The quality characteristics and antioxidant activity of Tteokbokkidduk alone or supplemented with 3%, 6%, 9%, and 12% wheat bran powder were assessed, to increase use of the wheat bran by-product of wheat milling. The moisture content, pH, and starch elution of Tteokbokkidduk increased with increasing wheat bran powder, while the water absorption rate did not. The L color value decreased and the a and b values increased with increasing wheat bran powder. Scanning electron microscopy of Tteokbokkidduk prepared with 0% and 3% wheat bran powder revealed uniform pore size distribution. In terms of texture profile analysis, hardness and chewiness increased, while cohesiveness decreased with increased content of wheat bran powder. Acceptance was highest for samples with 6% wheat bran powder. Quantitative description analysis (QDA) revealed increased brownness, roughness, nutty, bitterness, astringency, savory character, and hardness, and decreased adhesiveness, springiness, and chewiness with increased wheat bran powder. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed highest overall acceptance of samples prepared with 6% wheat bran powder, reflecting the relatively low values of detrimental sensory characteristics. Antioxidant activities of Tteokbokkidduk increased as wheat bran powder content increased. The addition of 6% wheat bran powder resulted in excellent Tteokbokki in terms of acceptance, quality, and antioxidant activity.

Mealworm is the most widely used edible insect in Korean traditional food. In this study, the quality characteristics and antioxidant activity of Garaedduk containing different proportions of powdered mealworm (0%, 3%, 6%, 9%, and 12%) were evaluated in order to enhance the utilization of mealworm. The results revealed that moisture content decreased while pH and starch elution increased, with increasing amount of mealworm. Furthermore, the amount of total amino acids, essential amino acids, and non-essential amino acids increased with increasing amount of mealworm. Regarding chromaticity, the L value decreased while the a and b values increased as the amount of mealworm increased. The addition of 6% mealworm showed slight differences in the pore size and surface smoothness as compared to plain Garaedduk. Texture, hardness, chewiness, and gumminess increased, but cohesiveness decreased with increasing amount of mealworm. The preference test evaluating the appearance, flavor, taste, texture, and overall preference showed that 6% mealworm additive group had the highest preference. In addition, antioxidant activity of the newly developed Garaedduk increased with increasing amount of mealworm. In conclusion, Garaedduk enriched with 6% mealworm showed promising results for developing rice cake with improved nutrition and antioxidant activity and excellent overall preference and quality.

This study evaluated the antioxidant activity and quality characteristics of rice cookie with added butterbur powder in a ratio of 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20% to confirm the possibility of butterbur as a functional food. The moisture content, spread factor, leavening rate, and hardness of rice cookies increased with an increase in the amount of butterbur powder; whereas a decrease in the pH and baking loss rate was observed. The L and b values d ec reased as the amount of butterbur powder increased, but the value was the lowest when 5% of butterbur powder was added. The sensory liking score showed the highest preference for 10% butterbur powder regarding appearance, flavor, taste, texture, and overall preference. In the principal component analysis (PCA), the addition of 10% butterbur powder positively affected the measure of food acceptance in terms of organoleptic properties of butterbur. Besides, as the amount of added butterbur powder increased, the antioxidant activity of rice cookies increased. Based on these results, it appears that the addition of butterbur powder to rice cookies in a 10% ratio can produce rice cookies with excellent antioxidant activity, overall quality, and high preference.

The purpose of this study was to compare differences in the main food components of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) cultivated in Hongcheon after steaming, boiling, and roasting. Among the general components, crude protein, fat, and ash content were the highest in raw quinoa. Dry matter and carbohydrate content was the highest in steamed quinoa, while total dietary fiber content was highest in roasted quinoa. Total amino acid contents were the highest in boiled quinoa and lowest in steamed quinoa. Fatty acid content was highest in raw quinoa and lowest in boiled quinoa. The mineral (calcium, potassium, and phosphorus) and vitamin content was most enriched in raw quinoa, while iron, magnesium, zinc, and manganese were highest in boiled quinoa. For free sugars, the fructose and sucrose levels were highest in raw quinoa, while glucose level was highest in roasted quinoa. The water-soluble vitamin and free sugar contents were lowest in boiled quinoa. In summary, nutritional levels of vitamins vulnerable to heat and unsaturated fatty acids decreased after cooking with heat, while those of amino acids and saturated fatty acids increased after cooking with heat, although there were variables based on different cooking methods.

