect of regional food culture based on hunting and fishing. The credibility, which prehistoric men expressed in Daegok-ri petroglyph before the invention of letters, was also proved by archeological articles.

The Chosun Dynasty in the 18th century was a period of revival for science, art, and culture, bringing about Silhak(practical science), a new trend in the history of Chosun thoughts. In the history of fine arts, realistic landscape paintings and genre paintings were popular as realism became prevalent. From the aspect of food culture, in particular, the luxurious and elegant Korean-styled food culture was completed during this period. Iwanwasuseoksihoedo was painted by Jeong Hwang (1735-1800) in 1789, depicting a banquet on an elder's 60th birthday. It is classified as a genre painting in the late Chosun Period but it contains things that comes into our heart, which are white porcelain with blue celadon pictures, white porcelain bowls, busy atmosphere of a banqueting house where food is being carried in a hurry and elders' serene appearance. All these things show the abundance of life, the room and comfort of old ages, and the beauty and relish of life in the well-arranged living ground. Hoehonyedo was painted on an elder's 60th marriage anniversary by an unknown artist presumably in the 18th century is a painting as realistic as a documentary photograph. The work gives viewers pleasure and comfort because it describes not a mighty clan but the superb later years of an official who had lived right and upright life. In the aspect of food culture, it displays the food culture of the splendid sixtieth marriage anniversary of a Korean official through noble etiquette among family members, seat planning, unique table culture and high quality tableware including white porcelain with celadon pictures and pure white porcelain.

This present study suggests a wider view of our ancestors' food culture by examining the generality and peculiarity of the food culture of the Chosun Period by associating the culture with genre paintings made in the 18th~19th century in Korea. People in the Chosun Period outwardly advocated the Confucian idea reflecting the life philosophy of Chinese. However, the vitality of common people's frank and simple lifestyles saturate genre paintings and display Korean food culture and sentiments of the age. Initially this paper examines the history of food sociology through Namjong literary artists' paintings. The meaning and philosophy of drinks are considered in relation to the trend of declining tea culture among scholars in the mid-Chosun Period with the policy of promoting Confucianism and oppressing Buddhism. Secondly, this paper investigates the background of genre paintings in the late Chosun Period, and examines the unique food culture of Koreans appearing in paintings, particularly with regard to the abundance and variety of seasoned vegetables appearing in genre paintings, our ancestors' sentiment appearing in milk-gathering painting, humanity in guest reception, food culture and view of nature in farm villages, fishing life history, food distribution culture, soybean-curd culture, etc.

The development potential of bovine somatic cells was evaluated using nuclear transfer. A single donor cell derived from fetus of HanWoo(Korean Native Cattle) was selected and deposited into perivitelline space of each enucleated oocyte before electrical fusion and activation. Nuclei of donor cells starved for 7 days (37%) tended to support the development of reconstitute embryo the blastocyst stage better than those of donor cells starved 3, 14 and 30 days. The cleavage rate was significantly lower(P<0.05) in reconstitute embryos derived from large size donor cells(51.2%), than those from small medium size donor cells(76.6 and 73.5, respectively). The developmental rate to blastocyst of reconstructed embryos from medium size donor cells was higher than those from small and medium size donor cells. This study demonstrates that an appropriate culture period for induction into quiescent stage and the size of donor cells effect on the efficiency of nuclear transfer using cultured bovine cells.

Food goods traded between Korea and Japan during the middle period of the Cho Sun era included Insam (Jinseng), rice, beans, honey, perilla oil, starch, adlay, walnuts, pine nuts, jujubes, hazelnuts, and dired chestnuts as exports ; and pepper as imports. The number of Japanese envoies that visited regularly was one thousand five hundred people a year. The receptions that were held for them during the middle period equaled those of the first term of the Cho Sun era, but these receptions were only held in Pu-san. The expense of daily meals was broken down into 8 grades ranging from \129,300 to 2133. The daily meals included Jo-ban (breakfast), Jo-seok-ban (breakfast and dinner), and Ju-jeom-shim (lunch) for the Japanese who visited regularly. During the course of a year, the total amount spent on daily meals was put at a billion won. The banquet style meals included Ha-seon-da-rye (a welcome tea party), Ha-seon-yeon (a welcome banquet), No-cha-yeon (a banquet that was held on the street), and Ye-dan-da-rye (a drink banquet that was held when silk was offered as a gift). It also included Byeol-yeon (a banquet out of the dordinary), Sang-seon-yeon (a farewell banquet), and Myong-il-yeon (a banquet that was held on a national holiday). The banquet style meals were composed of Ceon-tack (to set a table for dinner), Sang-hwa (a flower that was put on the food), Kwan-hwa (to offer a flower when a banquet was held), Ju-9-jan (the ninth wine glass), Dae-seon (meat), music, and Jung-bae-rye (a banquet that was held again after a banquet). The Cho Sun government held banquets forty five times for the Japanese, the food expense for the banquets was put at two hundred and thirty million won.

JOMONG is the period of the primitive economy of collection in Japan. YAYOI and KOBUHG is the period of beginning of rice farming and the period of introduction of many culture from Korea that made influence to food culture in Japan. In the period of JOMONG, people ate foods that became sooty. In the period of YAYOI and KOBUNG there were methods of steaming, boiling, roasting, broiling. At that time Koreans introduced Japanese the brewing and Japanese developed it. In the period of JOMONG, people used the earthenware of Jugu style(originated from Japan) and in YAYOI and KOBUNG, they used TOSAGI & SEHAEGI. (infuluced by KAYA period in Korea)

이 연구는 학문 목적 한국어 학습자를 대상으로 CBI를 활용한 한국 역사 문화수업의 방안을 고안하고 실제 방향을 제시 하는 데 있다. 이를 위하여 먼저 이론적 배경을 통하여 CBI의 특징 및 여러 수업 모델들의 원리와 효과에 대하여 살펴보았다. 그리고 이러한 이론적 배경을 바탕으로 ‘생각하기–내용 이해하기– 활용하기–마무리하기’ 라는 수업 절차를 구성하고 역사 문화수업의 실제 예를 보였다. 마지막으로 CBI를 활용한 수업 시 언어 교사가 가져야 할 전문 지식에 대한 부담감 그리고 교재 및 활동 개발 등을 제언하였다.