This study conducted a survey with 203 single households among men and women in their 20s to 40s who were living in metropolitan areas from October 6 to November 4, 2012 in order to investigate the dietary attitude of the single households. The ratio of single households who had three meals a day regularly was 2.85 points, which was lower than the normal level, and it turned out that those in their 20s and 30s had meals more regularly than those in their 40s did (p<0.001). As for the irregular meal time, most were breakfast (85.9%), and it turned out that they often skipped meals mostly because they did not have time to eat and (41.7%) or because that bothered them (26.0%). 62.6% of the single households did overeating and most of them (39.4%) did overeating because of their irregular meals. Of the single households, women or persons who had lived alone for less than 3 years or more than 7 years cooked at home, more often (p<0.05), and most of them (42%) cooked noodles, easy to cook, but women cooked Korean food-based homemade food such as rice (31.7%) or soup and stew (21.2%), often (p<0.05). It turned out that 36.9% of the single households often ate out about two to three times a day, and as for their favorite eating-out menus, 39.4% were Korean food, followed by Western food (23.8%), flour-based food (13.5%), fast food (9.8%), Chinese food (7.3%) and Japanese food (6.2%). Lastly, as for inconveniences when they ate out, most were the ‘price’ (22.8%), followed by ‘too much amount of food for one person’ (20.2%) and ‘limitations in menu selection’ (19.2%). As a result of this study, it appeared that the single households had an irregular dietary life, often did overeating and often ate out, so it is judged that it would be necessary to develop a variety of nutritionally-balanced HMR food and eating-out menus in a reasonable price range for their healthy dietary life.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the sodium-related dietary attitudes, behaviors, and nutritional knowledge in university students according to the practice of dietary guidelines for Koreans established by the Ministry of Health and Welfare, Republic of Korea. Based on the total practice score related to the dietary guidelines (PDG), we classified subjects into a “low practice of the dietary guidelines (LPDG)” group (n=94, male=43, female=51) (total score of PDG ≤13) and a “high practice of the dietary guidelines (HPDG)” group (n=56, male=32, female=24) (total score of PDG >13). Subjects were asked about general characteristics, lifestyle, salt-related dietary attitudes, behaviors, and nutritional knowledge using a questionnaire. The LPDG group had more subjects who were breakfast skippers (p<0.001) compared to the HPDG group. The LPDG group (31.26) had a significantly lower score in terms of salt-related dietary attitudes compared to the HPDG group (33.77) (p=0.0042). The score for salt-related dietary attitudes was significantly higher in the HPDG (32.52) group than in the LPDG (29.91) group (p=0.0041). There was no significant difference in the total score for salt-related nutrition knowledge between the groups. The correlation analysis indicated that the dietary guidelines practice score had a positive correlation with the salt-related dietary attitude score (r=0.3593, p<0.0001) and the dietary attitude score (r=0.3443, p<0.0001) after adjustments for sex. These results show that the degree of adherence to the dietary guidelines for adults may be related to sodium-related dietary attitudes, behaviors, and nutrition knowledge.

The aim of this study was to investigate the awareness and attitudes for leftover foods and the relationship between gender/number of family members on the effect of leftover foods-free day in elementary school students. The reasons for school lunch leftover foods were ‘too much amount (38.3%)’ and ‘disliked menu (33.6%)’, and the preferred ways for reduction of leftover food was ‘to cook deliciously (34%)’. In the case of students who received nutrition education for reduction of leftover lunch, approximately 33.8% of subjects received nutrition education by administered by nutrition teachers during lunch time. The reason for reducing the amount of leftover foods was ‘not to waste the foods (35.5%)’. After a leftover food-free day, approximately 62.3% of subjects responded that they ate their whole meal, except for soup. The subjects wanted ‘twice per week for leftover food-free day’ and had positive attitudes for that program. Proportion of practicing reduction of leftover foods in families was 55.9% of subjects, and 40.5% of subjects preferred dietary education by nutrition teachers in the classroom. For effective reduction of leftover lunch in school, nutrition teachers should attract interest on the environment and foods through after-school activities.