The purpose of this study was to compare differences in the main food components between Korean and imported quinoa from Peru, the U.S., and Thailand. Proximate composition of Korean quinoa showed highest crude protein and crude ash, while Korean quinoa had lowest moisture. Total amino acid content was higher in Korean quinoa than in imported quinoa. Fatty acid content was highest in quinoa cultivated in the U.S. and Wonju. Quinoa cultivated in Wonju was rich in palmitic acid, lignoceric acid, linoleic acid, eicosadienoic acid, erucic acid, and nervonic acid. Mineral content was higher in Korean quinoa than in imported quinoa. Quinoa cultivated in Wonju showed highest contents of P, Mg, Zn, while quinoa cultivated in Hongcheon showed the highest content of Na. Citric acid was found the major organic acid in quinoa. Citric acid content was highest in quinoa imported from the U.S. and lowest in quinoa cultivated in Hongcheon. Among free sugar, raffinose and glucose contents were highest in quinoa cultivated in Hongcheon, The results of this study show Korean quinoa has high contents of protein, amino acids, fatty acids, minerals and free sugar, offering essential amino acids in an excellent balance.

The objective of this study was to reduce the waste rate of onion peel, which has excellent functionalities, and to promote its industrial utilization. The methodology involved preparing beef jerkies using liquid seasonings with 0% (OPE0), 50% (OPE50) and 100% (OPE100) onion peel extract (OPE) of domestically produced onion, respectively; and assessing their antioxidant activities and quality characteristics. As the amount of added OPE increased, the contents of crude protein and crude ash increased, while those of crude fat decreased. As for color values, increase in the amount of added OPE led to increase in L value and b value, but decrease in a value. The measurement of mechanical texture showed that hardness and cohesiveness decreased as the amount of added OPE increased. TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substance) content decreased as the amount of added OPE increased. And the amount of added OPE increased, all the antioxidant activity of beef jerky increased. Acceptability test showed the highest preference for OPE50 with regard to flavor, taste texture and overall acceptability. Quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) showed that increase in the amount of added OPE led to increase in meat color, salty taste, sweet taste, meat flavor and chewiness and decrease in off-flavor. According to principal component analysis (PCA), OPE50 and OPE100 had high levels of the sensory attributes that increase preference-such as meat color, salty taste, sweet taste, meat flavor and chewiness. Based on such results, it was established that 50% is the optimal mixing ratio of OPE for preparing a beef jerky of high preference that also has excellent quality characteristics and antioxidant activity.

본 연구는 우수한 영양과 기능성을 가진 아피오스의 국내 생산과 보급을 늘리고, 식품 소재로서의 활용 가능성을 살펴보고자 밀가루 대신 아피오스 분말을 0, 5, 10, 15, 20% 비율로 국수에 첨가하여 항산화 활성과 품질 특성을 평가하였다. 수분 함량은 아피오스의 첨가량이 늘어날수록 증가하였고 (p<0.01), pH는 아피오스의 첨가량이 늘어날수록 감소하였다(p<0.001). 그러나 염도는 아피오스 감자의 첨가량이 증가할수록 감소하지만, 시료 간에 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 수분 흡수율(p<0.05)과 탁도(p<0.001)는 아피오스의 첨가량이 늘어날수록 증가하였으나, 부피 팽창률은 아피오스를 첨가할수록 증가하였지만 시료 간에 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 색도는 아피오스의 첨가량이 늘어날수록 명도인 L값은 감소하였고, 적색도인 a값은 증가하였다(p<0.001). 황색도인 b값은 아피오스의 첨가할수록 감소하였으나, 시료 간에 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 기계적 조직감 결과에서 경도(p<0.001)는 아피오스의 첨가량이 늘어날수록 증가하였으나, 응집성(p<0.01)은 감소하였다. 또한, 부착성과 씹힘성은 아피오스의 첨가할수록 증가하였고, 탄력성은 감소하였으나 시료 간에 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 관능평가에서 기호도 평가 결과는 아피오스를 15% 넣었을 때가 외관(p<0.001), 향(p<0.001), 맛(p<0.001), 조직감 (p<0.01) 기호도가 모두 가장 높게 나타나서 전반적인 기호도도 가장 높았다(p<0.001). 정량적 묘사분석(QDA) 결과에서는 아피오스의 첨가량이 늘어날수록 갈색도(p<0.001), 쓴맛(p< 0.001), 구수한 향미(p<0.001), 경도(p<0.001), 경도(p<0.001), 부착성(p<0.001), 씹힘성(p<0.01) 등은 증가하는 것으로 나타났으나, 투명성(p<0.01)과 퍼짐성(p<0.01), 밀가루 향미(p< 0.001), 탄력성(p<0.01) 등은 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 주성분 분석(PCA) 결과에서는 아피오스를 15% 이상 국수에 첨가 하였을 때에 아피오스의 고유의 색, 맛, 조직감 등이 나타나면서 기호도가 높아지는 것을 확인하였다. 총 폴리페놀과 플라보노이드 함량, DPPH 소거능 등의 항산화 활성 평가 결과는 아피오스의 첨가량이 늘어날수록 국수의 항산화 활성이 모두 증가하는 것으로 나타났다(p<0.001). 이상의 연구 결과를 종합하여 검토하였을 때에 국수에 아피오스를 15% 첨가하는 것이 가장 기호도가 높으면서 항산화 활성과 품질 특성이 우수한 것으로 사료된다.

본 연구는 예로부터 조리 없이 간편하게 먹을 수 있는 올벼쌀을 푸딩으로 제조한 후에 항산화 활성과 품질 특성을 평가하여 다양한 가공식품으로 개발 가능성을 확인하고자 하였다. 올벼쌀 첨가 푸딩의 수분함량, 탁도, 당도, 염도, pH 등을 측정한 결과는 수분햠량과 pH는 올벼쌀을 첨가하지 않은 대조군이 가장 높았고(p<0.001), 탁도와 당도는 올벼쌀 100% 첨가군이 가장 높았으며(p<0.001), 염도는 100% 첨가군이 가장 낮았으나, 올벼쌀을 첨가하지 않은 대조군과 올벼쌀 75 % 이하 첨가군 간에 염도 차이는 거의 없는 것으로 나타났다. 색도에서는 명도인 L값(p<0.001)과 적색도인 a값은 올벼쌀을 첨가하지 않은 대조군이 가장 높았고, 황색도인 b값(p<0.001)은 올벼쌀 100% 첨가군이 가장 높았다. 기계적 조직감 측정에서는 올벼쌀의 첨가량이 증가할수록 경도(p<0.001), 탄력성(p<0.01), 씹힘성(p<0.001)은 감소하지만, 부착성(p<0.01)은 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 올벼쌀의 첨가량이 증가할수록 응집성는 증가하지만 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 없는 것으로 나타났다. 올벼쌀 첨가 푸딩의 관능검사 결과에서 외관(p<0.05), 향(p<0.05), 맛(p<0.01), 조직감(p<0.001), 전반적인 기호도(p<0.001)는 올벼쌀의 첨가량 증가에 따라서 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났는데, 올벼쌀 100% 첨가군이 모든 관능적 특성에서 가장 좋은 기호도를 가진 것으로 나타났다. 올벼쌀 첨가 푸딩의 항산화 활성에서는 올벼쌀의 첨가량이 증가할수록 DPPH 라디칼과 superoxide anion 라디칼 소거활성, 환원력 등의 항산화 활성이 모두 증가하는 것으로 나타났다(p< 0.001). 이상의 연구결과를 종합하여 볼 때에 관능검사 결과에서 가장 기호도가 높고 항산화 활성이 우수한 것으로 나타난 올벼쌀 100% 첨가군으로 푸딩을 제조하는 것이 가장 기호도가 높으면서 품질과 기능성이 우수한 쌀 푸딩을 제조할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. 다만, 본 연구에서는 올벼쌀에 조리 시 호화 특성에 대한 선행연구가 부족하여 수침 시 증가하였던 수분함량이 푸딩으로 제조 시 감소하는 것에 대해서 명확하게 규명하지 못하였으므로 향후 올벼쌀의 다양한 식품 모델 연구를 통해 조리과정에서의 올벼쌀의 변화에 대해서 연구하면 올벼쌀을 가공식품으로 개발하는데 도움이 될 것으로 사료된다.