The purpose of this study was to measure the nutrition knowledge, dietary attitude, eating behavior, physical ability and locomotion of 5-year-old-children, and thereby to provide the fundamental information necessary to develop a nutritionrelated physical education program. A survey was performed on 143 5-years-old boys and 113 girls. The results were as follows. The average score in the nutrition knowledge item, was 7.22 out of a possible 10 points; in the dietary attitude item, 32.46 out of 50 points; in the eating behavior item, 26.67 out of 40 points. According to body measurement, there was a significant difference in height by gender (p＜0.05), Significant differences in muscle mass and basal metabolic rate were also observed by gender (p＜0.001). Gender also influenced the flexibility and reflexibility (p＜0.001), with significant difference in balance of the right side (p＜0.01). Although this study was limited by its cross-sectional study design, the body muscle (p＜0.05) and basal metabolic rate (p＜0.05) were observed to have a positive relation with nutritional knowledge. In addition, there was a significant positive correlation between nutritional knowledge and dietary attitude (p＜0.01). According to the results, it is necessary to develop a long-term and systematic program with the combination of nutrition and physical education to develop correct dietary habits and for the balanced growth of children.

The study analyzed the body shape perception, weight control attitude, nutrition knowledge, and dietary habits of 529 high school students in Jeju surveyed from January 14-18, 2008 according to students' body shape satisfaction, with the aim of providing basic nutritional education data to aid in appropriate weight control for high school students. The data were analyzed by descriptive analysis, T-test, Chi-square test, ANOVA, and Pearson's correlation coefficients, using the SPSS Win 12.0 program. The body mass index (BMI) of subjects was in the normal range. With regard to weight distribution, 59.4% of subjects showed normal weight and girls were significantly more underweight than boys. More girls considered themselves to be fatter than boys and tended to be increasingly dissatisfied with their body shape. Both boys and girls were more interested in weight control for obesity and were significantly less satisfied with their body shape. Efforts at weight control and reduction had occurred significantly more often for girls than for boys. Dietary attitude scores were significantly higher in girls than boys. BMI positively correlated to weight control concern and nutrition knowledge positively correlated to dietary attitude. BMI negatively correlated to the body shape satisfaction, which in turn negatively correlated to food ingestion disorders. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a systematic nutrition educational program that can induce changes in dietary behavior and increase accurate perception and satisfaction of body shape.

This study was performed by questionnaire to investigate the dietary attitude and preference of native local foods for Ulsan citizens. The subjects were consisted of 500 citizens living in Ulsan area. The results of the survey are summarized as follows: On frequency of eating of local foods, 'one time per year' scored high as 40.8%. 'Labor-intensive' scored high as 35.6% in cooking methods. 'Rarely' scored high as 43.2% in frequency of cooking at home. A criteria of selection of Ulsan local foods was 57.2% in taste. The recognition score of native local foods was 'healthful food' (3.96 points), 'should be handed down to next generation' (3.94 points), and 'a lot of natural food ingredients' (3.88 points) and 'nutritious food' (3.87 points) in the order. The preferred native local foods of Ulsan area was 'Ulsa pear' (3.97 points), 'Eonyang, Bonggye Hanoobulgogi' (3.86 pionts), 'Raw Fish', 'Haemuljeongol', ‘Gangodeungojjim', 'Suknamsa SanchaeBibimbab' 'Gangdon Natural Brown Seaweed' in that other. On the other hand, the preference for 'Myeoljang', 'Whale Meat', 'Oksamju', 'Meonggejeon', 'Jepyipjangajji' and 'Kimchigam' was very low. Males liked 'Whale Meat', 'Raw Fish', Oksamju' and 'Dombaegi(Shark Meat)', while females liked 'Gandong Naural Brown Seaweed'. The most effectual food for developing tourism merchandising of Ulsan local foods was 'Eonyang, Bonggye hanoobulgogi' and the next is 'Eonyang Dropwort', 'Gangdong Natural Brown Seaweed', 'Myeoljang', 'Ulsan Pear', and 'Oksamju' in the order.