본 연구에서는 고조리서에 나온 용안육 다식의 제조방법을 토대로 현대인의 입맛에 맞게 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100% 비율로 배합비를 변형시켜 다식을 제조한 후에 항산화 활성과 품질 특성을 평가하였다. 용안육 다식의 수분함량과 pH는 용안육을 첨가할수록 감소하였고(p<0.001), 당도는 증가하였다(p<0.001). 색도는 용안육의 첨가량이 증가할수록 명도인 L값은 감소하는 경향을 보이는 반면에 적색도인 a값과 황색도인 b값은 증가하는 경향을 보였다(p<0.001). 기계적 조직감은 용안육 첨가량이 증가함에 따라 경도, 부착성, 응집성, 탄력성, 씹힘성 등이 모두 증가하는 것으로 나타났다(p<0.001). 관능검사에서는 색, 향, 맛, 조직감, 전반적인 기호도에서 용안육을 50% 첨가하는 것이 가장 기호도가 높은 것으로 나타났다(p<0.001). 항산화 활성 결과에서는 총 페놀 함량과 플라보노이드 함량, DPPH 라디칼 소거능, 환원력, superoxide anion 라디칼 소거능 모두 용안육 첨가군이 무첨가군보다 항산화 활성이 높은 것으로 나타났다(p<0.001). 이상의 연구결과를 종합하여 볼 때에 용안육을 50% 첨가하여 다식을 제조하는것이 전반적인 기호도가 가장 높으면서 품질 특성과 항산화 활성이 우수할 것으로 보여진다.

This study added stevia leaf powder at ratios of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 percent to Omija-pyun (Schisandra chinensis Jelly) as a natural low-calorie sweetener instead of sugar which is added to Omija-pyun in considerable amounts to evaluate quality characteristics and antioxidant activities compared to the control group with the addition of sugar. Moisture content of Omija-pyun expanded by increasing the measurement of stevia leaf powder (p<0.001), pH (p<0.01) and sugar content (p<0.001) decreased. L-values and b-values revealed a tendency to increase by adding more stevia leaf powder, but a-value revealed a tendency to decrease (p<0.001). Hardness (p<0.001) and chewiness (p<0.05) decreased by adding more stevia leaf powder. Based on the consumer preference evaluation, Omija-pyun with the addition of 0.5 percent stevia leaf powder was the most preferable in terms of color and flavor (p<0.001). The control group and Omija-pyun with the addition of 0.5 percent stevia leaf powder was the most preferable in terms of taste and texture (p<0.001). There were significant differences in the organoleptic properties except hardness between the samples by quantitative descriptive analysis. The control group revealed the highest preference in terms of redness and transparency, and redness and transparency tended to decrease by adding more stevia leaf powder (p<0.001). Organoleptic properties on bitterness and sourness were enhanced by adding more stevia leaf powder in the principal component analysis (PCA). Regarding antioxidant properties, total phenol compounds and flavonoid contents of Omija-pyun increased by adding more stevia leaf powder, and DPPH radical scavenging capacity also increased (p<0.001). Based on results, it is preferable to serve Omija-pyun with the addition of 1.0 percent stevia leaf powder instead of sugar within the context of quality and antioxidant activity.