We conducted a survey on Japanese women's consciousness of food culture and their traditional food consumption by self filling-out questionnaire during January, 2000 for the period of a month, For the survey we selected 250 women residing in Kyoto, Japan. For the statistic work we used SAS package system, and t-test, X2-test and Duncan's multiple range test were also used to verify the results significance. The purpose of this survey lies in gathering a basic data on the comparative direction of Korean and Japanese women's food culture in the future 1. Comparing the preferred food purchase place, In case of Korean women, traditional market was comparatively more preferred while Japanese women relatively preferred convenience store (p〈0.001). 2. In case of Japanese women, they answered there is no difference from ordinary days on New Year's Day (71%) and Christmas (40%) while 38% answered they prepare food at home. 40% said they prepare food on parents-in-law's birthday, and 41% said no difference from ordinary days. 52% said they prepare food at home on husband's birthday. For their own birthday, 32% said yes to preparing food at home while 45% said no difference and 22.3% said eating out. For children's birthday 65% said preparing at home, 16.3% said no difference and 14.9% said eating out. 3. Comparing the conception on traditional food, Korean women answered 'complicated' (77%) most while 'simple' (5%) least, which indicates their demands for simplified recipes. In case of Japanese women, 'complicated' (44%) was most while 'scientific' (6%) was least which indicates their demands for scientific way of recipes. There were differences shown by age (p〈0.001) and the older the more said 'simple' or 'logical' (p〈0.01). 4. As the reason for the complicity of traditional food recipes, Koreans said 'too many hand skill' (60%) most while 'too many spices' (8%) least. For Japanese, 'various kind of the recipe' (55%) was most while 'too many hand skill' (7%) was least. There were significant differences shown by academic background (p〈0.01) and income(p〈0.01), and the lower the academic background, the more said 'too many spices' as the reason for the complicity in making traditional food. Generally, the lesser the income, the more tendency to say 'various kinds of the recipe'. 5. In case of Koreans, 'the recipe is difficult' (56%) was high while 'uninterested' (9%) was low in answer which showed differences by academic background (p〈0.05), and in case of Japanese, 'no time to cook' (44%) was high while 'uninterested' (7%) was low. 6. The following is the reasons for choosing traditional food as a snack for children. In case of Koreans, they answered as 'traditional food' (34%), 'made from nutrious and quality materials' (27%), 'for education' (22%) and 'suites their taste' (17%) revealing 'traditional food' is highest. In case of Japanese, it was revealed in the order of 'made from nutrious and quality materials' (36.3%), 'traditional food' (25.2%), 'suites their taste' (22.6%), 'for education' (12.8%) and 7. Comparing the most important thing for the popularization of traditional food in the world, Koreans answered 'taste and nutrition' (45%) most while 'shape and color' (6%) least. In case of Japanese, 'taste and nutrition' (75%) was answered most while 'hygienic packaging' (4%) was least. Both considered 'taste and nutrition' as most important thing for the popularization of traditional food in the world. 8. In case of Koreans, they answered they learn how to make traditional food 'from mother' (47%), 'media' (18%), 'school' (15%), 'from mother-in-law' (14%), 'private cooking school' (4%) and 'close acquaintances' (2%). In case of Japanese, they said mostly learn 'from mother', but it was also shown that the lower the academic background the lesser the tendency of learning 'from mother' but 'from school' (p〈0.001). 9. About the consumption of traditional fermented food, Koreans said they..

The purpose of this study was to survey several aspects of health and food related behavior of college students in Wonju area. Questionnaires were delivered personally to 430 students. The 37.9% of subjects were self-boarded and 27.4% lived in their home in Wonju area. They spend 230,000 won in average per month. Male students spent money more than female students and self-boarding students spent money more than other residental type students. The 90% of subjects thought they were healthy and the 25% of subjects exercised regularly. The subjects self-recognized their body as fat were more concerning about their weight control and had more weight control experience. SeIf-boarding students tended to skip their meals and had unbalanced diet. Students who lived in dormitory tended to skip meal less. Female students showed higher scores at balanced diet, snack intake, and left meal than male students. Self recognized their body as medium showed lower scores at overeating and eating irregularly. The amount of consumption of carbonated beverage was the highest among several instant foods. The frequencies of intake of those instant foods were different by gender, residental types, and eating behaviors.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the understanding of dietary consciousness and define the relationship of housewife attitude of middle class residence in Puchon city. Questionnaires were collected 282 housewives in Puchon city. Data were analysed with SAS software package for F-test and Duncan's multiple range test. The main findings of the research were as follows: The food related perchasing place was supermarket(91%), ordinary market(77%), department store(68%), special store(58%), common purchase(37%), convenience store(22%) and communication marketing(13%). The clothing perchasing place showed in the order of department store(71%), special store(65%), ordinary market(52%), common purchase(23%), supermarket(18%), convenience store(15%) and communication marketing(10%). Dietary cosciousness of housewife on foods, clothing, and housing related items was significantly different, specially 20's housewife was concerned about foods and 30's housewife was housing(p<0.05). The behavior consciousness of housewife was significantly different between age, education level, family type and income(p<0.05). Highly educated housewife showed a tendency to spend money and times for food related fields, and to buy clothes in a department store for breaking stress(p<0.05). However, low education level and extended family type housewife got more conservative consciousness on traditional fermented food making(p<0.05). Most of young housewife answered that the making of bread, cookies, soybean paste soup, children clothes and handicraft led to positive consciousness(p<0.05). Especially high life satisfaction housewife preferred to make a dosirak(lunch box), dinner, children clothes and handicraft(p<0.05).