In this study, we conducted an empirical analysis using structural equation modeling (SEM) by distributing questionnaires to 208 Chinese tourists who constitute the largest proportion of foreign tourists visiting South Korea. The survey was conducted in a face to face (FTF) manner with the aim to contribute to globalization of Korean cuisine through comprehensive analysis of the effects of preference characteristics of Korean wave dramas on the relationship among images, attitudes, and purchase intentions for Korean cuisine. The main actor characteristics among the preference characteristics of Korean wave dramas had a significant effect on the attitudes and purchase intentions for Korean cuisine. However, the thematic characteristics among the preference characteristics of Korean wave dramas did not have a significant effect on the purchase intentions for Korean cuisine; in addition, the production characteristics did not have a significant effect on the attitudes and purchase intentions for Korean cuisine. The eco-friendly and health images of Korean cuisine had a significant effect on the purchase intentions for Korean cuisine, and the attitudes toward Korean cuisine significantly affected the purchase intentions for Korean cuisine. Based on the results of this study, it is considered necessary to continuously publicize Korean cuisine through Korean wave dramas to build positive attitudes toward Korean cuisine through enhanced images of Korean cuisine.

The study subjects were 302 adult males and females aged more than 20 years living in the metropolitan area of South Korea. This study was conducted to obtain baseline data to establish proper development and marketing strategies by examining the effects of food-related lifestyles on the importance of diet, purchasing behavior towards diet lunch boxes, and their selected attributes such as menu, packaging, and services. With respect to food-related lifestyle, a cluster analysis was performed by using five factors such as convenience factor, health factor, safety factor, taste factor, and economy factor obtained from factor analysis to derive the economy type, the taste and economy type, the convenience type, the safety type, and the health type. As a result, the respondents regarded 'food hygiene (4.59)', 'freshness (4.47)', 'taste (4.28)', and 'nutrient balance (4.19)' as the selected attributes of diet lunch box menus. Moreover, the importance of diet lunch box menus (β=0.179) was increased with increasing safety orientation. 'Shelf life label (4.42)' was the most important selected attribute of diet lunch boxes, followed by 'ingredient label (4.19)', 'nutrition facts label (4.16)', and 'indication of origin (4.15)'. In particular, the importance of packaging for diet lunch boxes (β=0.203) was increased with increasing safety orientation. With respect to the selected attributes of services in purchasing diet lunch boxes, 'provision of personalized menus (4.07)' was the most important, and the importance of services for diet lunch box (β=0.160) was increased with increasing taste and economy orientation. Based on the above results, the respondents gave importance to the selected attributes related to food safety and health such as hygiene and, freshness. In addition, they also placed emphasis on hygiene and safe factors such as shelf life, ingredients, and nutrition facts labels. Therefore, it is considered necessary to develop diet lunch boxes by taking these factors into account. Furthermore, in services for diet lunch boxes, it is considered necessary to establish a service system capable of providing consumers with specialized menu or nutrition counseling according to the food-related lifestyle for their proper health management. Particularly, because consumers place emphasis on both food hygiene and safety, and health, it is considered necessary to thoroughly manage hygiene, safety, and nutrition in menu or packaging so that it is possible to enhance customer satisfaction by considering these selected attributes in greater detail.

In this study, quality characteristics and antioxidative activities were comparatively evaluated between the macaron with egg white powder added at the ratios of 2, 4, 6 and 8% and the macaron with added liquid egg white, in order to determine the applicability of the macaron with added egg white powder. The analysis of amino acids indicated that the group with 8% of egg white powder added showed the highest total amino acid content of 7,584.20 mg/100 g. The group with 4% of egg white powder added showed the highest sweetness (p<0.01); whereas, and the group with 2% of egg white powder added showed the highest pH (p<0.001). In terms of the chromaticity, L (p<0.01) and a values (p<0.05) were increased with the increasing percentage of added egg white powder. With the increasing percentage of added egg white powder, textures such as hardness (p<0.01), chewiness (p<0.05), gumminess (p<0.001), and cohesiveness (p<0.001) decreased; whereas, adhesiveness (p<0.001) and springiness (p<0.01) increased. The results of the sensory evaluation indicated the highest preference for the macaron containing 6% white egg powder, in all items. DPPH free radical scavenging activity, SOD-like activity, and reducing power were increased with increasing amounts of added egg white powder (p<0.001). Collectively, the results indicated that the production of macaron with the addition of 6% of egg white powder is the most suitable mixing ratio for enhancing the preference and quality level.

In this study, the quality characteristics of noodles containing different amounts of germinated black quinoa were investigated. The powder of black quinoa with the highest antioxidative activation was selected; and composite flour was prepared with 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% of germinated black quinoa powder to produce the noodles. We evaluated the quality and sensory characteristics of the noodles, including pH, salinity, water absorption rate, volumetric expansion rate, turbidity, chromaticity, extensibility, and texture. With regards to the quality characteristics of noodles with added germinated black quinoa, the pH and salinity decreased with increasing percentage of added germinated black quinoa (p<0.001). Increasing the percentage of added germinated black quinoa resulted in decreased water absorption (p<0.01) and volumetric expansion rates and increased turbidity of the cooked noodles (p<0.001). In terms of the chromaticity, L and b values decreased and a value increased with the increasing percentage of added germinated black quinoa (p<0.001). For the texture, hardness (p<0.001), adhesiveness (p<0.01), springiness (p<0.01), chewiness (p<0.001), gumminess (p<0.001), and cohesiveness (p<0.05) decreased as the percentage of added germinated black quinoa increased; while extensibility (p<0.001) increased. Consumer testing results indicated that the noodles with 15% of added germinated black quinoa showed the best results. Collectively, the evaluation of quality characteristics and consumer acceptability indicated that adding 15% of germinated black quinoa to produce noodles is optimal.

This study conducted a survey with 203 single households among men and women in their 20s to 40s who were living in metropolitan areas from October 6 to November 4, 2012 in order to investigate the dietary attitude of the single households. The ratio of single households who had three meals a day regularly was 2.85 points, which was lower than the normal level, and it turned out that those in their 20s and 30s had meals more regularly than those in their 40s did (p<0.001). As for the irregular meal time, most were breakfast (85.9%), and it turned out that they often skipped meals mostly because they did not have time to eat and (41.7%) or because that bothered them (26.0%). 62.6% of the single households did overeating and most of them (39.4%) did overeating because of their irregular meals. Of the single households, women or persons who had lived alone for less than 3 years or more than 7 years cooked at home, more often (p<0.05), and most of them (42%) cooked noodles, easy to cook, but women cooked Korean food-based homemade food such as rice (31.7%) or soup and stew (21.2%), often (p<0.05). It turned out that 36.9% of the single households often ate out about two to three times a day, and as for their favorite eating-out menus, 39.4% were Korean food, followed by Western food (23.8%), flour-based food (13.5%), fast food (9.8%), Chinese food (7.3%) and Japanese food (6.2%). Lastly, as for inconveniences when they ate out, most were the ‘price’ (22.8%), followed by ‘too much amount of food for one person’ (20.2%) and ‘limitations in menu selection’ (19.2%). As a result of this study, it appeared that the single households had an irregular dietary life, often did overeating and often ate out, so it is judged that it would be necessary to develop a variety of nutritionally-balanced HMR food and eating-out menus in a reasonable price range for their healthy dietary life.